- Propædia
-
The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia. The Propædia is intended as a topical organization of the Britannica's contents, complementary to the alphabetical organization of the other two parts. Introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition, the Propædia and Micropædia were intended to replace the Index of the 14th edition; however, after widespread criticism, the Britannica restored the Index as a two-volume set in 1985. The core of the Propædia is its Outline of Knowledge, which seeks to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge; however, the Propædia also has several appendices listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.
Contents
Outline of Knowledge
Analogous to the Britannica itself, the Outline has three types of goals: epistemological, educational, and organizational.[1] In the epistemological arena, it seeks to provide a systematic, strictly hierarchical categorization of all possible human knowledge, a 20th-century analog of the Great Chain of Being and Francis Bacon's outline in Instauratio magna. In the educational arena, the Propædia lays out a course of study for each major discipline, a "roadmap" for a student who wishes to learn a field in its entirety. Finally, the Propædia serves as an expanded Table of Contents for the Micropædia and Macropædia; according to its designer, Mortimer J. Adler, all the articles of the Britannica were commissioned based on the Outline of Knowledge.[1]
The Outline has ten Parts, each with an introductory essay. The authors of these essays are listed below in the final column of Table 1. The same ten men were responsible for developing the outline for their Part, in consultation and collaboration with a handful of other scholars; in all, 86 men and one woman were involved in developing the Outline of Knowledge (see Table 2 below).
Each of the ten Parts contains from 2 to 7 Divisions, which in turn contain from 2 to 11 Sections. These Sections form the basic categories of knowledge in the schema, and each one is given a special three-part numerical code to encode its place in the Outline's hierarchy. For example, the section "Military Technology" has the code "736" indicating that it is the 6th Section of the 3rd Division ("Major Fields of Technology") of the 7th Part ("Technology"). Forward slashes are used when a Part, Division or Section has more than one digit; for example, the Section "History and Philosophy of Logic" has the code "10/11" indicating that it is the 1st section of the 1st Division ("Logic") of the 10th Part ("The Branches of Knowledge").
Table 1: The Outline of Knowledge in the Propædia 10 Parts 41 Divisions 167 Sections Lead Author Introduction 1. Matter and
Energy1.1 Atoms 1.1.1 Structure and Properties of Atoms 1.1.2 Atomic Nuclei and Elementary Particles Nigel Calder “The Universe of the Physicist, the Chemist, and the Astronomer” 1.2 Energy, Radiation,
and
States of Matter1.2.1 Chemical Elements: Periodic Variation in Their Properties 1.2.2 Chemical Compounds: Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding 1.2.3 Chemical Reactions 1.2.4 Heat, Thermodynamics, Liquids, Gases, Plasmas 1.2.5 The Solid State of Matter 1.2.6 Mechanics of Particles, Rigid and Deformable Bodies: Elasticity, Vibration, and Flow 1.2.7 Electricity and Magnetism, 1.2.8 Waves and Wave Motion 1.3 The Universe 1.3.1 The Cosmos, 1.3.2 Galaxies and Stars 1.3.3 The Solar System 2. The Earth 2.1 Earth’s Properties, Structure, Composition 2.1.1 The Planet Earth 2.1.2 Earth’s Physical Properties 2.1.3 Structure and Composition of the Earth’s Interior 2.1.4 Minerals and Rocks Peter John Wyllie “The Great Globe Itself” 2.2 Earth’s Envelope 2.2.1 The Atmosphere 2.2.2 The Hydrosphere: the Oceans, Freshwater and Ice Masses 2.2.3 Weather and Climate 2.3 Surface Features 2.3.1 Physical Features of the Earth’s Surface 2.3.2 Features Produced by Geomorphic Processes 2.4 Earth’s History 2.4.1 Origin and Development of the Earth and Its Envelopes 2.4.2 The Interpretation of the Geologic Record 2.4.3 Eras and Periods of Geologic Time 3. Life 3.1 The Nature and
Diversity of Life3.1.1 Characteristics of Life 3.1.2 The Origin and Evolution of Life 3.1.3 Classification of Living Things René Dubos ”The Mysteries of Life” 3.2 The Molecular Basis
of Life3.2.1 Chemicals and the Vital Processes 3.2.2 Metabolism: Bioenergetics and Biosynthesis 3.2.3 Vital Processes at the Molecular Level 3.3 The Structures
and Functions
of Organisms3.3.1 Cellular Basis of Form and Function 3.3.2 Relation of Form and Function in Organisms 3.3.3 Coordination of Vital Processes: Regulation and Integration 3.3.4 Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems 3.3.5 Nutrition: the Procurement and Processing of Nutrients 3.3.6 Gas Exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination 3.3.7 Reproduction and Sex 3.3.8 Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis 3.3.9 Heredity: the Transmission of Traits 3.4 The Behavior
of Organisms3.4.1 Nature and Patterns of Behavior 3.4.2 Development and Range of Behavioral Capacities: Individual and Group Behavior 3.5 The Biosphere 3.5.1 Basic Features of the Biosphere 3.5.2 Populations and Communities 3.5.3 Disease and Death 3.5.4 Biogeographic Distribution of Organisms: Ecosystems 3.5.5 The Place of Humans in the Biosphere 4. Human Life 4.1 The Development
of Human Life4.1.1 Human Evolution
4.1.2 Human Heredity: the RacesLoren Eiseley ”The Cosmic Orphan“ 4.2 The Human Body:
Health and Disease4.2.1 The Structures and Functions of the Human Body 4.2.2 Human Health 4.2.3 Human Diseases 4.2.4 The Practice of Medicine and Care of Health 4.3 Human Behavior
and Experience4.3.1 Human nature and Experience 4.3.2 External Influence on Behavior & Experience: Attention, Sensation, Perception 4.3.3 Internal States Affecting Behavior and Conscious Experience 4.3.4 Persisting Capacities and Inclinations Influencing Behavior and Conscious Experience 4.3.5 Development of Learning and Thinking 4.3.6 Personality and the Self: Integration and Disintegration 5. Society 5.1 Social Groups:
Peoples and Cultures5.1.1 Peoples and Cultures of the World 5.1.2 The Development of Human Culture 5.1.3 Major Cultural Components and Institutions of Societies 5.1.4 Language and Communication Harold D. Lasswell ”Man the Social Animal” 5.2 Social Organization
and Social Change5.2.1 Social Structure and Change 5.2.2 The Group Structure of Society 5.2.3 Social Status 5.2.4 Human Populations: Urban and Rural Communities 5.3 The Production,
Distribution, and
Utilization of Wealth5.3.1 Economic Concepts, Issues, and Systems 5.3.2 Consumer and Market: Pricing and Mechanisms for Distributing Goods 5.3.3 The Organization of Production and Distribution 5.3.4 The Distribution of Income and Wealth 5.3.5 Macroeconomics 5.3.6 Economic Growth and Planning 5.4 Politics and
Government5.4.1 Political Theory 5.4.2 Political Institutions: the Structure, Branches, & Offices of Government 5.4.3 Functioning of Government: the Dynamics of the Political Process 5.4.4 International Relations: Peace and War 5.5 Law 5.5.1 Philosophies and Systems of Law; the Practice of Law 5.5.2 Branches of Public Law, Substantive and Procedural 5.5.3 Branches of Private Law, Substantive and Procedural 5.6 Education 5.6.1 Aims and Organization of Education 5.6.2 Education Around the World 6. Art 6.1 Art in General 6.1.1 Theory and Classification of the Arts 6.1.2 Experience and Criticism of Art; the Nonaesthetic Context of Art 6.1.3 Characteristics of the Arts in Particular Cultures Mark Van Doren "The World of Art” 6.2 Particular Arts 6.2.1 Literature 6.2.2 Theater 6.2.3 Motion Pictures 6.2.4 Music 6.2.5 Dance 6.2.6 Architecture, Garden and Landscape Design, and Urban Design 6.2.7 Sculpture 6.2.8 Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, Photography 6.2.9 Decoration and Functional Design 7. Technology 7.1 Nature & Development
of Technology7.1.1 Technology: Its Scope and History
7.1.2 The Organization of Human WorkLord Peter Ritchie-Calder ”Knowing How and Knowing Why” 7.2 Elements of Technology '7.2.1 Technology of Energy Conversion and Utilization 7.2.2 Technology of Tools and Machines 7.2.3 Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control 7.2.4 Extraction and Conversion of Industrial Raw Materials 7.2.5 Technology of Industrial Production Processes
7.3 Fields of Technology 7.3.1 Agriculture and Food Production 7.3.2 Technology of the Major Industries 7.3.3 Construction Technology 7.3.4 Transportation Technology 7.3.5 Technology of Information Processing and of Communications Systems 7.3.6 Military Technology 7.3.7 Technology of the Urban Community 7.3.8 Technology of Earth and Space Exploration 8. Religion 8.1 Religion in General 8.1.1 Knowledge and Understanding of Religion 8.1.2 Religious Life: Institutions and Practices Wilfred Cantwell Smith ”Religion as Symbolism” 8.2 Particular Religions 8.2.1 Prehistoric Religion and Primitive Religion 8.2.2 Religions of Ancient Peoples 8.2.3 Hinduism and Other Religions of India 8.2.4 Buddhism 8.2.5 Indigenous Religions of East Asia: Religions of China, Korea, and Japan 8.2.6 Judaism 8.2.7 Christianity 8.2.8 Islam 8.2.9 Other Religions and Religious Movements in the Modern World 9. History 9.1 Ancient Southwest Asia,
North Africa, and Europe9.1.1 Ancient Southwest Asia and Egypt, the Aegean, and North Africa
9.1.2 Ancient Europe and Classical Civilizations of the Mediterranean to AD 395Jacques Barzun ”The Point and Pleasure of Reading History” 9.2 Medieval Southwest Asia
North Africa and Europe9.2.1 The Byzantine Empire and Europe from AD 395—1050 9.2.2 The Formative Period in Islamic History, AD 622—1055 9.2.3 Western Christendom in the High and Later Middle Ages 1050—1500 9.2.4 The Crusades, the Islamic States, and Eastern Christendom 1050—1480 9.3 East, Central, South,
and Southeast Asia9.3.1 China to the Beginning of the Late T’ang AD 755 9.3.2 China from the Late T’ang to the Late Ch’ing AD 755—1839 9.3.3 Central and Northeast Asia to 1750 9.3.4 Japan to the Meiji Restoration 1868, Korea to 1910 9.3.5 The Indian Subcontinent and Ceylon to AD 1200 9.3.6 The Indian Subcontinent 1200—1761, Ceylon 1200—1505 9.3.7 Southeast Asia to 1600 9.4 Sub-Saharan Africa
to 18859.4.1 West Africa to 1885 9.4.2 The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia AD 550—1885 9.4.3 East Africa and Madagascar to 1885 9.4.4 Central Africa to 1885 9.4.5 Southern Africa to 1885 9.5 Pre-Columbian America 9.5.1 Andean Civilization to AD 1540 9.5.2 Meso-American Civilization to AD 1540 9.6 The Modern World
to 19209.6.1 Western Europe 1500—1789 9.6.2 Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa 1480—1800 9.6.3 Europe 1789—1920 9.6.4 European Colonies in the Americas 1492—1790 9.6.5 United States and Canada 1763—1920 9.6.6 Latin-America and Caribbean to 1920 9.6.7 Australia and Oceania to 1920 9.6.8 South Asia Under European Imperialism 1500—1920 9.6.9 Southeast Asia Under European Imperialism 1600—1920 9.6.10 China until Revolution 1839-1911, Japan from Meiji Restoration to 1910 9.6.11 Southwest Asia, North Africa 1800—1920, Sub-Saharan Africa 1885—1920:
Under European Imperialism9.7 The World Since 1920 9.7.1 International Movements, Diplomacy and War Since 1920 9.7.2 Europe Since 1920 9.7.3 The United States and Canada Since 1920 9.7.4 Latin American and Caribbean Nations Since 1920 9.7.5 China in Revolution, Japanese Hegemony 9.7.6 South and Southeast Asia: the Late Colonial Period and Nations Since 1920 9.7.7 Australia and Oceania Since 1920 9.7.8 Southwest Asia and Africa: the Late Colonial Period and Nations since 1920 10. Branches
of
Knowledge10.1 Logic 10.1.1 History and Philosophy of Logic 10.1.2 Formal Logic, Metalogic, & Applied Logic Mortimer J. Adler ”Knowledge Become Self-conscious” 10.2 Mathematics 10.2.1 History and Foundations of Mathematics 10.2.2 Branches of Mathematics 10.2.3 Applications of Mathematics 10.3 Science 10.3.1 History and Philosophy of Science 10.3.2 The Physical Sciences 10.3.3 The Earth Sciences 10.3.4 The Biological Sciences 10.3.5 Medicine 10.3.6 The Social Sciences, Psychology, Linguistics 10.3.7 The Technological Sciences 10.4 History and
The Humanities10.4.1 Historiography
10.4.2 The Humanities and Humanistic Scholarship10.5 Philosophy 10.5.1 History of Philosophy 10.5.2 Divisions of Philosophy 10.5.3 Philosophical Schools and Doctrines 10.6 Preservation
of Knowledge10.6.1 Institutions and Techniques for the Collection,
Storage, Dissemination and Preservation of KnowledgeThe Outline was an eight-year project of Mortimer J. Adler, published 32 years after he published a similar effort (The Syntopicon) that attempts to provide an overview of the relationships among the "Great Ideas" in Adler's Great Books series. (The Great Books were also published by the Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.) Adler stresses in his book, A Guidebook to Learning: For a Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom, that the ten categories should not be taken as hierarchical but as circular.
The whole of the Propædia’s synoptic outline of knowledge deserves to be read carefully. It represents a twentieth-century scheme for the organization of knowledge that is more comprehensive than any other and that also accommodates the intellectual heterodoxy of our time.—Mortimer J. Adler, in A GuidebookSimilar works
Other encyclopedias have provided analogous outlines of knowledge. In the Preface to the famous Encyclopédie (published 1751-1772), Diderot provides a roadmap to the knowledge of his time. Inspired by that example, in a letter dated 15 November 1812, Dugald Stewart proposed to Archibald Constable, the owner and publisher of the Britannica, that the supplement to its 5th edition should begin with a series of dissertations that outlined and organized the knowledge of their time.
Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge
Table 2: Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge in the Propædia[2] Name Date of birth Date of death Part of Outline Description Index Mortimer J. Adler 1902 2001 All Parts Editor 1 Charles Van Doren 1926 All Parts Associate editor; Editorial Vice President of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (1973-1982) 2 William J. Gorman 1982 All Parts Associate editor; Senior Fellow of the Institute for Philosophical Research 3 A. G. W. Cameron 1925 2005 Matter and Energy Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University 4 Farrington Daniels 1889 1972 Matter and Energy Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison 5 Morton Hamermesh Matter and Energy Professor of Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (1975-1986) 6 Vincent E. Parker Matter and Energy Emeritus Professor of Physics, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Dean, School of Science (1967-1977) 7 Richard J. Chorley 1927 2002 The Earth Professor of Geography, University of Cambridge; Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 8 William Stelling von Arx The Earth Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1968-1978) 9 Peter John Wyllie The Earth Professor of Geology and Chairman, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology 10 N. J. Berrill Life on Earth Strathcone Professor of Zoology, McGill University (1946-1965) 11 Vincent Dethier 1915 1993 Life on Earth Gilbert L. Woodside Professor of Zoology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1975-1993) 12 Louis S. Goodman Life on Earth Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 13 Garrett Hardin 1915 2003 Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Human Ecology, University of California, Santa Barbara 14 Ernst Walter Mayr 1904 2005 Life on Earth Alexander Agassiz Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Harvard University 15 John Alexander Moore 1915 2002 Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Biology, University of California, Riverside 16 Theodore T. Puck 1916 2005 Life on Earth Professor of Biology, Biophysics and Genetics; Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center; Director, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research 17 Birgit Vennesland Life on Earth Head, Vennesland Research Laboratory, Max Planck Society (1970-1981); Director, Max Planck Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin (1968-1970) 18 Paul B. Weisz Life on Earth Professor of Biology, Brown University 19 Ralph H. Wetmore Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Botany, Harvard University 20 Emil H. White Life on Earth D. Mead Johnson Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 21 Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark 1895 1971 Human Life Professor of Anatomy, University of Oxford 22 Russell S. Fisher 1985 Human Life Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland; Professor of Forensic Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore 23 F. Clark Howell Human Life Professor of Antropology, University of California, Berkeley 24 Gregory A. Kimble Human Life Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Duke University 25 Erich Klinghammer Human Life Associate Professor of Psychology, Purdue University 26 Warren Sturgis McCulloch 1899 1969 Human Life Staff member, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT (1952-1969) 27 William J. McGuire Human Life Professor of Psychology, Yale University 28 Peter Medawar 1915 1987 Human Life Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1960; Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University College London (1951-1962); Director, National Institute, Mill Hill, London (1962-1971); Scientific staff member, Medical Research Council, England (1971-1984) 29 William J. Baumol 1922 Human Society Professor of Economics, New York University; Emeritus Professor of Economics, Princeton University 30 Daniel Bell 1919 Human Society Henry Ford II Professor Emeritus of Social Science, Harvard University 31 Guiliano H. Bonfante Human Society Former Professor of Linguistics, University of Turin 32 Kenneth E. Boulding 1910 1993 Human Society Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder 33 Lewis A. Coser 1913 2003 Human Society Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology, SUNY, Stony Brook 34 Sigmund Diamond Human Society Giddings Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Columbia University 35 Carl J. Friedrich 1901 1984 Human Society Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, Harvard University (1955-1971) 36 Paul Mundy Human Society Professor of Sociology and Chairman, Department of Criminal Justice, Loyola University Chicago 37 Kenyon E. Poole 1988 Human Society Professor of Economics, Northwestern University 38 C. Herman Pritchett Human Society Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Chicago 39 Sol Tax 1907 1995 Human Society Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago (1948-1976); Director, Center for the Study of Man, Smithsonian Institution 40 Charles Raymond Whittlesey Human Society Emeritus Professor of Finance and Economics, University of Pennsylvania 41 Rudolf Arnheim 1904 Art Emeritus professor of Psychology of Art, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University 42 Robert Jesse Charleston 1994 Art Keeper, Department of Ceramics, Victoria and Albert Museum (1963-1976) 43 Clifton Fadiman 1904 1999 Art Member, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica 44 Francis Fergusson 1904 1986 Art Professor of Comparative Literature, Rutgers University (1953-1969); Professor of Comparative Literature, Princeton University (1973-1981) 45 John Gloag 1981 Art Novelist and writer on architecture and industrial design 46 Richard Griffith 1969 Art Curator, Museum of Modern Art Film Library (1951-1965); Lecturer on Motion Pictures, Wesleyan University (1967-1969) 47 Richard Hoggart 1918 Art Professor of English, University of Birmingham (1962-1973); Warden, Goldsmiths' College, University of London (1976-1984) 48 Edward Lockspeiser 1973 Art Officier d'Académie, Paris; Writer and broadcaster on music. 49 Roy McMullen 1984 Art Author, critic, and art historian 50 Leonard B. Meyer 1918 Art Benjamin Franklin Professor of Music and Humanities, University of Pennsylvania 51 Michael Morrow 1994 Art Music editor, Encyclopædia Britannica; Director, Musica Reservata, London 52 Beaumont Newhall 1908 1993 Art Director, Eastman Kodak House (1958-1971); Visiting Professor of Art, University of New Mexico (1971-1984) 53 Herbert Read 1893 1968 Art Watson Gordon Professor of Fine Art, University of Edinburgh (1931-1933); editor, The Burlington Magazine (1933-1939); Charles Eliot Norton professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1953-1954) 54 Richard Roud 1989 Art Program Director, London (1959-1963) and New York (1963-1987) Film Festivals; Film critic, The Guardian (1963-1969) 55 George Savage 1982 Art Art consultant; author of Porcelain Through the Ages, Pottery Through the Ages, and other works 56 Wolfgang Stechow 1974 Art Professor of Fine Arts, Oberlin College (1940-1963) 57 Joshua C. Taylor 1981 Art William Rainey Harper Professor of Humanities and Professor of Art, University of Chicago (1963-1974); Director, National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution 58 Everard M. Upjohn 1978 Art Professor of Fine Arts, Columbia University (1951-1970) 59 Pierre Verlet Art Chief Curator, Cluny Museum (1945-1965); Chief Curator, National Museum of Sèvres Porcelain (1945-1965); Chief Curator of Art Objects from the Middle Ages to the Modern Period, Louvre Museum (1945-1965) 60 René Wellek 1903 1995 Art Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature, Yale University (1952-1972) 61 Glynne William Gladstone Wickham Art Emeritus Professor of Drama, University of Bristol; Dean, Faculty of Arts (1970-1972) 62 Raymond (Henry) Williams 1988 Art Professor of Drama, University of Cambridge (1974-1983); Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge (1961-1988) 63 Paul S. Wingert 1974 Art Professor of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University 64 Bruno Zevi 1918 2000 Art Professor of Architectural History, University of Rome (1963-1979) 65 Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis 1975 Technology Chairman, Doxiadis Associates International; Chairman, Board of Directors, Doxiadis Associates, Inc.; Washington D.C. Chairman, Board of Directors, Athens Technological Organization; President, Athens Center of Ekistics 66 Eugene S. Ferguson 1916 2004 Technology Emeritus Professor of History, University of Delaware; Curator of Technology, Hagley Museum, Greenville Delaware 67 Melvin Kranzberg 1917 1995 Technology Callaway Professor of the History of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology (1972-1988) 68 Harvey G. Mehlhouse Technology Vice President, Western Electric Company, New York City (1965-1969); President (1969-1971); Chairman of the Board (1971-1972) 69 Robert Smith Woodbury 1983 Technology Professor of the History of Technology, MIT 70 Arthur Llewellyn Basham 1914 1986 Religion Professor of Asian Civilizations, Australian National University 71 James T. Burtchaell Religion Professor of Theology, University of Notre Dame; Provost (1970-1977) 72 J. V. Langmead Casserley 1978 Religion Professor of Apologetics, Seabury-Western Theological Seminary 73 Ichiro Hori 1974 Religion Professor of the History of Religions, Seijo University and Kokugakuin University 74 Jaroslav Jan Pelikan 1923 2006 Religion Sterling Professor of History, Yale University; President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 75 Jakob Josef Petuchowski 1991 Religion Sol and Arlene Bronstein Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies, Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati (1981-1991) 76 Jacques Barzun 1907 The History of Mankind University Professor Emeritus, Columbia University; Dean of Faculties and Provost (1958-1967) 77 Otto Allen Bird The Branches of Knowledge Emeritus Professor of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame 78 Wing-Tsit Chan 1901 1994 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Dartmouth College (1942-1966); Anna R. D. Gillespie Professor of Philosophy, Chatham University (1966-1982) 79 William H. Dray The Branches of Knowledge Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and of History, University of Ottawa 80 Norwood Hanson 1967 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Philosophy, Yale University (1963-1967) 81 J. H. Hexter 1910 1996 The Branches of Knowledge Charles L. Stillé Professor of History, Yale University (1967-1978); Distinguished Historian in residence, Washington University (1978-1986) 82 Ernan V. McMullin The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame 83 Karl Menger 1902 1985 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology (1946-1971) 84 Arthur Norman Prior 1969 The Branches of Knowledge Fellow, Balliol College, University of Oxford; Professor of Philosophy, Manchester University (1959-1966) 85 Nicholas Rescher 1928 The Branches of Knowledge University Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh; editor, American Philosophical Quarterly 86 Seymour Schuster The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Mathematics, Carleton College 87 See also
References
- ^ a b Adler, Mortimer J. (2007). ""Circle of Learning"". The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc..
- ^ The dates of death in Table 2 were taken from the 2007 version of the Propædia, except recent (post-1999) deaths which were not noted.
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