Orders of magnitude (data)

Orders of magnitude (data): Computer memory types can be ordered into a magnitude hierarchy: memory at the top is fastest to access but holds little data, while each lower type holds more, but is slower to access

An order of magnitude is generally a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10000 or 10⁴. However, because computers are binary, orders of magnitude are sometimes given as powers of two.

This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits. This article assumes a descriptive attitude towards terminology, reflecting general usage. The article assumes the following:

A group of 8 bits constitutes one byte. The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information (megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, etc.).

In 16-bit and 32-bit architectures, having processor registers of these sizes, that chunk of data is usually called a word.

The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega etc., are powers of 10. The power of two equivalents are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi, etc.

Accordingly:

1 kB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes = 8000 bits

1 KiB (kibibyte) = 2¹⁰ bytes = 1024 bytes = 8192 bits

Orders of magnitude (data)
Binary Decimal Item

Factor Term Factor Term

2⁰ bit 10⁰ bit 1 bit – 0 or 1, false or true, Low or High

1.6 bits – approximate size of a trit (a base-3 digit)

2¹ 2 bits – a crumb (rarely used term), enough to uniquely identify one base pair of genetic code

3 bits – the size of an octal digit

2² nibble^[1] 4 bits – (aka "nibble" or "semioctet", rarely used) the size of a hexadecimal digit; decimal digits in binary-coded decimal form

5 bits – the size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication

6 bits – the size of code points in Univac Fieldata, in IBM "BCD" format, and in Braille. Enough to uniquely identify one codon of genetic code.

7 bits – the size of code points in the ASCII character set
– minimum length to store 2 decimal digits

2³ byte 8 bits – (a.k.a. "octet") on many computer architectures.
– Equivalent to 1 "word" on 8-bit computers (Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore 64, et al.).
– the "word size" (instruction length) for 8-bit console systems including: Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System

10¹ decabit 10 bits

– minimum bit length to store a single byte with error-correcting memory
– minimum frame length to transmit a single byte with asynchronous serial protocols

12 bits – wordlength of the PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965–1990)

2⁴ 16 bits

– commonly used in many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values
– Equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC, Commodore Amiga)
– the "word size" (instruction length) for 16-bit console systems including: Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo, Mattel Intellivision

2⁵ 32 bits (4 bytes)

– size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values
– size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number
– size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol
– Equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit computers (Apple Macintosh, Pentium-based PC).
– the "word size" (instruction length) for various console systems including: PlayStation, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Wii

36 bits – size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10

56 bits (7 bytes) – cipher strength of the DES encryption standard

2⁶ 64 bits (8 bytes)

– size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values
– size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number
– Equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-Risc, Alpha, Itanium, Sparc, x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes).
– the "word size" (instruction length) for 64-bit console systems including: Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

80 bits (10 bytes) – size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family

10² hectobit 100 bits

2⁷ 128 bits (16 bytes)

– size of addresses in IPv6, the successor protocol of IPv4
– minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm

160 bits – maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms

2⁸ 256 bits (32 bytes) – minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests as of 2004^[update]

2⁹ 512 bits (64 bytes) – maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004

10³ kilobit 1000 bits

2¹⁰ kibibit 1024 bits (128 bytes)

1288 bits – approximate maximum capacity of a standard magnetic stripe card

2¹¹ 2048 bits (256 bytes) – RAM capacity of the stock Altair 8800

2¹² 4096 bits (512 bytes)
– typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems
– approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper (without formatting)

4704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz)

8000 bits (10³ bytes) – one kilobyte

2¹³ kibibyte 8192 bits (1,024 bytes) – RAM capacity of a Sinclair ZX81.

9408 bits (1,176 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz

10⁴ 15,360 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)

2¹⁴ 16,384 bits (2 kibibytes) – one page of typed text,^[2] RAM capacity of Nintendo Entertainment System

2¹⁵ 32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)

2¹⁶ 65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)

10⁵ 100,000 bits

2¹⁷ 131,072 bits (16 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of the smallest Sinclair ZX Spectrum.

160 kilobits – approximate size of this article as of 15 April 2010

2¹⁸ 262,144 bits (32 kibibytes)

2¹⁹ 524,288 bits (64 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of a lot of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-64, Amstrad CPC etc.

10⁶ megabit 1,000,000 bits

2²⁰ mebibit 1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-128, Amstrad CPC etc.

1,978,560 bits – a one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels)

2²¹ 2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)

4,147,200 bits – one frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)

2²² 4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)

4,976,640 bits – one frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)

5.242.880 bits (640 kibibytes) – the maximum addressable memory of the original IBM PC architecture

8,343,400 bits – one "typical" sized photograph with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).

2²³ mebibyte 8,388,608 bits (1024 kibibytes)

10⁷ 11,520,000 bits – capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp

11,796,480 bits – capacity of a 3.5 in floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes

2²⁴ 16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)

25 megabits – amount of data in a typical color slide

2²⁵ 33,554,432 bits (4 mebibytes) – RAM capacity of stock Nintendo 64

41,943,040 bits (5 mebibytes) – approximate size of the Complete Works of Shakespeare^[2]

98,304,000 bits – capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2011, 2560 × 1600 pixels, 24 bpp

50–100 megabits – amount of information in a typical phone book

2²⁶ 10⁸ 67,108,864 bit (8 mebibytes)

2²⁷ 134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)

150 megabits – amount of data in a large foldout map

2²⁸ 268,435,456 (32 mebibytes)

423,360,000 bits: a five-minute audio recording, in CDDA quality

2²⁹ 536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)

10⁹ gigabit 1,000,000,000 bits

2³⁰ gibibit 1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)

2³¹ 2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)

2³² 4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)

5.45×10⁹ bits (650 mebibytes) – capacity of a regular compact disc

5.89×10⁹ bits (702 mebibytes) – capacity of a large regular compact disc

6.4×10⁹ bits – capacity of the human genome (assuming 2 bits for each base pair)

2³³ gibibyte 8,589,934,592 bits (1024 mebibytes)

10¹⁰ 10,000,000,000 bits

2³⁴ 17,179,869,184 bits (2 gibibytes)

2³⁵ 34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes) – maximum addressable memory on the Intel 80386

3.76×10¹⁰ bits (4.7 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD

2³⁶ 68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)

10¹¹ 100,000,000,000 bits

2³⁷ 137,438,953,472 bits (16 gibibytes)

1.46×10¹¹ bits (17 gigabytes) – capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD

2.15×10¹¹ bits (25 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm Blu-ray disc

2³⁸ 274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)

2³⁹ 549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)

10¹² terabit 1,000,000,000,000 bits (125 gigabytes)

2⁴⁰ tebibit 1.34×10¹² bits – estimated capacity of the Polychaos dubium genome, the largest known genome

1.6×10¹² bits (200 gigabytes) – capacity of a hard disk that would be considered average as of 2008^[update]

2⁴¹ 2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes)

2⁴² 4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)

2⁴³ tebibyte 8,796,093,022,208 bits (1024 gibibytes)

(approximately) 8.97×10¹² bits – as of 2010^[update], data of π to the largest number of decimal digits ever calculated (2.7×10¹²)

10¹³ 10,000,000,000,000 bits (1.25 terabytes) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, p. 126

2⁴⁴ 17,592,186,044,416 bits (2 tebibytes)

2⁴⁵ 35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)

2⁴⁶ 70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)

10¹⁴ 100,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁴⁷ 140,737,488,355,328 bits (16 tebibytes)

1.5×10¹⁴ bits (18.75 terabytes)

2⁴⁸ 281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)

2⁴⁹ 562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)

10¹⁵ petabit 1,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁵⁰ pebibit 1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)

2.4×10¹⁵ bits (300 terabytes) – size of the Internet Archive as of 2004^[update]

2⁵¹ 2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)

2⁵² 4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)

8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bytes) – one petabyte

2⁵³ pebibyte 9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1024 tebibytes)

10¹⁶ 10,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁵⁴ 18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)

2⁵⁵ 36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes) – theoretical maximum of addressable physical memory in the AMD64 architecture

4.5×10¹⁶ bits (5.625 petabytes) – estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm as of 2004^[update]

2⁵⁶ 72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)

10 petabytes (10¹⁶ bytes) – estimated approximate size of the Library of Congress's collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005^[3]

10¹⁷ 100,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁵⁷ 144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)

2⁵⁸ 288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)

2⁵⁹ 576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)

8 ×10¹⁷, the storage capacity of the fictional Star Trek character Data

10¹⁸ exabit 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁶⁰ exbibit 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (128 pebibytes)

1.6×10¹⁸ bits (200 petabytes) – total amount of printed material in the world

2⁶¹ 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)

2⁶² 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)

2⁶³ exbibyte 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1024 pebibytes)

10¹⁹ 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁶⁴ 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bits (2 exbibytes)

2⁶⁵ 36,893,488,147,419,103,232 bits (4 exbibytes)

50,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (5 exabytes)

2⁶⁶ 73,786,976,294,838,206,464 bits (8 exbibytes)

10²⁰ 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁶⁷ 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits (16 exbibytes) – maximum addressable memory using 64bit addresses without segmentation

2⁶⁸ 295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)

3.5 × 10²⁰ bits – increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 300 K (27°C)^[4]

2⁶⁹ 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)

10²¹ zettabit 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

2⁷⁰ zebibit 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)

2⁷¹ 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)

3.4×10²¹ bits (0.36 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA^[5]

4.7×10²¹ bits (0.50 zettabytes) – amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009^[6]

2⁷² 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)

2⁷³ zebibyte 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1024 exbibytes)

10²² 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

10²³ 1.0×10²³ bits – increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (-272.15°C)^[7]

6.0×10²³ bits – information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of graphite at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per atom.^[8]

10²⁴ yottabit 7.3×10²⁴ bits – information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.^[9]

10²⁵ 1.1×10²⁵ bits – entropy increase of 1 mole (18.02 g) of water, on vaporizing at 100°C at standard pressure; equivalent to an average of 18.90 bits per molecule.^[10]

1.5×10²⁵ bits – information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of neon gas at 25°C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.^[11]

2 ¹⁵⁰ 10⁴⁵ ~ 10⁴⁵ bits – the number of bits required to perfectly recreate the average-sized U.S. adult male human being down to the quantum level on a computer is about 2×10⁴⁵ bits of information (see Bekenstein bound for the basis for this calculation).

10⁵⁸ ~ 10⁵⁸ bits – thermodynamic entropy of the sun^[12] (about 30 bits per proton, plus 10 bits per electron).

10⁶⁹ ~ 10⁶⁹ bits – thermodynamic entropy of the Milky Way Galaxy (counting only the stars, not the black holes within the galaxy)

10⁷⁷ 1.5×10⁷⁷ bits – information content of a one-solar-mass black hole.^[13]

2³⁰⁵ 10⁹² The information capacity of the observable universe, according to Seth Lloyd.^[14]

For comparison, the Avogadro constant is 6.02214179(30)×10²³ entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope.

See also

SI prefix

Orders of magnitude (entropy)

References

^ also spelled nybble

^ ^a ^b "A special report on managing information: All too much". The Economist. 2010-02-25. http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15557421. Retrieved 2010-03-04.

^ Hickey, Thom (OCLC Chief Scientist) (June 21, 2005). "Entire Library of Congress". Outgoing. http://outgoing.typepad.com/outgoing/2005/06/entire_library_.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

^ $\scriptstyle\frac{1}{300}$ J K^-1

^ http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/V2I29.pdf

^ "Internet data heads for 500bn gigabytes", The Guardian, 18 May 2009. Retrieved on 23 April 2010.

^ 1 J K⁻¹. Equivalent to 1/(k ln 2) bits, where k is Boltzmann's constant

^ Equivalent to 5.74 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of graphite.

^ Equivalent to 69.95 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of water.

^ Equivalent to 108.9 J K⁻¹

^ Equivalent to 146.33 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of neon. An experimental value, see [1] for a theoretical calculation.

^ Given as 10⁴² erg K^-1 in Bekenstein (1973), Black Holes and Entropy, Physical Review D 7 2338

^ Entropy = $\scriptstyle A c^3 / 4 G \hbar$ in nats, with $A = 16π G 2 M 2 / c 4$ for a Schwartzschild black hole. 1 nat = 1/ln(2) bits. See Jacob D. Bekenstein (2008), Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Scholarpedia.

^ Seth Lloyd (2002), Computational capacity of the universe, Physical Review Letters 88 (23):237901.

v · d · eOrders of magnitude

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acceleration · angular velocity · area · charge · computing · currency · data · density · energy · entropy · force · frequency · length · luminous flux · magnetic field · mass · numbers · power · pressure · radiation · resistance · specific energy density · specific heat capacity · speed · temperature · time · voltage · volume

See also
Back-of-the-envelope calculation · Fermi problem · Powers of Ten · SI prefix

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Orders of magnitude (entropy) — The following list shows different orders of magnitude of entropy. Factor (J K−1) Value Item 10−24 9.5699×10−24 J K−1 entropy equivalent of one bit of information, = k ln 2[1] 1 5.74 J K−1 standard entropy of 1 mole of graphite … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (angular velocity) — Orders of magnitude area | angular velocity | charge | currency | data | density | energy | force | frequency … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (mass) — Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l épicerie et des industries annexes. To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1060 kg … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (length) — Contents 1 Detailed list 1.1 Subatomic 1.2 Atomic to cellular 1.3 Human scale 1.4 … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (time) — Contents 1 Seconds 2 See also 3 Years 4 See also 5 Footnotes … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (area) — An area of one square kilometre consists of 100 hectares each containing 10000 square metres. This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects. List of orders of… … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (energy) — Different orders of magnitude of natural energy production for solar, wind and geothermal versus average global consumption rate (1 W = 1 J/s) This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude. List of orders of… … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (density) — Skylab measured several orders of magnitude of the Sun s density (top scale: 10−18 to 10−6 g⋅cm−3, equivalent to 10−15 to 10−3 kg⋅m−3) at different temperatures and heights above its surface. List of orders of magnitude for density less than … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (acceleration) — This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude. Factor [m/s²] Multiple Value [G] Item 100 1 m/s² 0 m/s² 0 G The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free floating proof … Wikipedia
Orders of magnitude (resistance) — List of orders of magnitude for electrical resistance Factor Multiple Value Item 0 0 Ω 0 Ω Resistance of a superconductor 10 8 10 nΩ 10 nΩ Resistance of lithium at 80K 80 nΩ Resistance of diamond at 20 °C 10 7 … Wikipedia

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Orders of magnitude (data)

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Binary		Decimal		Item
Factor	Term	Factor	Term	Item
2⁰	bit	10⁰	bit	1 bit – 0 or 1, false or true, Low or High
				1.6 bits – approximate size of a trit (a base-3 digit)
2¹				2 bits – a crumb (rarely used term), enough to uniquely identify one base pair of genetic code
				3 bits – the size of an octal digit
2²	nibble^[1]			4 bits – (aka "nibble" or "semioctet", rarely used) the size of a hexadecimal digit; decimal digits in binary-coded decimal form
				5 bits – the size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication
				6 bits – the size of code points in Univac Fieldata, in IBM "BCD" format, and in Braille. Enough to uniquely identify one codon of genetic code.
				7 bits – the size of code points in the ASCII character set – minimum length to store 2 decimal digits
2³	byte			8 bits – (a.k.a. "octet") on many computer architectures. – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 8-bit computers (Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore 64, et al.). – the "word size" (instruction length) for 8-bit console systems including: Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System
		10¹	decabit	10 bits – minimum bit length to store a single byte with error-correcting memory – minimum frame length to transmit a single byte with asynchronous serial protocols
				12 bits – wordlength of the PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965–1990)
2⁴				16 bits – commonly used in many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC, Commodore Amiga) – the "word size" (instruction length) for 16-bit console systems including: Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo, Mattel Intellivision
2⁵				32 bits (4 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values – size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number – size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit computers (Apple Macintosh, Pentium-based PC). – the "word size" (instruction length) for various console systems including: PlayStation, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Wii
				36 bits – size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10
				56 bits (7 bytes) – cipher strength of the DES encryption standard
2⁶				64 bits (8 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values – size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-Risc, Alpha, Itanium, Sparc, x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes). – the "word size" (instruction length) for 64-bit console systems including: Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
				80 bits (10 bytes) – size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family
		10²	hectobit	100 bits
2⁷				128 bits (16 bytes) – size of addresses in IPv6, the successor protocol of IPv4 – minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm
				160 bits – maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms
2⁸				256 bits (32 bytes) – minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests as of 2004^[update]
2⁹				512 bits (64 bytes) – maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004
		10³	kilobit	1000 bits
2¹⁰	kibibit			1024 bits (128 bytes)
				1288 bits – approximate maximum capacity of a standard magnetic stripe card
2¹¹				2048 bits (256 bytes) – RAM capacity of the stock Altair 8800
2¹²				4096 bits (512 bytes) – typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems – approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper (without formatting)
				4704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz)
				8000 bits (10³ bytes) – one kilobyte
2¹³	kibibyte			8192 bits (1,024 bytes) – RAM capacity of a Sinclair ZX81.
				9408 bits (1,176 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz
		10⁴		15,360 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)
2¹⁴				16,384 bits (2 kibibytes) – one page of typed text,^[2] RAM capacity of Nintendo Entertainment System
2¹⁵				32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)
2¹⁶				65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)
		10⁵		100,000 bits
2¹⁷				131,072 bits (16 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of the smallest Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
				160 kilobits – approximate size of this article as of 15 April 2010
2¹⁸				262,144 bits (32 kibibytes)
2¹⁹				524,288 bits (64 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of a lot of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-64, Amstrad CPC etc.
		10⁶	megabit	1,000,000 bits
2²⁰	mebibit			1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-128, Amstrad CPC etc.
				1,978,560 bits – a one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels)
2²¹				2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)
				4,147,200 bits – one frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
2²²				4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)
				4,976,640 bits – one frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
				5.242.880 bits (640 kibibytes) – the maximum addressable memory of the original IBM PC architecture
				8,343,400 bits – one "typical" sized photograph with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).
2²³	mebibyte			8,388,608 bits (1024 kibibytes)
		10⁷		11,520,000 bits – capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp
				11,796,480 bits – capacity of a 3.5 in floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes
2²⁴				16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)
				25 megabits – amount of data in a typical color slide
2²⁵				33,554,432 bits (4 mebibytes) – RAM capacity of stock Nintendo 64
				41,943,040 bits (5 mebibytes) – approximate size of the Complete Works of Shakespeare^[2]
				98,304,000 bits – capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2011, 2560 × 1600 pixels, 24 bpp
				50–100 megabits – amount of information in a typical phone book
2²⁶		10⁸		67,108,864 bit (8 mebibytes)
2²⁷				134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)
				150 megabits – amount of data in a large foldout map
2²⁸				268,435,456 (32 mebibytes)
				423,360,000 bits: a five-minute audio recording, in CDDA quality
2²⁹				536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)
		10⁹	gigabit	1,000,000,000 bits
2³⁰	gibibit			1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)
2³¹				2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)
2³²				4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)
				5.45×10⁹ bits (650 mebibytes) – capacity of a regular compact disc
				5.89×10⁹ bits (702 mebibytes) – capacity of a large regular compact disc
				6.4×10⁹ bits – capacity of the human genome (assuming 2 bits for each base pair)
2³³	gibibyte			8,589,934,592 bits (1024 mebibytes)
		10¹⁰		10,000,000,000 bits
2³⁴				17,179,869,184 bits (2 gibibytes)
2³⁵				34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes) – maximum addressable memory on the Intel 80386
				3.76×10¹⁰ bits (4.7 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD
2³⁶				68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)
		10¹¹		100,000,000,000 bits
2³⁷				137,438,953,472 bits (16 gibibytes)
				1.46×10¹¹ bits (17 gigabytes) – capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD
				2.15×10¹¹ bits (25 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm Blu-ray disc
2³⁸				274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)
2³⁹				549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)
		10¹²	terabit	1,000,000,000,000 bits (125 gigabytes)
2⁴⁰	tebibit			1.34×10¹² bits – estimated capacity of the Polychaos dubium genome, the largest known genome
				1.6×10¹² bits (200 gigabytes) – capacity of a hard disk that would be considered average as of 2008^[update]
2⁴¹				2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes)
2⁴²				4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)
2⁴³	tebibyte			8,796,093,022,208 bits (1024 gibibytes)
				(approximately) 8.97×10¹² bits – as of 2010^[update], data of π to the largest number of decimal digits ever calculated (2.7×10¹²)
		10¹³		10,000,000,000,000 bits (1.25 terabytes) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, p. 126
2⁴⁴				17,592,186,044,416 bits (2 tebibytes)
2⁴⁵				35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)
2⁴⁶				70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)
		10¹⁴		100,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁴⁷				140,737,488,355,328 bits (16 tebibytes)
				1.5×10¹⁴ bits (18.75 terabytes)
2⁴⁸				281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)
2⁴⁹				562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)
		10¹⁵	petabit	1,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁰	pebibit			1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)
				2.4×10¹⁵ bits (300 terabytes) – size of the Internet Archive as of 2004^[update]
2⁵¹				2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)
2⁵²				4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)
				8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bytes) – one petabyte
2⁵³	pebibyte			9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1024 tebibytes)
		10¹⁶		10,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁴				18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)
2⁵⁵				36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes) – theoretical maximum of addressable physical memory in the AMD64 architecture
				4.5×10¹⁶ bits (5.625 petabytes) – estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm as of 2004^[update]
2⁵⁶				72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)
				10 petabytes (10¹⁶ bytes) – estimated approximate size of the Library of Congress's collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005^[3]
		10¹⁷		100,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁷				144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)
2⁵⁸				288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)
2⁵⁹				576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)
				8 ×10¹⁷, the storage capacity of the fictional Star Trek character Data
		10¹⁸	exabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁰	exbibit			1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (128 pebibytes)
				1.6×10¹⁸ bits (200 petabytes) – total amount of printed material in the world
2⁶¹				2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)
2⁶²				4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)
2⁶³	exbibyte			9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1024 pebibytes)
		10¹⁹		10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁴				18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bits (2 exbibytes)
2⁶⁵				36,893,488,147,419,103,232 bits (4 exbibytes)
				50,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (5 exabytes)
2⁶⁶				73,786,976,294,838,206,464 bits (8 exbibytes)
		10²⁰		100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁷				147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits (16 exbibytes) – maximum addressable memory using 64bit addresses without segmentation
2⁶⁸				295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)
				3.5 × 10²⁰ bits – increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 300 K (27°C)^[4]
2⁶⁹				590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)
		10²¹	zettabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁷⁰	zebibit			1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)
2⁷¹				2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)
				3.4×10²¹ bits (0.36 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA^[5]
				4.7×10²¹ bits (0.50 zettabytes) – amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009^[6]
2⁷²				4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)
2⁷³	zebibyte			9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1024 exbibytes)
		10²²		10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
		10²³		1.0×10²³ bits – increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (-272.15°C)^[7]
				6.0×10²³ bits – information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of graphite at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per atom.^[8]
		10²⁴	yottabit	7.3×10²⁴ bits – information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.^[9]
		10²⁵		1.1×10²⁵ bits – entropy increase of 1 mole (18.02 g) of water, on vaporizing at 100°C at standard pressure; equivalent to an average of 18.90 bits per molecule.^[10]
				1.5×10²⁵ bits – information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of neon gas at 25°C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.^[11]
2 ¹⁵⁰		10⁴⁵		~ 10⁴⁵ bits – the number of bits required to perfectly recreate the average-sized U.S. adult male human being down to the quantum level on a computer is about 2×10⁴⁵ bits of information (see Bekenstein bound for the basis for this calculation).
		10⁵⁸		~ 10⁵⁸ bits – thermodynamic entropy of the sun^[12] (about 30 bits per proton, plus 10 bits per electron).
		10⁶⁹		~ 10⁶⁹ bits – thermodynamic entropy of the Milky Way Galaxy (counting only the stars, not the black holes within the galaxy)
		10⁷⁷		1.5×10⁷⁷ bits – information content of a one-solar-mass black hole.^[13]
2³⁰⁵		10⁹²		The information capacity of the observable universe, according to Seth Lloyd.^[14]

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