Chandigarh

Chandigarh चण्डीगढ़ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ
City Beautiful
—  union territory  —
Open Hand Monument
Chandigarh Location of Chandigarh चण्डीगढ़ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ
Coordinates	30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75°N 76.78°E / 30.75; 76.78Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75°N 76.78°E / 30.75; 76.78
Country	India
District(s)	1
Established	1953
Capital	Chandigarh
Largest city	Chandigarh Mayor: Ravinder Pal Singh[1](INC)
Population • Density	1,054,686[2] (29) • 9,252 /km2 (23,963 /sq mi)
HDI	0.892 (very high)
Literacy	81.9%
Official languages	Hindi, Punjabi and English
Time zone	IST (UTC+05:30)
Area • Elevation	114 km2 (44 sq mi) • 350 metres (1,150 ft)
Codes • Telephone • +91-172-XXX XXXX
ISO 3166-2	IN-CH
Footnotes The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the union territory's area.
Website	chandigarh.nic.in/

Chandigarh (Hindi: चण्डीगढ़ Punjabi ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ ) is a union territory of India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city.^[3] It is occasionally referred to as The City Beautiful.

The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design.^[4] The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Matthew Nowicki, and Albert Mayer. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007).^[5] The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study,^[6] and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.^[7]

History

After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition.^[8] After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be unfeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as the personal interest of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Chandigarh was designed by the French (born Swiss) architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer who was working with the Polish-born architect Matthew Nowicki.^{[citation needed]}

On 1 November 1966, the newly-formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi-speaking state (with a Hindu majority), while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi language-speaking majority (with a Sikh majority) and remained as the current day federated state of Punjab. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states.^[9]

Geography and climate

Sukhna Lake

Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 44.5 sq mi or 114 km². and shares its borders with the states of Haryana in the east and Punjab in the north, west and south. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.74°N 76.79°E / 30.74; 76.79.^[10] It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).

Chandigarh
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     33   20 6     39   23 8     30   28 13     9   35 19     28   38 23     145   39 25     280   34 24     308   33 23     133   33 22     22   32 17     9   27 11     22   22 7 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.3   69 43     1.5   74 47     1.2   83 56     0.4   94 66     1.1   101 74     5.7   101 78     11   93 75     12   91 74     5.2   92 71     0.9   89 63     0.4   81 51     0.9   72 44 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

The surrounding districts are of Mohali, Patiala and Roopnagar in Punjab and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana. The boundary of the state of Himachal Pradesh is also minutes away from its north border.

Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 °C to 41.2 °C). In winter, pieces of snow sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

Average temperature

• Spring: The climate remains quite pleasant during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-March and then from mid-September to mid-October). Temperatures vary between (max) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min) 9 °C to 18 °C.
• Autumn: In autumn (from Mid-March to April), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 36 °C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° to 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C.
• Summer: The temperature in summer (from Mid-May to Mid-June) may rise to a maximum of 45 °C (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between 35 °C to 40 °C (94 - 101F).
• Monsoon: During monsoon(from mid-June to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south-east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigrah during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day.
• Winter: Winters (November to Mid-March) are mild but it can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) 5°C to 8 °C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters and it is usually a persistent rain for 2–3 days with sometimes hail-storms.

Environment

Sambar in a forest

Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense Banyan and Eucalyptus plantations. Asoka, Cassia, Mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem.The city has forests surrounding it which sustain many animal and plant species. Deers, Sambars, Barking Deers, Parrots, Woodpeckers and Peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season.

A parrot sanctuary located in the city is home to a variety of bird species.

Architecture and urban planning

Chandigarh Secretariat Building

Taking over from Albert Mayer, Le Corbusier produced a plan for Chandigarh that conformed to the modern city planning principles of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne CIAM, in terms of division of urban functions, an anthropomorphic plan form, and a hierarchy of road and pedestrian networks. This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: The Capitol, City Center, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighborhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of Mayer and Nowicki was reorganized into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterized by an "honesty of materials". Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architectural form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks.

The Open Hand Monument

Chandigarh Museum and Art gallery have a separate section dedicated to the architecture of Chandigarh.

Chandigarh administration

See also: Chandigarh administration

Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh

Chandigarh Administration is under the control of the Administrator who is appointed under the provisions of Article 239 of the Constitution.^{[clarification needed]} The administrative control of Chandigarh is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.^{[clarification needed]} The Adviser to the Administrator, a very senior officer equivalent to the Chief Secretary of a state,^{[citation needed]} belonging to one of the All India Services, is second in command after the Administrator. S/He generally belongs to the AGMU^{[clarification needed]} cadre of the Indian Administrative Service.

• The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the in-charge of the General Administration in the Chandigarh UT.
• The Senior Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the Chandigarh UT.
• The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, Wild-Life and Pollution Control in the Chandigarh UT.

The above three officers are generally from AGMU cadre and can also be from Punjab or Haryana cadres of the All India Services.

Demographics

Chandigarh Population
Census	Pop.		%±
1961	119,881		—
1971	257,251		114.6%
1981	451,610		75.6%
1991	642,015		42.2%
2001	900,635		40.3%
source:Census of India[11]

Religion in Chandigarh
Religion			Percent
Hinduism			78.6%
Sikhism			16.1%
Islam			3.9%
Others			1.4%
Distribution of religions

As of 2001^[update] India census,^[12] Chandigarh had a population of 900,635, making for a density of about 7900 persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. The sex ratio is 777 females for every 1,000 males–which is the lowest in the country. Chandigarh has an average literacy rate of 81.9%, higher than the national average of 64.8%; with male literacy of 86.1% and female literacy of 76.5%. About 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The main religions in Chandigarh are Hinduism: 78.6%, Sikhism: 16.1%, Islam: 3.9%, and Christianity: 0.8%.^[13] Hindi and Punjabi and are the main languages spoken in Chandigarh, English is also quite popular.

Economy

A Shopping mall in the city.

The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here. A significant percentage of Chandigarh’s population therefore consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a “Pensioner's Paradise”. There are about 15 medium to large industrial including two in the Public sector. In addition Chandigarh has over 2500 units are registered under small scale sector. The important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys and machinery. Other industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals and electrical appliances. Yet, with a per capita income of 99,262, Chandigarh is the richest city in india.^[14] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2.2 billion in current prices.

Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh.

Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the IT world. Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations to the like of Quark, Infosys, Dell, IBM, TechMahindra have set up base in the city and its suburbs. According to a 2007 survey, Chandigarh is ranked ninth in the top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations".^[15]

Education

See also: List of educational institutions in Chandigarh

Gandhi Bhavan built by Pierre Jeanneret for Punjab University

The schools of Chandigarh are affiliated to various curriculum bodies,^{[citation needed]} and include model schools established by the government.^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}

There are also colleges such as Punjab Engineering College and Govt. College of Art and Craft, as well as a Government Teacher Training College. Additionally, Panjab University is based at Chandigarh.

Transport

"Green Bus" introduced by the CTU runs throughout Chandigarh

Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India.^[16] Wide, well maintained roads and parking spaces all over the city ease local transport.

Chandigarh is well connected by road by NH 22 (Ambala - Kalka - Shimla - Kinnaur) and NH 21 (Chandigarh - Leh), and has both a a railway station and the International Airport.

The ChandigarhMetro Rail project is underway but recently^[when?], due to reduce cost, it is planned to partially replace metro projects by tram and monorail,^{[citation needed]}

Sporting venues and gardens

The popular Sector-42 Hockey Stadium

Chandigarh is home to numerous inter state sporting teams in tournaments like PHL^{[clarification needed]} and IPL.^{[clarification needed]} The city has facilities for sports such as cricket, swimming, shooting, skating and hockey.

There are numerous display gardens across the city, including the Rock Garden that is built from mostly from waste material and the Rose Garden. Other gardens include Garden of Annuals, Fragrance Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Chrysanthemum Garden, Botanical Garden and Shanti Kunj.

See also

Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Punjab portal Chandigarh portal

References

1. ^ Mayor suggests steps to make Chandigarh women-friendly
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ The Official Government Website
4. ^ Business Portal of India
5. ^ "Front Page News : Monday, July 26, 2010". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-09-17. http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/17/stories/2008091755600800.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
6. ^ "India's cleanest: Where does your city stand?: Rediff.com News". News.rediff.com. 2010-05-13. http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/11/slide-show-1-chandigarh-cleanest-of-all.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
7. ^ Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008 (p. 23)
8. ^ Chandigarh History - History Of Chandigarh India - Origin & History of Chandigarh
9. ^ http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm
10. ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandigarh
11. ^ "Census population" (PDF). Census of India. http://sampark.chd.nic.in. http://sampark.chd.nic.in/images/State_2006/StatisticalAbstract2004/Areapopulation/area_pop_tab2.1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-04. 
12. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
13. ^ Indian Census
14. ^ Chandigarh's the richest of 'em all
15. ^ The Hindu Business Line
16. ^ Top Ten Towns with Highest Nos. of Car Ownership in India

Further reading

• Evenson, Norma. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966.
• Joshi, Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999. ISBN 1-890206-13-X
• Kalia, Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Chandigarh and Planning Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol.CIII, pages 315-333. I. The Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. Housing, by Jane B. Drew.
• Nangia, Ashish. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008.
• Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality and Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan" Planning Perspectives 19 (2004): 175-199
• Prakash, Vikramaditya. Chandigarh’s Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
• Sarin, Madhu. Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

External links

• Chandigarh travel guide from Wikitravel
• Chandigarh Administration Official Site