Tea tree oil

Tea Tree Oil

Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil)

Tea tree oil, or melaleuca oil, is a pale yellow colour to nearly clear essential oil with a fresh camphoraceous odor.^[1] It is taken from the leaves of the Melaleuca alternifolia, which is native to the northeast coast of New South Wales, Australia. Tea tree oil should not be confused with tea oil, the sweet seasoning and cooking oil from pressed seeds of the tea plant Camellia sinensis (beverage tea), or the tea oil plant Camellia oleifera.

History and extraction

Terpinen-4-ol

The indigenous Bundjalung people of eastern Australia use “tea trees” as a traditional medicine by inhaling the oils from the crushed leaves to treat coughs and colds. They also sprinkle leaves on wounds, after which a poultice is applied. In addition, tea tree leaves are soaked to make an infusion to treat sore throats or skin ailments.^[2][3]

Use of the oil itself, as opposed to the unextracted plant material, did not become common practice until researcher Arthur Penfold published the first reports of its antimicrobial activity in a series of papers in the 1920s and 1930s. In evaluating the antimicrobial activity of M. alternifolia, tea tree oil was rated as 11 times more active than phenol.^[4]

The commercial tea tree oil industry was born after the medicinal properties of the oil were first reported by Penfold in the 1920s. It was produced from natural bush stands of M. alternifolia that produced oil with the appropriate chemotype. The plant material was hand cut and often distilled on the spot in makeshift, mobile, wood-fired bush stills.

Tea tree plantation, Coraki.

Production ebbed after World War II, as demand for the oil declined, presumably due to the development of effective antibiotics and the waning image of natural products. Interest in the oil was rekindled in the 1970s as part of the general renaissance of interest in natural products. Commercial plantations were established in the 1970s and 1980s, which led to mechanization and large-scale production of a consistent essential oil product.^[5]

Among over 98 compounds contained in the oil, terpinen-4-ol is responsible for most of the antimicrobial activity.^[6]

Although tea tree oil normally is extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia commercially, it can also be extracted from Melaleuca dissitiflora and Melaleuca linariifolia. Tea tree oil is defined by international standard ISO 4730 (2004) ("Oil of Melaleuca, Terpinen-4-ol type"), which specifies levels of 15 components which are needed to define the oil as "tea tree oil."

Composition

	Tea tree oil ISO 4730 (2004) Concentration [%]
terpinen-4-ol	30-48
γ-terpinene	10–28
α-terpinene	5–13
1,8-Cineole	0–15
α-terpinolene	1.5–5
α-terpineol	1.5–8
α-pinene	1–6
p-cymene	0.5–8

Medicinal use

Tea tree oil has been scientifically investigated only recently. Some sources suggest beneficial medical properties when applied topically, including antiviral,^[7] antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic qualities. It also has beneficial cosmetic properties.^[8]

Tea tree oil is active against Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA.^[9] Tea tree oil is less successful for application in the nose.^[10] Also, there is clinical evidence that topical dermatological preparations containing tea tree oil may be more effective than conventional antibiotics in preventing transmission of CA-MRSA.^[11]

Recent studies support a role for the topical application of tea tree oil in skin care and for the treatment of various diseases and conditions. Tea tree oil appears to be effective against bacteria, viruses, fungal infections, mites such as scabies, and lice such as head lice. A 2008 study of in vitro toxicity showed a tea tree oil preparation was more effective against head lice than permethrin, a popular pharmaceutical remedy.^[12]

In the treatment of moderate common acne, topical application of 5% tea tree oil has shown an effect comparable to 5% benzoyl peroxide, albeit with slower onset of action.^[13]

Tea tree oil is a known antifungal agent, effective in vitro against multiple dermatophytes found on the skin.^[14] In vivo, shampoo with 5% tea tree oil has been shown to be an effective treatment for dandruff due to its ability to treat Malassezia furfur, the most common cause of the condition.^[15]

One clinical study found that 100% tea tree oil administered topically, combined with debridement, was comparable to clotrimazole in effectiveness against onychomycosis, the most frequent cause of nail disease.^[16]

The effectiveness of topical tea tree oil preparations for the treatment of the yeast infection Candidiasis is supported by its ability to kill Candida in vitro.^[17]

There is some very limited research that has shown that tea tree oil may have topical antiviral activity, especially against the herpes virus (cold sores), chicken pox, shingles blisters, etc.^[18]

One study has shown a 5% tea tree oil solution to be more effective than commercial medications against the scabies mite in an in vitro situation.^[19]

In aquarium fish

Diluted solutions of tea tree oil are often used as a remedy to treat bacterial and fungal infections in aquarium fish. Common brand names are Melafix and Bettafix. Melafix is a stronger concentration and Bettafix is a lower concentration that makes it harder to overdose smaller fish, especially bettas. It is most commonly used to promote fin and tissue regrowth, but is also effective in treating other conditions, such as fin rot or velvet. The remedy is used mostly on betta fish,^[20] but can also be used with other aquarium fish, other than goldfish.

Safety

According to the American Cancer Society: "Tea tree oil is toxic when swallowed. It has been reported to cause drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, coma, unsteadiness, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach upset, blood cell abnormalities, and severe rashes. It should be kept away from pets and children."^[21]

A small number of people experience allergic contact dermatitis as a reaction to dermal contact with tea tree oil. In an Italian study of 725 consecutive patients, patients were patch tested with undiluted, 1%, and 0.1% tea tree oil. For undiluted tea tree oil, nearly 6% of the patients observed positive reactions of skin irritation. Only 1 of 725 patients observed a positive reaction of skin irritation with the 1% dilution. None of the 725 patients observed adverse reactions with the 0.1% dilution.^[22] Allergic reactions may be due to the various oxidation products that are formed by exposure of the oil to light and/or air.^[23][24]

External application of tea tree oil undiluted and/or at inappropriate high doses has been associated with toxicity, including death, in cats and other animals, due to ingestion during grooming.^[25][26][27]

A highly disputed case study reported in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded that repeated topical exposure of lavender and tea tree oils may have caused prepubertal gynecomastia in three young boys.^[28] The study involved just three individuals and found lavender to be the only common ingredient used by the boys in the study. While all three cases involved the use of products containing lavender oil as an ingredient, only one boy also used products containing tea tree oil. In all cases, the prepubertal gynecomastia reversed after several months. Researchers have noted that estrogenic or antiandrogenic activities have also been reported for some other commonly used essential oils, as well as some foods such as almonds and peanuts.^[28] [reference to peanuts and almonds is not relevant to citation] Others have cast doubt on the conclusions of the article and dismissed the study as having used "poor methodology". The research has been most criticized for making medically related conclusions about tea tree oil based on a single individual, while outside factors were more likely to have caused the condition. Critics of the study note that millions of people use products containing tea tree oil on a regular basis and there has never been another documented relation of tea tree oil and gynecomastia before or after this study was published.^{[29][30][31][32][33]}

If used in concentrations below 4% or particularly below 0.25%, tea tree oil may fail to kill bacteria and create selection pressure, which may result in them becoming less sensitive to tea tree oil and even some antibiotics in vitro.^[34]

Undiluted tea tree oil can cause some hearing loss when used in the ears of animals; however, a 2% concentration has not been shown to have any lasting effect. It is not known whether the same is true for humans.^[35]

See also

• Cajuput oil – derived from Melaleuca leucadendra

External links

• Tea Tree Oil Research Group, University of Western Australia.
• Tea Tree Oil from American Cancer Society

References

1. ^ http://www.holisticonline.com/aromatherapy/aroma_ess-oil-tea-tree-oil.htm
2. ^ Shemesh, A.; Mayo, W. L. (1991). "Australian tea tree oil: a natural antiseptic and fungicidal agent". Aust. J. Pharm 72: 802–803. 
3. ^ Low, T. 1990. Bush medicine. Harper Collins Publishers, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
4. ^ Penfold, A. R.; Grant, R. (1925). "The germicidal values of some Australian essential oils and their pure constituents, together with those for some essential oil isolates, and synthetics. Part III". J. R. Soc. New South Wales 59: 346–349. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20872423. 
5. ^ Johns, M. R.; Johns, J. E.; Rudolph, V. (1992). "Steam distillation of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 58 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740580109. 
6. ^ Hart, P.H.; Brand, C.; Carson, C.F.; Riley, T.V.; Prager, R.H.; Finlay-Jones, J.J. (2000). "Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes". Inflammation Research 49 (11): 619–26. doi:10.1007/s000110050639. PMID 11131302. 
7. ^ Schnitzler, P; Schön, K; Reichling, J (2001). "Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture". Die Pharmazie 56 (4): 343–7. PMID 11338678. 
8. ^ Aburjai, Talal; Natsheh, Feda M. (2003). "Plants used in cosmetics". Phytotherapy Research 17 (9): 987–1000. doi:10.1002/ptr.1363. PMID 14595575. 
9. ^ Journal of Hospital Infection (2004; 56:283–286), cited in Beauchamp, Kimberly. 2004. "Tea Tree Oil and Staph"^{[unreliable medical source?]}
10. ^ http://bastyrcenter.org/content/view/972/^{[unreliable medical source?]}
11. ^ Bearden, D. T.; Allen, G. P.; Christensen, J. M. (2008). "Comparative in vitro activities of topical wound care products against community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62 (4): 769–72. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn272. PMC 2721705. PMID 18593725. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2721705. 
12. ^ Heukelbach, J.; Canyon, D. V.; Oliveira, F. A.; Muller, R.; Speare, R. (2008). "In vitroefficacy of over-the-counter botanical pediculicides against the head lousePediculus humanusvarcapitisbased on a stringent standard for mortality assessment". Medical and Veterinary Entomology 22 (3): 264–72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00738.x. PMID 18816275. 
13. ^ Bassett, IB; Pannowitz, DL; Barnetson, RS (1990). "A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne". The Medical journal of Australia 153 (8): 455–8. PMID 2145499. 
14. ^ Nenoff, P; Haustein, UF; Brandt, W (1996). "Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro". Skin pharmacology : the official journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society 9 (6): 388–94. PMID 9055360. 
15. ^ Satchell, A; Saurajen, A; Bell, C; Barnetson, RS (2002). "Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 47 (6): 852–5. doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.122734. PMID 12451368. 
16. ^ Buck, DS; Nidorf, DM; Addino, JG (1994). "Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole". The Journal of family practice 38 (6): 601–5. PMID 8195735. 
17. ^ Hammer, K.; Carson, CF; Riley, TV (1998). "In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42 (5): 591–5. doi:10.1093/jac/42.5.591. PMID 9848442. 
18. ^ Bishop, C. D. (1995). "Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel (Tea Tree) against Tobacco Mosaic Virus". Journal of Essential Oil Research 7 (6): 641–4. 
19. ^ Walton, S. F.; McKinnon, M; Pizzutto, S; Dougall, A; Williams, E; Currie, BJ (2004). "Acaricidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: In Vitro Sensitivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to Terpinen-4-ol". Archives of Dermatology 140 (5): 563–6. doi:10.1001/archderm.140.5.563. PMID 15148100. 
20. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP12640785&id=0obOAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22tea+tree%22+aquarium+fish&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22tea%20tree%22%20aquarium%20fish&f=false^{[Full citation needed]}
21. ^ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Tea_Tree_Oil.asp
22. ^ Lisi P, Melingi L, Pigatto P, Ayala F, Suppa F, Foti C, Angelini G (2000). "Prevalenza della sensibilizzazione all´olio essenziale di Melaleuca". Ann Ital Dermatol Allergol 54: 141–4. 
23. ^ Hammer, K; Carson, C; Riley, T; Nielsen, J (2006). "A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil". Food and Chemical Toxicology 44 (5): 616–25. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. PMID 16243420. 
24. ^ Rutherford, Tim; Nixon, Rosemary; Tam, Mei; Tate, Bruce (2007). "Allergy to tea tree oil: Retrospective review of 41 cases with positive patch tests over 4.5 years". Australasian Journal of Dermatology 48 (2): 83–7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2007.00341.x. PMID 17535193. 
25. ^ Bischoff, K. and Guale, F. (1998). "Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in Three Purebred Cats". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10: 208. 
26. ^ Villar, D; Knight, MJ; Hansen, SR; Buck, WB (1994). "Toxicity of melaleuca oil and related essential oils applied topically on dogs and cats". Veterinary and human toxicology 36 (2): 139–42. PMID 8197716. 
27. ^ Small, BEJ (1981). "Effects of plant spacing and season on growth of Melaleuca alternifolia and yield of tea tree oil". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 21 (111): 439. doi:10.1071/EA9810439. 
28. ^ ^{a b} Henley, Derek V.; Lipson, Natasha; Korach, Kenneth S.; Bloch, Clifford A. (2007). "Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils". New England Journal of Medicine 356 (5): 479–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064725. PMID 17267908. 
29. ^ Cosmetics and Toiletries Magazine
30. ^ Essential Oils Not Linked to Breast Growth in Young Boys
31. ^ Personal Care Products Council | CTFA Statement on Essential Oils
32. ^ http://www.fmafragrance.org/sub_pages/020107henleyresponse.pdf^{[Full citation needed]}
33. ^ http://www.naha.org/articles/Tisserand,%20R.%20Gynecomastia2_2007.pdf^{[Full citation needed]}
34. ^ s. Mcmahon, M. A.; Blair, I. S.; Moore, J. E.; McDowell, D. A. (2006). "Habituation to sub-lethal concentrations of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) is associated with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics in human pathogens". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 59 (1): 125–7. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl443. PMID 17071952. 
35. ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-teatreeoil.html