Deepwater Horizon

This article is about the drilling rig. For the explosion and oil spill, see Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation).

Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible drilling rig.
Career
Name:	Deepwater Horizon
Owner:	Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing GmbH[1]
Operator:	Transocean
Port of registry:	Marshall Islands, Majuro
Route:	Gulf of Mexico
Ordered:	December 1998
Builder:	Hyundai Heavy Industries[2]
Cost:	US$560 million[3][4]
Way number:	89
Laid down:	21 March 2000
Completed:	2001
Acquired:	23 February 2001
Maiden voyage:	Ulsan, South Korea – Freeport, Texas
Out of service:	20 April 2010
Identification:	ABS class no.: 0139290 Call sign: V7HC9 IMO number: 8764597 MMSI no.: 538002213
Fate:	Sank on 22 April 2010 after an explosion and fire
Notes:	Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 28°44′12″N 88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944Coordinates: 28°44′12″N 88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944
General characteristics
Class and type:	ABS +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU
Tonnage:	32,588 GT 9,776 NT
Displacement:	52,587 t (51,756 long tons; 57,967 short tons)
Length:	112 m (367 ft)
Beam:	78 m (256 ft)
Height:	97.4 m (320 ft)
Draught:	23 m (75 ft)
Depth:	41.5 m (136 ft)
Deck clearance:	34.010 m (111.58 ft)
Installed power:	7,000 kW 11,000 volts 6 x Wärtsilä 18V32 9775 hp diesel engines 6 x ABB AMG 0900xU10 AC generators
Propulsion:	8 x Kamewa 7,375 hp, 360° fixed propeller azimuth thrusters
Speed:	4 kts
Capacity:	Liquid mud: 705 m3 (24,900 cu ft) Drill water: 2,078 m3 (73,400 cu ft) Potable water: 1,185 m3 (41,800 cu ft) Fuel oil: 4,426 m3 (156,300 cu ft) Bulk mud: 386 m3 (13,600 cu ft) Bulk cement: 231 m3 (8,200 cu ft)
Crew:	146
Notes:	[5][6]

Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible offshore oil drilling rig^[5] owned by Transocean. Built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries,^[2] the rig was commissioned by R&B Falcon, which later became part of Transocean,^[7] registered in Majuro, Marshall Islands, and leased to BP from 2001 until September 2013.^[8] In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)^[9] in the Tiber Oil Field at Keathley Canyon block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of Houston, in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.^[10] On 20 April 2010, while drilling at the Macondo Prospect, an explosion on the rig caused by a blowout killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 35 miles (56 km) away.^[11] The resulting fire could not be extinguished and, on 22 April 2010, Deepwater Horizon sank, leaving the well gushing at the seabed and causing the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history.^[12]

Design

The Deepwater Nautilus, sister rig to the Deepwater Horizon being transported aboard a heavy-lift ship

Deepwater Horizon was a fifth-generation,^[5] RBS-8D design (i.e. model type),^[5] deepwater, dynamically positioned,^[5] column-stabilized,^[2] semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit,^[5] designed to drill subsea wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) blowout preventer, and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter marine riser.^[5]

Deepwater Horizon was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although Deepwater Nautilus, its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m),^[5] and in 2010 was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters more than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).^[13] Its American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) class notations were "A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3".^[2]

In 2002, the rig was upgraded with "e-drill," a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in Houston, Texas, received real-time drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.^[14]

Advanced systems played a key role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems ^[15] and modelling systems for cementing. The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by Halliburton in April 2010 for BP's Gulf of Mexico drill, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions have become a focus for investigations into the explosion on the rig that month. ^[16]

History

Construction and ownership

Deepwater Horizon was built for R&B Falcon (which later became part of Transocean^[7]) by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, South Korea.^[2] Construction started in December 1998, the keel was laid on 21 March 2000,^[6] and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,^[6] after the acquisition of R&B Falcon by Transocean.^[17]

Transocean, through its Steinhausen, Switzerland^[18] subsidiary^[19] Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,^[6] operated the rig under the Marshalese flag of convenience.^[20] The rig was leased to BP on a 3 year contract for deployment in the Gulf of Mexico following construction,^[21] the lease being renewed in 2004 for a year,^[22] 2005 for 5 years,^[23] and 2009 for a further 3 years covering 2010 - 2013.^[8][20] The latter contract was worth $544 million, or $496,800 per day for 3 years,^[24] for the "bare rig",^[25] with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same per day again.^[25]

According to R&B Falcon's SEC filings for 2001, the transfer document between R&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,^[26] and the rig was specified as "official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO No. 8764597, with Gross Tonnage of 32,588 and with Net Tonnage of 9,778"^[26] and the transfer value as US $340 million.^[26] As at 2010, the rig was insured for US $560 million, the sum covering its replacement cost and wreckage removal.^[17]

Drilling operations

Deepwater Horizon worked on wells in the Atlantis (BP 56%, BHP Billiton 44%) and Thunder Horse (BP 75%, ExxonMobil 25%^[27]) oil fields. It was described at times as a "lucky" and "celebrated" rig,^[28] and in 2007 was still described as "one of the most powerful rigs in the world".^[29] In 2006 it discovered oil in the Kaskida oil field, and in 2009 the "giant" Tiber field.^[30][31] The well in the Tiber field has a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.^[32] The well was the deepest oil well in the world,^{[31][32][33][34]} and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) further below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.^[35]

In February 2010, Deepwater Horizon commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect (Mississippi Canyon Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of Louisiana, at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).^[36] The Macondo prospect exploration rights were acquired by BP in 2009,^[37] with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), Anadarko (25%) and MOEX Offshore 2007 (10%).^[38] Deepwater Horizon was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred leading to destruction of the rig and resulting oil spill.^{[30][39][40][41]} The well was in the final stages of completion at the time; its cement casing was injected and hardening, and the rig was due to move shortly to its next role as a semi-permanent production platform at the Nile site following by a return to the Kaskida field.^[28] The exploratory work was described as "concluded" and permission had already been requested from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.^[42]

During its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of its working life (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly relates to time spent between sites.^[43]

Regulation, safety, and inspection

The Minerals Management Service (renamed on 18 June 2010 to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))^[44] is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.^[44] According to an Associated Press investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.^[43] The exact number of required monthly inspections varied over time, with the required monthly inspection for the first 40 months but after that around 25% of inspections were omitted,^[43] although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.^[43] Reports of the last three inspection for 2010 were provided under Freedom of Information laws. Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.^[43]

During its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).^[43] A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-grounded electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.^[43] Overall the Deepwater Horizon's safety record was "strong" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.^[43] In 2009 the Minerals Management Service "herald[ed] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety".^[43] According to AP's investigation "its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs".^[43]

Explosion and oil spill

Main articles: Deepwater Horizon explosion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion

At 9:45 P.M. CDT on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well at Macondo, a geyser of seawater erupted from the marine riser onto the rig, shooting 240 ft (73 m) into the air. This was soon followed by the eruption of a slushy combination of mud, methane gas, and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the blowout preventer, but it failed.^[45]

DW Horizon

Location of the Deepwater Horizon on April 20, 2010

At the time of the explosion, there were 126 crew on board; seven were employees of BP, 79 of Transocean, there were also employees of various other companies involved in the operation of the rig, including Anadarko, Halliburton and M-I SWACO.^[46] Eleven workers were presumed killed in the initial explosion. The rig was evacuated, with numerous injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After burning for approximately 36 hours, Deepwater Horizon sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the seafloor approximately 5,000 ft (1,500 m) deep at that location, and about 1,300 ft (400 m) (quarter of a mile) northwest of the well.^[39][47][48]

The resultant oil spill continued until July 15 when it was temporarily closed by a cap.^[49] Relief wells were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on September 19, 2010.^[50]

Aftermath

Transocean received an early partial settlement for total loss of the Deepwater Horizon of US $401 million around 5 May 2010.^[51] Financial analysts note that the insurance recovery is likely to outweigh the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities - the latter estimated at up to US$200 million.^[52]

Litigation, ultimate roll call of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery are all unknown at present^[update], with analysts reporting that the aftermath is of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to unfold and resolve.^[53][54] A July 2010 analysis by the Financial Times on the aftermath cites legal sources as saying that "at some point the scale of the litigation becomes so large that it really is novel", that "the situation is likely be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called class actions" and that there is "no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before".^[55] As with the Exxon Valdez disaster, litigation is being discussed in terms of a 20 year timescale.^[53]

See also

Nautical portal

• Deepwater Horizon litigation
• Notable offshore well blowouts
• Ixtoc I oil spill
• Kola Superdeep Borehole
• Atlantis PQ
• Ocean Ranger
• Piper Alpha
• Thunder Horse PDQ
• Transocean John Shaw

References

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2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). "Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan". US Government Minerals Management Service -. pp. 50–51. http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf. Retrieved 23 Jun. 2010. 
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22. ^ "Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon.". Business Wire. 26 Apr. 2004. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-266537/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-for.html. Retrieved 23 Jun. 2010. 
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24. ^ "The Well". The Houston Chronicle. 17 October 2009. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+houstonchronicle%2Fbusiness+%28chron.com+-+Business%29. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 
25. ^ ^{a b} Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE & Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). "Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon". Robson Forensic. pp. 8. http://www.robsonforensic.com/LibraryFiles/Articles/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf. Retrieved 23 Jun. 2010. 
26. ^ ^{a b c} "Securities and Exchange Commission filing for R&B Falcon Corp., 17 August 2001". http://google.brand.edgar-online.com/EFX_dll/EDGARpro.dll?FetchFilingHTML1?ID=1633406&SessionID=PO26WFiwbTvi247. Retrieved 17 Jun. 2010. 
27. ^ Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). "BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKWLA495020080617. Retrieved 29 May 2009. 
28. ^ ^{a b} Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck". The McClatchy Company. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html. Retrieved 18 Jun. 2010. 
29. ^ "Kaskida". Oil & Gas Investor. 1 Apr. 2007. http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&num=100. Retrieved 23 Jun. 2010.  Alternate link
30. ^ ^{a b} "BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico" (Press release). Anadarko Petroleum. 31 August 2006. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=35730. Retrieved 24 April 2010. 
31. ^ ^{a b} "Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well" (Press release). TransOcean. 2 September 2009. http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C1.html?LayoutID=6. Retrieved 2 September 2009. 
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External links

• Transocean official website
• Deepwater Horizon detail at Transocean's website and at RigZone.com
• Photograph of Deepwater Horizon in 2004 at Geographic.org
• Griffitt, Michelle. "Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306" (PDF). BP Exploration and Production (New Orleans, Louisiana: Minerals Management Service). http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf. 
• Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck". The McClatchy Company. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html. Retrieved 18 Jun. 2010.  - detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion (yahoo news mirror)
• Photo history of the fire and loss
• MMS reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications