Indian National Congress

Not to be confused with Indian National Congress (Organization).

Indian National Congress
Chairperson	Sonia Gandhi
Parliamentary Chairperson	Sonia Gandhi
Leader in Lok Sabha	Pranab Mukherjee (Finance Minister)
Leader in Rajya Sabha	Manmohan Singh (Prime Minister)
Founded	1885
Headquarters	24, Akbar Road, New Delhi, 110011
Newspaper	Congress Sandesh
Student wing	National Students Union of India
Youth wing	Indian Youth Congress
Women's wing	Mahila Congress
Labour wing	Indian National Trade Union Congress
Ideology	Populism Indian Nationalism (Liberal nationalism) Social liberalism Democratic socialism Social democracy Secularism Third Way Social Populism
Political position	Center-left[1]
International affiliation	Alliance of Democrats[2]
Official colours	Aqua
ECI Status	National Party
Alliance	United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Seats in Lok Sabha	205 / 545
Seats in Rajya Sabha	70 / 250
Election symbol
Website
congress.org.in
Politics of India Political parties Elections

	This article is part of a series about Indian National Congress	Joe Biden
History of Congress  · Pradesh Congress Committee  · All India Congress Committee  · Congress Working Committee  · Congress President  · Central Election Committee  · Statewise Election history of Congress Party

The Indian National Congress (Hindi: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस) (abbreviated INC, and commonly known as the Congress) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is the largest and one of the oldest democratic political parties in the world.^[3][4][5] The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in the Indian political spectrum. Founded in 1885 by members of the occultist movement Theosophical Society^[6]—Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, Mahadev Govind Ranade^[7] and William Wedderburn—the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British rule in India. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, led by the Nehru-Gandhi family for the most part; major challenges for party leadership have only recently formed.

In the 2009 general elections, the Congress emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha, with 205 of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house. Consequently it, along with a coalition of allies called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), was able to gain a majority and form the government.

History

The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:

• The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence and was instrumental in the whole of India;
• The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.

In the pre-independence era, the Congress was divided in two groups, moderate and activist. The moderates were more educated and wanted to win people's faith to lead the nation to independence without bloodshed; the activists however wanted to follow a revolutionary path and make it a militant organization.

The pre-independence era

First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28-31, December, 1885.

Main article: Indian National Congress - Freedom Era

The Congress was founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, most notably A.O. Hume.^[6] It has been suggested that the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885 that the first notice was issued convening the first Indian National Union to meet at Poona the following December.^[8]

Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy.

Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.

Within a few years, the demands of the INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. By 1907 the party was split into two halves—the Garam Dal (literally "hot faction") of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists, and the Naram Dal (literally "soft faction") of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates—distinguished by their attitude towards the British. Under the influence of Tilak, the Congress became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people against the British. The Indian National Congress was the only political party to provide harmony to all the sects of the Indian society.^{[citation needed]}

In the pre-independence era, the INC featured a number of prominent political figures: Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association, elected president of the Congress in 1886, and between 1892 and 1895 the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons; Bal Gangadhar Tilak; Bipin Chandra Pal; Lala Lajpat Rai; Gopal Krishna Gokhale; and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadesi movement. Mohandas Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 and with the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale became president of the Congress and formed an alliance with the Khilafat movement. In protest a number of leaders—Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, Motilal Nehru—resigned from the Congress to set up the Swaraj Party. The Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split.

Mahatma Gandhi, President of Congress party during 1924

With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha art of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr. Rajendra Prasad (the nation's first President), Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. With the already existing nationalistic feeling combined with Gandhi's popularity the Congress became a forceful mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 was expelled from the Congress for his socialist views and the Congress was reduced to a pro-business group financed by the business houses of Birla and Bajaj. At the time of the Quit India movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India, but the Congress disassociated itself from the Quit India movement within a few days. The Indian National Congress could not claim to be the sole representative of the Indian people as other parties were there as well notably the Hindu Mahasabha, Azad Hind Sarkar, and Forward Bloc.

The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of the INC. 26 January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas", Independence Day, although the British were remain in India for seventeen more years. (To commemorate this date the Constitution of India was formally adopted on 26 January 1950, even though it had been passed on 26 November 1949.) However in 1929 Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the Congress for demanding full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi.

After the First World War the party became associated with Mahatma Gandhi, who remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives, but all the socialist groupings (including the Congress Socialist Party, Krishak Praja Party, and Swarajya Party members) were expelled by Gandhi along with Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939.

Members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. However they withdrew support at the critical juncture, when the mutiny failed.

During the INA trials of 1946, the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee, which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

The post-independence era

The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the national level) in 1977.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Congress Prime Minister of India (1947–1964).

Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947.^[9] However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the Partition of India and independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.

After the Gandhi's assassiantion in 1948, and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became such that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed and business classes, and improved the position of religious minorities and lower-caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders was soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress to consecutive majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.

After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No other leader had Nehru's popular appeal, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress party election opted for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai.

K. Kamaraj

Kamaraj

Toward the end of Nehru's life, K. Kamaraj was became the president of the All India Congress Committee and proposed the Kamaraj Plan. According to the plan six Congress chief ministers and six senior Cabinet ministers resigned to take up party work. After Nehru's death, Kamaraj was instrumental in bringing Lal Bahadur Shastri to power in 1964. He was part of a group of leaders in the Congress called "the syndicate". After Shastri's death, the syndicate favoured Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi over Morarji Desai and she became the prime minister of India in 1967. For his role in the two successions, Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in Indian politics. Kamaraj stepped down as AICC president in 1967.

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi, thrice Prime Minister of India.

The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of Samyukt Vidhayak Dal, won control over several states in the Hindi belt. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the "New Congress". The official party became the Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj. It was informally called the "Old Congress". As Indira Gandhi had control over the national state machinery, her faction was recognized as the true INC by the Election Commission of India, although her organization was the break-away group.

The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the Soviet Union. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the Janata Party.

Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more authoritarian. Following allegations of electoral malpractice in the general elections, a court overturned Gandhi's victory in her parliamentary constituency in 1971 General Elections. Facing growing criticism and widespread demonstrations by opposition in the country, she proclaimed a state of National Emergency in 1975, imprisoned most of Opposition leaders, and unleashed a police state.

After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. Congress(I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party, but the resulting coalition government fell apart in two years. The Congress party returned to power in the ensuing 1980 elections. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, in revenge for the disastrous Operation Blue Star. In the following days anti-Sikh riots broke out in Capital Delhi and elsewhere in which more than six thousand Sikhs were killed, (mostly in Delhi), allegedly by activists and leaders of the Congress Party.

The post-Indira era

Sonia Gandhi, Chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance and President of Indian National Congress

Afterward, former treasurer Sitaram Kesri took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the United Front governments that ran from 1996 to 1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of Congress President, in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.

After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party. The use of "Congress (I)" continues to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors. There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin—she is of Italian ethnicity.

Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house. The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party. It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004. In the next general election in 2009 which made Manmohan Singh the Prime Minister once again, and Congress was the first party to get 206 seats during a coalition era of politics.

Prime Ministers of the Republic of India from the Congress Party

• Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964)
• Gulzarilal Nanda (May–June 1964 and in January 1966)
• Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–1966)
• Indira Gandhi (1966–1977, 1980–1984)
• Rajiv Gandhi (1984–1989)
• P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
• Manmohan Singh (2004–)

Formation of present Government of India

A Congress rally in New Delhi.

In the 2004 general elections, the Congress alliance won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which was variously forecast to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice". She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr. Manmohan Singh for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on 22 May 2004. Despite strong opposition from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), AIADMK, SP, RJD, LJP, TDP, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Indian National Congress won the elections again in 2009, the people gave their mandate to the Congress party and it was the only party to achieve 206 seats in 20 years. The youth supported the Congress under the leadership of Rahul Gandhi. The Congress's popularity has increased by 61% during the elections.

Ideology and policies

Historically, the party has favored farmers, laborers, labor unions, and religious and ethnic minorities; it has opposed unregulated business and finance, and favored progressive income taxes. However, in recent years the party had adopted centrist economic and social democratic agenda. Today, the INC advocates neo-liberal policies which includes populism, social liberalism, secularism and free enterprise system with government regulations such as public–private partnership (PPP) model. Though it still believes in eradicating poverty, illiteracy and strongly supports the weaker section of the society.

Social policy

Social policy of the INC is based on Gandhian concept of Sarvodaya (upliftment of all sections of the society.) In particular INC gives special emphasis on the welfare of the economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the society. This includes "affirmative action" reservations for weaker sections of the society in education and employment, emphasis on employment generation for rural population (through schemes such as National Rural Employment Generation Scheme) etc. The party supports family planning with birth control but opposes elective abortion, in particular sex selective abortions and late term abortions.

Economic policy

Traditionally, Economic policy of the INC emphasized on the importance of the public sector aimed at establishing a "socialistic pattern of society". However, since the economic liberalizations initiated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then Finance Minister in the early 1990s, the economic policy of INC has been changed somewhat and it is now adopted free market policies, though at the same time it is in favour of taking a cautious approach in proceeding with liberalization to ensure that the weaker sections are not affected too hard by the liberalization process.

Foreign policy

Traditionally, nonalignment has been the bedrock of the foreign policy of the INC.

Internal organization

The organization developed by Mohandas Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.

In every Indian state and union territory or pradesh, there is a Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.

The All India Congress Committee (AICC) is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.

The President of the Indian National Congress is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the Prime Minister of India.

Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC. However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as an emergency measure.

The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) is the group of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. It is headed by senior Congress leader Pranab Mukherjee. Since the current Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh is not an elected member of the Lok Sabha, Pranab is the CPP president. Dr. Singh is Leader of the Rajya Sabha. There is also a CLP leader in each state. The CLP (Congress Legislative Party) consists of all MLAs^[vague] in each state. It also comes under the CPP so Pranab is head of the MLAs also. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader is the Chief Minister.

Congress in various states

Congress Ruled States in Green

• Congress is currently in power in seven states (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Haryana, Mizoram and Manipur) where the party enjoys a majority of its own.
• In three other states — Assam, Goa and Maharashtra — it shares power with other alliance partners.
• In Tamil Nadu it lost power in the 1967 assembly election and has not been able to recapture it since. The party provided outside support to former ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam there in return for DMK's outside support for Congress in Puducherry.^[10]
• In the remaining states and union territories, various opposition parties are in power.

List of current Congress Chief Ministers

• Jarbom Gamlin - Arunachal Pradesh
• Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy - Andhra Pradesh
• Tarun Gogoi - Assam
• Sheila Dikshit - Delhi
• Digambar Kamat - Goa
• Bhupinder Singh Hooda - Haryana
• Prithviraj Chavan - Maharashtra
• Okram Ibobi Singh - Manipur
• Pu Lalthanhawla - Mizoram
• Ashok Gehlot - Rajasthan
• D.D. Lapang - Meghalaya
• Oommen Chandy - Kerala

List of presidents of the party

Main article: Congress President

Name of President	Life Span	Year of Presidency	Place of Conference
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee	29 December 1844- 1906	1885	Bombay
Dadabhai Naoroji	4 September 1825- 1917	1886	Calcutta
Badruddin Tyabji	10 October 1844- 1906	1887	Madras
George Yule	1829–1892	1888	Allahabad
Sir William Wedderburn	1838–1918	1889	Bombay
Sir Pherozeshah Mehta	4 August 1845- 1915	1890	Calcutta
P. Anandacharlu	August 1843- 1908	1891	Nagpur
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee	29 December 1844- 1906	1892	Allahabad
Dadabhai Naoroji	4 September 1825- 1917	1893	Lahore
Alfred Webb	1834–1908	1894	Madras
Surendranath Banerjea	10 November 1848- 1925	1895	Pune
Rahimtulla M. Sayani	5 April 1847- 1902	1896	Calcutta
Sir C. Sankaran Nair	11 July 1857- 1934	1897	Amraoti
Ananda Mohan Bose	23 September 1847- 1906	1898	Madras
Romesh Chunder Dutt	13 August 1848- 1909	1899	Lucknow
Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar	2 December 1855- 1923	1900	Lahore
Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha	2 August 1844- 1936	1901	Calcutta
Surendranath Banerjea	10 November 1825- 1917	1902	Ahmedabad
Lalmohan Ghosh	1848–1909	1903	Madras
Sir Henry Cotton	1845–1915	1904	Bombay
Gopal Krishna Gokhale	9 May 1866- 1915	1905	Benares
Dadabhai Naoroji	4 September 1825- 1917	1906	Calcutta
Rashbihari Ghosh	23 December 1845- 1921	1907	Surat
Rashbihari Ghosh	23 December 1845- 1921	1908	Madras
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya	25 December 1861- 1946	1909	Lahore
Sir William Wedderburn	1838–1918	1910	Allahabad
Pandit Bishan Narayan Dar	1864–1916	1911	Calcutta
Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar	1857–1921	1912	Bankipur
Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur	?- 1919	1913	Karachi
Bhupendra Nath Bose	1859–1924	1914	Madras
Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha	March 1863- 1928	1915	Bombay
Ambica Charan Mazumdar	1850–1922	1916	Lucknow
Annie Besant	1 October 1847- 1933	1917	Calcutta
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya	25 December 1861- 1946	1918	Delhi
Syed Hasan Imam	31 August 1871- 1933	1918	Bombay (Special Session)
Pandit Motilal Nehru	6 May 1861- 6 February 1931	1919	Amritsar
Lala Lajpat Rai	28 January 1865- 17 November 1928	1920	Calcutta (Special Session)
C. Vijayaraghavachariar	1852- 19 April 1944	1920	Nagpur
Hakim Ajmal Khan	1863- 29 December 1927	1921	Ahmedabad
Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das	5 November 1870- 16 June 1925	1922	Gaya
Maulana Mohammad Ali	10 December 1878- 4 January 1931	1923	Kakinada
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad	1888- 22 February 1958	1923	Delhi (Special Session)
Mahatma Gandhi	2 October 1869- 30 January 1948	1924	Belgaum
Sarojini Naidu	13 February 1879- 2 March 1949	1925	Kanpur
S. Srinivasa Iyengar	September 11, 1874- 19 May 1941	1926	Gauhati
Dr. M A Ansari	25 December 1880- 10 May 1936	1927	Madras
Pandit Motilal Nehru	6 May 1861- 6 February 1931	1928	Calcutta
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1929 & 30	Lahore
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel	31 October 1875- 15 December 1950	1931	Karachi
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya	25 December 1861- 1946	1932	Delhi
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya	25 December 1861- 1946	1933	Calcutta
Nellie Sengupta	1886–1973	1933	Calcutta
Dr. Rajendra Prasad	3 December 1884- 28 February 1963	1934 & 35	Bombay
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1936	Lucknow
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1936& 37	Faizpur
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose	23 January 1897- 18 August 1945?	1938	Haripura
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose	23 January 1897- 18 August 1945?	1939	Jabalpur
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad	1888- 22 February 1958	1940-46	Ramgarh
Acharya J.B. Kripalani	1888- 19 March 1982	1947	Delhi
Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya	24 December 1880- 17 December 1959	1948 & 49	Jaipur
Purushottam Das Tandon	1 August 1882- 1 July 1961	1950	Nasik
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1951 & 52	Delhi
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1953	Hyderabad
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru	14 November 1889- 27 May 1964	1954	Kalyani
U N Dhebar	21 September 1905- 1977	1955	Avadi
U N Dhebar	21 September 1905- 1977	1956	Amritsar
U N Dhebar	21 September 1905- 1977	1957	Indore
U N Dhebar	21 September 1905- 1977	1958	Gauhati
U N Dhebar	21 September 1905- 1977	1959	Nagpur
Indira Gandhi	19 November 1917- 31 October 1984	1959	Delhi
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	19 May 1913- 1 June 1996	1960	Bangalore
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	19 May 1913- 1 June 1996	1961	Bhavnagar
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	19 May 1913- 1 June 1996	1962 & 63	Patna
K. Kamaraj	15 July 1903- 2 October 1975	1964	Bhubaneswar
K. Kamaraj	15 July 1903- 2 October 1975	1965	Durgapur
K. Kamaraj	15 July 1903- 2 October 1975	1966 & 67	Jaipur
S. Nijalingappa	10 December 1902- 9 August 2000	1968	Hyderabad
S. Nijalingappa	10 December 1902- 9 August 2000	1969	Faridabad
Jagjivan Ram	5 April 1908- 6 July 1986	1970 & 71	Bombay
Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma	19 August 1918- 26 December 1999	1972- 74	Calcutta
Dev Kant Baruah	22 February 1914- 1996	1975- 77	Chandigarh
Indira Gandhi	19 November 1917- 31 October 1984	1978- 83	Delhi
Indira Gandhi	19 November 1917- 31 October 1984	1983 -84	Calcutta
Rajiv Gandhi	20 August 1944- 21 May 1991	1985 -91	Bombay
P. V. Narasimha Rao	28 June 1921- 23 December 2004	1992 -96	Tirupati
Sitaram Kesri	November 1919- 24 October 2000	1997 -98	Kolkata
Sonia Gandhi	9 December 1946-	1998–present	Kolkata

2009 general elections

The Indian National Congress-led coalition United Progressive Alliance (UPA), headed by Ms. Sonia Gandhi, won the plurality of votes in the general elections of 2009 and formed the government under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Controversies and criticisms

Since the party has dominated the political landscape of India for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. In the wake of the 2G Spectrum scam, the 2010 Commonwealth Games Scam and the Adarsh Housing Society Mumbai, a survey by an Indian magazine Outlook and a television news channel CNN-IBN in 2011 said that the Congress was seen as the most corrupt political party in India.^[11] Examples of the same are:

1947- Anti-Godse riots

After the knowledge that the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse, was a Maharashtrian Brahmin, some workers of the Congress Party went on a rampage, against the supporters of Savarkar and Nathuram Godse, burning their houses and putting thousands in jail.^[12]

1975-1977- State of Emergency

Main article: Indian Emergency (1975-1977)

On 12 June 1975 the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha void on grounds of electoral malpractice. But Mrs Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court.

Indira had already been accused of authoritarianism. By using her strong parliamentary majority, her ruling Congress Party had amended the Constitution and altered the balance of power between the Centre and the States in favour of the Central Government. She had twice imposed "President's Rule" under Article 356 of the Constitution by declaring states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic", and thus seizing control. In response to her new tendency for authoritarian use of power, public figures and former freedom-fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Kripalani toured India, speaking actively against her and her government.

Indira Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. Her Cabinet and government then recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a state of emergency, because of the disorder and lawlessness following the Allahabad High Court decision. Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution, on 26 June 1975. It is one of the most controversial periods in the history of independent India.^[13]

1984 Anti-Sikh riots

Main article: 1984 anti-Sikh riots

After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by 2 of her Sikh Body Guards following Operation Bluestar, many Congress workers including Jagdish Tytler, Sajjan Kumar and Kamal Nath were accused of inciting and participating in Sikh riots.

There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The Asian Age front-page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups"^[14][15] There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers during the riots. The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticized for doing very little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator. The conspiracy theory is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families.

Bofors Scandal

Main article: Bofors scandal

The Bofors scandal was a major corruption scandal in India in the 1980s. Late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who was simultaneously serving as the president of Congress (I), and his associates the late Win Chadha and Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi were accused of receiving kickbacks to help Bofors win a bid in 1986 to sell 155 mm field howitzers to the Indian Army. The scale of this corruption was far worse than any that India had seen before, and directly led to the defeat of Gandhi's ruling Congress party in the November 1989 general elections. It has been speculated that the scale of the scandal was to the tune of Rs. 400 million.^[16]

The case came to light during Vishwanath Pratap Singh's tenure as defence minister, and was revealed through investigative journalism by Chitra Subramaniam and N. Ram of the newspapers the Indian Express and The Hindu.^[17]

In January 2011, an income tax tribunal ruled that Rs. 41.2 crore was paid as kickbacks to the late Win Chadha and Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi in the Swedish howitzer deal and the two are liable to tax in India on such income.^[18]

Charges of bidding for seats

In November 2008, senior Congress leader, Margaret Alva, made a charge that Congress seats for the elections were up for bidding as opposed to a meritocratic appointment to run. The party responded to the charge by denying such a claim, as well as dropping her as general secretary of the party, the Congress Working Committee and the party's Central Election Committee. She was also stripped of her charge of the Congress party in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and Mizoram. Congress spokesperson, Shakeel Ahmad, added that "Congress president Mrs Sonia Gandhi has taken the decision on the report submitted by Mr AK Antony, chairperson of the Disciplinary Action Committee."^[19] This followed an outburst by the son of the congress chairperson, Rahul Gandhi, that "Democracy in political parties is non-existent in India. You cannot enter unless you are well connected." In response the recent allegations he said, "I had made some recommendations to include some younger boys. I am not unhappy with the distribution of tickets."^[20]

Allegations of religious bias

Pro Islamic Bias

The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party and also many right-wing Hindus have repeatedly accused the Congress Party and its allies of being pro-Muslim, pro-Islam supporting Sharia Laws and showing unnatural favouritism to the Indian Muslim community and toleration, or even promotion of Islamic conservatism and Obscurantism.^{[citation needed]}

The Congress party and it's allies are accused of "pseudo" secularism, in which only Hindus are expected to be secular while Muslims and other minorities remain free to practice exclusionary practices.^[21]

"Secular" and "Marxist" revisions of textbooks

The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and previous Congress-led governments have been accused of revising history textbooks to present a Marxist bias, and whitewashing the record of Atrocities committed by Muslim Emperors and Kings on Hindus during six-hundred years of Islamic Rule over India in order to textbooks and acquire Muslim votes. The Congress in term maintains that it wished to create a sense of communal harmony among the young generations.^{[citation needed]}

Softness shown towards religious extremism and terrorism

The BJP and many Indian Hindus have often accused Congress party and their allies of being soft on Islamic extremism, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic terrorism and Islamism by scrapping Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (POTA) immediately after it won the elections in 2004. It has also been accused of being soft on Indian terrorist groups like Indian Mujahideen.^{[citation needed]}Meanwhile, Indian Muslims and Christians have criticized the Congress of being soft on Saffron terror and of failing to bring to justice various Hindu extremists who have carried out anti-Muslim and anti-Christian pogroms in various states. The same words were repeated by the banned terrorist outfit Indian Mujahideen in claiming responsibility for the 2011 Delhi Bombing.^[22]

Congress and its allies are often accused of ignoring the plea of Kashmiri Pandits for action against Islamic terrorists in Kashmir and solely focusing on the issues of the Indian Muslim community to gain Muslim votes. Kashmiri Pandits have been in exile since January 1990 following the outbreak of terrorism in Kashmir.^{[citation needed]}

The Congress-led UPA government has been accused by both Hindu and Christian organizations^[23] for completely ignoring the Love Jihad^[24] activity allegedly perpetrated by and Islamic party Popular Front of India and its umbrella organizations under which young Muslim boys in Kerala and coastal Karnataka reportedly target college girls belonging to Hindu and Christian communities for conversion to Islam by feigning love. It has been reported that the Congress government is calling the Love Jihad activity as dubious and the allegations by Hindu and Christian organizations as un-secular for the fear of losing Muslim votes. It has been reported that local Muslim politicians have been silently supporting and promoting the 'Love Jihad' campaign in Kerala and Karnataka. Instead of taking action against the Popular Front of India (the alleged perpertrators of Love Jihad^[25]), the Congress party criticisedKerala Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan for speaking against it and trying to break the Secular Fabric of India by hurting the sentiments of Muslims.^[26]

Rejection of a Uniform Civil Code in India by Congress

Congress has been accused of deliberately fragmenting Hindus while consolidating conservative Muslim votes (by opposing the Uniform Civil Code and allowing Muslims a separate personal code, etc.). However, even the strongest opposition party - the BJP was unable to usher in the Uniform Civil Code, primarily owing to the fact that a majority of political parties allied with the BJP, including BJP's own party members, during the NDA government, were not in favor of such a move.^{[citation needed]}

Alleging the role of Hindu extremist groups in 2008 Mumbai Terror Attacks

In 2010, the Internet whistleblower organization Wikileaks released documents attesting to the Indian National Congress suggesting the involvement of right-wing Hindu groups in the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.^[27] Former United States ambassador to India, David Mulford, reacted to these claims by accusing the party of "pandering to Muslims' fears", and that "crass political opportunism" swayed the thinking of some Congress party leaders"^[28]. The party's stand on this conspiracy theory kept on changing. The main point put forth was that Hemant Karkare , Maharashtra ATS Chief, had been gunned down by Hindu extremists who used the 26th November Mumbai attacks as a cover. Karkare had led the investigation into the September 2008 Malegaon blasts which claimed the lives of six people. Initially the police suspected Muslim terrorists. However, authorities recently arrested eleven Hindus, including an Indian Army Lieutenant Colonel. Police identified five of those arrested as having ties to the BJP's youth wing in their earlier years. Two others had ties to a recent addition to the Sangh Parivar family of Hindu nationalist organizations.^[29]

2G Spectrum Scam

Main article: 2G spectrum scam

The scam was bought into limelight in 2010 when case filed against Minister for Communications and Information Technology A. Raja has been reported. 2G licenses were issued to private telecom players at throwaway prices in 2008. The CAG estimates the Spectrum scam has cost the government Rs. 1.76 lakh crore. Rules and procedures were flouted while issuing licenses.^[30]

The 2G spectrum scam came in a year that was full of scams for the Congress(UPA) government. The government meanwhile also faced the accusation of using the CBI for covering up scandals, in wake of which, the BJP chief Nitin Gadkari termed the CBI as "Congress Bureau of Investigation".^[31]

Bribes to Members of Parliament

As per United States secret diplomatic cable number 162458 dated 17 July 2008, Congress Party insider Satish Sharma's political aide Nachiketa Kapur told a US diplomat on 16 July 2008 that the party paid INR 100 million (about $2.5 million) each to four Members of Parliament^[32] in order to help the party narrowly survive a no-confidence motion.^[33]

Another Congress Party insider told the US Political Counsel in New Delhi that Congress Party cabinet minister Kamal Nath was also helping bribe Members of Parliament in order to help secure the votes.^[32]

See also

Politics portal

• Statewise Election history of Congress Party
• Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall
• Nehru - Feroze Gandhi family
• List of political parties in India
• Politics of India
• Corruption in India
• Indian black money

References

1. ^ Strong Victory For Center-Left Congress Party In India—World’s Two Largest Democracies Now Firmly Reject Conservatives, Texas Liberal,
2. ^ Political Parties, International Organizations and Individuals joining the Alliance of Democrats, Alliance of Democrats
3. ^ The nature and dynamics of factional conflict(p.69)By P. N. Rastogi
4. ^ Parliamentary debates, Volume 98, Issues 1-9(p.111) Published by Parliament of India-Rajya Sabha
5. ^ Indian National Congress: a select bibliography By Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand
6. ^ ^{a b} Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress, Bevir, Mark, University of California, Berkeley, Publication Date: 01-01-2003 s. 14-18. Original Citation: Mark Bevir, “Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress”, International Journal of Hindu Studies 7 (2003), 99-115. E.g., "Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.10", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the Indian National Congress." "Mahatmas seemed to be directing Hume to maintain the correct balance between east and west (Ripon Papers). Certainly Hume thought the Mahatmas were superhuman beings with a special interest in the welfare of India. He believed their occult powers meant they possessed an unquestionable knowledge of Indian affairs", "Hume worked alongside some of the people he had met at the annual conventions of the Theosophical Society—Malabari, Rao, and Sen—in order to arrange the founding conference of Congress.", "The founders of the Indian National Congress relied on the contacts and commitments generated within the Society;" "Gandhi, like Malabari, Rao, and Sen, used theosophy to help restore his pride in his native culture to support his vision of ancient India as a vital, rational, and moral society (Gandhi 1948). British occultists, such as Besant, and western-educated Indians, such as Gandhi, turned to theosophy for different reasons, but once they had done so, they shared practices and intellectual commitments that helped sustain the nationalist movement."
7. ^ http://www.rrtd.nic.in/biogovind.html
8. ^ Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi. 1935. The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress. Scanned version
9. ^ Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 225.
10. ^ "Karunanidhi to become Tamil Nadu CM". The Times Of India. 12 May 2006. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Karunanidhi-to-become-Tamil-Nadu-CM/articleshow/1527224.cms. 
11. ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270152
12. ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?238938
13. ^ "India in 1975: Democracy in Eclipse", ND Palmer - Asian Survey, vol 16 no 5. Opening lines.
14. ^ Mustafa, Seema (2005-08-09). "1984 Sikhs Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups". Front page story (The Asian Age): pp. 1. 
15. ^ Agal, Renu (2005-08-11). "Justice delayed, justice denied". BBC News. 
16. ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=89&id=39264&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4
17. ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/sep/23vir.htm
18. ^ "I-T Tribunal nails Chadha, Quattrocchi". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 4 January 2011. http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/04/stories/2011010460250100.htm. 
19. ^ http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=2&theme=&usrsess=1&id=230673
20. ^ http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=2&theme=&usrsess=1&id=230659
21. ^ A Hindu backlash hits Sonia Gandhi–upiasiaonline.com
22. ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MI09Df01.html
23. ^ Jihad' racket: VHP, Christian groups find common cause
24. ^ 'Love jihad' raises alert in Karnataka, Kerala
25. ^ http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/love-jihad-email-probe-intensifies-773
26. ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-27/news/27572286_1_love-jihad-love-jihad-hindu
27. ^ Copy of diplomatic cable dated 23 December 2008 (10 December 2010). "US Embassy Cables: Mumbai Conspiracy Allegations 'Outrageous' – US Ambassador". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
28. ^ Walsh, Declan (10 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Fake Cables — Pakistani Newspapers Admit They Were Hoaxed — Papers Apologise to Readers for Publishing Anti-Indian Comments Alleged To Have Been Said by US Officials". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-fake-cables-pakistan-apologies. Retrieved 11 December 2010. 
29. ^ Walsh, Declan (10 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Fake Cables — Pakistani Newspapers Admit They Were Hoaxed — Papers Apologise to Readers for Publishing Anti-Indian Comments Alleged To Have Been Said by US Officials". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-fake-cables-pakistan-apologies. Retrieved 11 December 2010. 
30. ^ 2G Spectrum Scam
31. ^ CBI-Congress Bureau of Investigation
32. ^ ^{a b} "162458: Cash-for-votes ahead of confidence motion". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 17 March 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/article1544916.ece. 
33. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2008/0723/p25s10-wosc.html

Bibliography

• Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi, Barun De. Freedom Struggle. India: National Book Struggle. ISBN 81-237-0249-X.

Further reading

• The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1934.
• The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.
• Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom, by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.
• Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement, by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.
• Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. ISBN 81-7017-140-7.
• Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1947, by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. ISBN 0-7069-3020-7.
• The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography, by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
• A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885-1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.
• The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920-1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik . Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. ISBN 81-85060-16-9.
• Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885-1985, by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
• The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.
• Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction, by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. ISBN 0-913215-32-5.
• INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.
• Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. ISBN 81-85044-05-8.
• The Story of Congress Pilgrimage: 1885-1985, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. ISBN 81-85355-46-0. (7 vols)
• Indian National Congress in England, by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.
• Women in Indian National Congress, 1921-1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.
• History of Indian National Congress, 1885-2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. ISBN 81-7835-090-4.

External links

• Indian National Congress — Official website
• Indian National Congress Discussion Group
• Congress Archives
• Congress Media
• Congress Sandesh
• National Students Union of India
• Indian Youth Congress
• Indian National Congress at the Open Directory Project