Crayfish

For the marine crustaceans commonly known as crayfish, see spiny lobster.

Crayfish Temporal range: Mesozoic–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Northern koura, Paranephrops planifrons (Parastacidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Suborder:	Pleocyemata
Infraorder:	Astacidea
Superfamily:	Astacoidea Latreille, 1802 Parastacoidea Huxley, 1879
Families
Astacoidea Astacidae Cambaridae Parastacoidea Parastacidae

Crayfish, crawfish, or crawdads – members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea – are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related. They breathe through feather-like gills and are found in bodies of water that do not freeze to the bottom; they are also mostly found in brooks and streams where there is fresh water running, and which have shelter against predators. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species such as the invasive Procambarus clarkii are more hardy. Crayfish feed on living and dead animals and plants.^[1]

In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term crayfish or cray generally refers to a saltwater spiny lobster, of the genus Jasus that is indigenous to much of southern Oceania,^[2] while the freshwater species are usually called yabby or koura, from the indigenous Australian and Māori names for the animal respectively, or by other names specific to each species. An exception is the freshwater Murray crayfish, which belongs to the family Parastacidae and is found on Australia's Murray River.

The study of crayfish is called astacology.^[3]

Names

The name "crayfish" comes from the Old French word escrevisse (Modern French écrevisse).^[4] The word has been modified to "crayfish" by association with "fish" (folk etymology).^[4] The largely American variant "crawfish" is similarly derived.^[4]

Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as lobsters, crawdads,^[5] mudbugs,^[5] and yabbies. In the Eastern United States, "crayfish" is more common in the north, while "crawdad" is heard more in central and western regions, and "crawfish" further south, although there are considerable overlaps.^[6]

Anatomy

A crayfish in its burrow

Main article: Decapod anatomy

The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn, is made up of twenty body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) in length, but some grow larger.

Geographical distribution and classification

Austropotamobius pallipes, Astacidae

Procambarus clarkii, Cambaridae

Cherax sp., Parastacidae

There are three families of crayfish, two in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern-Hemisphere (Gondwana-distributed) family Parastacidae lives in South America, Madagascar and Australasia, and is distinguished by the lack of the first pair of pleopods.^[7] Of the other two families, members of the Astacidae live in western Eurasia and western North America and members of the family Cambaridae live in eastern Asia and eastern North America.

Madagascar has an endemic genus, Astacoides, containing seven species.^[8]

Europe is home to seven species of crayfish in the genera Astacus and Austropotamobius.

Cambaroides is native to Japan and eastern mainland Asia.

North America

The greatest diversity of crayfish species is found in southeastern North America, with over 330 species in nine genera, all in the family Cambaridae. A further genus of astacid crayfish is found in the Pacific Northwest and the headwaters of some rivers east of the Continental Divide. Many crayfish are also found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in calcium, and oxygen rises from underground springs.^[9]

Crayfish were introduced purposely into a few Arizona reservoirs and other bodies of water decades ago, primarily as a food source for sport fish. They have since dispersed beyond those original sites.

Australasia

Australasia has over 100 species in a dozen genera. Many of the better-known Australian crayfish are of the genus Cherax, and include the marron (now believed to be two species, Cherax tenuimanus and C. cainii), red-claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), yabby (Cherax destructor) and western yabby (Cherax preissii). The marron are some of the largest crayfish in the world. They grow up to several pounds in size.^[10] C. tenuimanus is critically endangered, while other large Australasian crayfish are threatened or endangered.

Australia is home to the world's two largest freshwater crayfish – the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi, which can achieve a mass of up to 5 kilograms (11 lb) and is found in the rivers of northern Tasmania,^[11] and the Murray crayfish Euastacus armatus, which can reach 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and is found in much of the southern Murray-Darling basin.

Fossil record

Fossil records of crayfish older than 30 million years are rare, but fossilised burrows have been found from strata as old as the late Palaeozoic or early Mesozoic.^[12] The oldest records of the Parastacidae are in Australia, and are 115 million years old.^[13]

Crayfish plague

Main article: Crayfish plague

Some crayfish suffer from a disease called crayfish plague. This is caused by the water mould Aphanomyces astaci. Species of the genus Astacus are particularly susceptible to infection, allowing the more resistant signal crayfish to invade parts of Europe. Crayfish plague is not indigenous to Europe, rather it was brought there when North American species of crayfish were introduced.^[14]

Uses

Bait

Crayfish are commonly sold and used as bait, either live or with only the tail meat, and are good at attracting channel catfish, largemouth bass, pike and muskellunge. Sometimes the claws are removed so that the crayfish don't stop fish from biting the hook. Crayfish also easily fall off the hook, so casting should be slow.

The result of using crayfish as bait has led to various ecological problems at times. According to a report prepared by Illinois State University, on the Fox River and Des Plaines River watershed, "The rusty crayfish (used as bait) has been dumped into the water and its survivors outcompete the native clearwater crayfish".^[15] This situation has been repeated elsewhere, as the crayfish bait eliminates native species.^[16]

The use of crayfish as bait has been cited as one of the ways zebra mussels have spread to different waterways, as members of this invasive species are known to attach themselves to crayfish.^[17]

Food

Boiled crawfish, in Louisiana

Crayfish are eaten all over the world. Like other edible crustaceans, only a small portion of the body of a crayfish is edible. In most prepared dishes, such as soups, bisques and étouffées, only the tail portion is served. At crawfish boils or other meals where the entire body of the crayfish is presented, other portions, such as the claw meat, may be eaten.

Claws of larger boiled specimens are often pulled apart to access the meat inside. Another favourite is to suck the head of the crayfish, as seasoning and flavour can collect in the fat of the boiled interior. A popular double entendre laden phrase heard around crawfish season in Louisiana derives from this practice: "suck the head; pinch the tail".^[18]

A common myth is that a crawfish with a straight tail died before it was boiled and is not safe to eat. In reality, crawfish that died before boiling can have curled tails as well as straight, as can those that were alive, and may very well be fine to eat. Boiled crawfish which died before boiling are safe to eat if they were kept chilled before boiling and were not dead for a long time. (This does not mean that a sack of crawfish that are all dead should be boiled.) A much better test than the straight tail as to the edibility of any crawfish is the tail meat itself; if it is mushy, it is usually an indication that it should be avoided.^[19]

Like all crustaceans, crayfish are not kosher because they are aquatic animals that do not have both fins and scales.^[20] They are therefore not eaten by observant Jews.

Scandinavia

Crayfish is a popular dish in Sweden and Finland, and is by tradition primarily consumed during the fishing season in August. The boil is typically flavored with salt, sugar, ale, and large quantities of stems and flowers of the dill plant. While most Americans eat them warm, the Swedes and Finns normally eat them cold.^[21] One traditional Finnish practice is to eat crayfish with a vodka chaser. The catch of domestic freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus, and even of a transplanted American species, Pacifastacus leniusculus, is very limited, and to satisfy demand, the majority of what is consumed has to be imported. Sales depended on imports from Turkey for several decades, but after a decline in supply, China and the United States are today the biggest sources of import.

Russia and Ukraine

In Russia and Ukraine, crayfish (раки, sing. рак) are a traditional seasonal appetizer that is used as an accompaniment to beer and liquor. Although native varieties tend to be larger (usually, Astacus astacus), rampant freshwater pollution and years of overfishing largely limit availability to imports--most from Armenia, Kazakhstan and China. Prior to cooking, the crustaceans are soaked in water or milk, then boiled live for 7-15 minutes in rapidly boiling salted water with additional ingredients, such as carrots, onion, dill, parsley, bay leaf, peppercorns. More extravagant preparations include such ingredients as white wine, beer, sour cream, cloves, caraway seed, coriander seed, chili peppers, stinging nettle, etc.^[22] Russians rarely incorporate crayfish into complex dishes and, unlike other cultures, they usually consume the entire crayfish, short of the shell and the antennae. Russian and Ukrainian fascination with crayfish goes back quite far and generates considerable lore. An old proverb: "When there is no fish, even crayfish is a fish." A proverb of more recent vintage: "Summer heat is thirst; thirst is beer; beer is crayfish!" There are as many myth associated with picking the freshest live crayfish as there are for picking ripe watermelons. Russians and Ukrainians, generally, will not cook fresh crayfish if the crustaceans are dead or perceptibly lethargic. (But pre-boiled frozen specimens are acceptable.)^[23]

France

In France, dishes with a base or garnish of crayfish (écrevisse) are frequently described as à la Nantua.

Spain

In Spain, crayfish is called cangrejo de río (lit. "river crab"). They used to be widely consumed, especially in Castile and León and Aragon, but over-fishing and the introduction of non-native crayfish species (e.g. Procambarus clarkii, commonly called cangrejo americano) led to a dramatic decline in crayfish population. Nowadays they remain as a seasonal delicacy, usually stewed in tomato sauce, although fishing the native crayfish is strictly forbidden since the species is nearly extinct. Instead of the native crayfish, it is common to fish Procambarus clarkii or Pacifastacus leniusculus, also present in most of the Spanish rivers.

United States

Louisiana supplies 98% of the crayfish (referred to locally as crawfish) harvested in the United States. In 1987, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish in the world, 70% of which were consumed locally.^[24] In 2007, the Louisiana crawfish harvest was about 54,800 ton, almost all of it from aquaculture.^[25]

About 70%–80% of crayfish produced in Louisiana are Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish), with the remaining 20%–30% being Procambarus zonangulus (white river crawfish).^[26] Despite the large-scale production in Louisiana, most frozen crayfish available in supermarkets in other states are Chinese imports.

Louisiana crawfish are usually boiled live in a large pot with heavy seasoning (salt, cayenne pepper, lemon, garlic, bay leaves, etc.) and other items such as potatoes, corn on the cob, onions, garlic, mushrooms and sausage. There are many differing methods used to season a crawfish boil, and an equal number of opinions on which one is correct.^[27] They are generally served at a gathering known as a crawfish boil. Other popular dishes in the Cajun and Creole cuisines of Louisiana include crawfish étouffée, fried crawfish, crawfish pie, crawfish dressing, crawfish bread and crawfish beignets.^[28]

Mexico

The Mexican crayfish locally named acocil was a very important nutrition source of the ancient Mexican Aztec culture. Other regional names for crayfish are chacales, chacalines and langostas de río. Today, crayfish is consumed mainly boiled, similarly to crayfish dishes in other parts of the world, or prepared with typically Mexican sauces and condiments, particularly in central and southern Mexico. Traditional preparations include soups, tacos and "cocktails" similar to shrimp dishes.

Nigeria

Crayfish are usually smoked, and occasionally sun-dried, and they form an indispensable food item in the diet of the people of the entire southern states in particular and Nigeria as a whole. It is the core of Nigerian cooking.

China

The culinary popularity of crayfish swept across mainland China in the late 1990s. Crayfish is generally served with Mala flavour (a combined flavour of Sichuan pepper and hot chili) or otherwise plainly steamed whole, to be eaten with a preferred sauce. In Beijing, the ma la flavoured crayfish (麻辣小龙虾) is shortened to "ma xiao" (麻小) and is often enjoyed with beer in a hot mid-summer evening.

Australia

Australia is home to genus Cherax which is distinct from European, Asian and North American species. Two of the Australian edible crayfish are the freshwater yabby or yabbie (C. albidus-destructor) and the red claw (C. quadricarinatus). Yabbie is closest in size to the North American species, but is not considered to be commercially viable outside Australia because of its relatively slow growth and small size. The expression "throw yabbie on the barbie" was popularized in the US by actor Paul Hogan (known as Crocodile Dundee) when he used it in several TV commercials. The freshwater yabbie is often confused with shrimp or prawns, in part because the name yabby also applies to a species of marine ghost shrimp that is inedible and is only usable as bait. The "red claw" crayfish are twice the size of North American crawfish and they contain 30% edible "meat" compared to P. clarkii's 15%. Other Australian species are fairly rare and thus usually are not used for food. Their slow growth generally makes them inefficient for aquaculture.^[10]

Pets

Procambarus clarkii in a freshwater aquarium

Crayfish are kept as pets in freshwater aquariums. They prefer foods like shrimp pellets or various vegetables, but will also eat tropical fish food, regular fish food, algae wafers, and even small fish that can be captured by their claws. Their disposition towards eating almost anything will also cause them to explore the edibility of aquarium plants in a fish tank.

When keeping a crayfish as a pet, it is suggested they are provided with a hiding space. At night, some fish become less energetic and settle to the bottom. The crayfish might see this as a chance for an easy meal, or a threat, and injure or kill the fish with its claws. Crayfish are effective scavengers and will consume fish carcasses. They sometimes will consume their old exoskeleton after it has moulted.

Since crayfish are accustomed to being in ponds or rivers, they will have a tendency to shift gravel around on the bottom of the tank, creating mounds or trenches to emulate a burrow. Crayfish will often try to climb out of the tank, especially if an opening exists at the top that they can fit through. Crayfish kept as pets in the United States from local waters are usually kept with bluegill or bass, rather than goldfish or other tropical or subtropical fish.

However, most species of dwarf crayfish, such as Cambarellus patzcuarensis, will not destructively dig or eat live aquarium plants.^[29] They are also relatively non-aggressive and can even be kept safely with dwarf shrimp. Because of their very small size of 1.5 inches (38 mm) or less, some fish are often a threat to the crayfish rather than the other way around.

In some nations, such as the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and New Zealand, imported alien crayfish are a danger to local rivers. The three species commonly imported to Europe from the Americas are Orconectes limosus, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii.^[14] Crayfish may spread into different bodies of water because specimens captured for pets in one river are often released into a different catchment. There is a potential for ecological damage when crayfish are introduced into non-native bodies of water (e.g., crayfish plague in Europe).

References

1. ^ Christoph Needon, Johannes Petermann, Peter Scheffel & Bernd Scheibe (1971). Plants and Animals (Pflanzen und Tiere). Leipzig: Urania Verlag. 
2. ^ Harold W. Sims Jr. (1965). "Let's call the spiny lobster "spiny lobster"". Crustaceana 8 (1): 109–110. doi:10.1163/156854065X00613. JSTOR 20102626. 
3. ^ "International Association of Astacology". http://147.72.68.29/crayfish/IAA/. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} "crayfish". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
5. ^ ^{a b} Pableaux Johnson. "Mudbug Madness : Crawfish". Bayou Dog. Archived from the original on August 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060819231829/http://www.bayoudog.com/articles/kitchen_stories/mudbug_madness_crawfish.php. Retrieved August 28, 2006. 
6. ^ Bert Vaux & Scott A. Golder. "Dialect survey". Harvard University. http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_66.html. Retrieved September 30, 2006. 
7. ^ Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. (1974). "Synopsis of the families and genera of crayfishes (Crustacea: Decapoda)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 164: 1–32. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5548/1/SCtZ-0164-Hi_res.pdf. 
8. ^ Christopher B. Boyko, Olga Ramilijaona Ravoahangimalala, Désiré Randriamasimanana & Tony Harilala Razafindrazaka. "Astacoides hobbsi, a new crayfish (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from Madagascar" (PDF). Zootaxa 1091: 41–51. http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/cfref/download.asp?file=Boyko_etal_2005_Zootaxa1091.pdf. 
9. ^ Steve Pollock (2005). Eyewitness Ecology. New York, United States: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0789455819. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Michael P. Masser and David B. Rouse (1997). "Australian Red Claw Crayfish". SRAC Publication (Southern Regional Aquaculture Center) (244). http://www.aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf. 
11. ^ "Tasmanian Giant Freshwater Lobster (Astacopsis gouldi)". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. February 9, 2007. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/lobster.html. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
12. ^ Alycia L. Rode & Loren E. Babcock (2003). "Phylogeny of fossil and extant freshwater crayfish and some closely related nephropid lobsters". Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (2): 418–435. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0418:POFAEF]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549646. 
13. ^ Emory University (February 12, 2008). "Oldest Australian crayfish fossils provide missing evolutionary link". ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080206175537.htm. 
14. ^ ^{a b} James R. Lee (December 5, 1998). "TED Case Studies Crayfish Plague #478 European Crayfish Dispute". http://www.american.edu/ted/crayfish.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2008. 
15. ^ "Fox and Des Plaines Rivers Watershed". Critical Trends in Illinois Ecosystems. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2001. http://dnr.state.il.us/orep/ctap2/Chp%205.pdf. 
16. ^ Tennessee Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (2007). Tennessee Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. http://www.state.tn.us/twra/pdfs/aquaticplan.pdf. 
17. ^ J. Thompson, F. Parchaso, A. Alpine, J. Cloern, B. Cole, O. Mace, J. Edmunds, J. Baylosis, S. Luoma & F. Nichols (December 13, 2007). "The History and Effects of Exotic Species in San Francisco Bay". United States Geological Survey. http://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/benthic_eco/exotic_species/next.html. 
18. ^ Lessley Anderson (March 27, 2007). "Do you suck heads? — Easter is crawfish-boil time in Louisiana". Chowhound. http://www.chow.com/stories/10506. 
19. ^ "Scientist More Interested in Research than Crawfish Boils". http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops_livestock/aquaculture/Scientist+More+Interested+in+Research+than+Crawfish+Boils.htm. Retrieved February 26, 2008. 
20. ^ "Kosher defined". Triangle K. http://trianglek.org/kosherdefined.html. Retrieved December 1, 2010. 
21. ^ Trapper Arne. "How to cook crayfish". http://www.trapperarne.com/crayrecipes.htm. Retrieved December 21, 2009. 
22. ^ "Раки--закуска к пиву". http://www.playcast.ru/view/1348563/28d02fc80a76ddf84739227c4ff3fcaa02b8a694pl. 
23. ^ "Лучшая закуска к пиву: контрольная закупка раков". http://nashkiev.ua/zhurnal/vkusnaya-eda/luchshaya-zakuska-k-pivu-kontrolnaya-zakupka-rakov.html. 
24. ^ Larry W. de la Bretonne, Jr. & Robert P. Romaire (1990). "Crawfish production: harvesting, marketing and economics". SRAC Publication (Southern Regional Aquaculture Center) (242). http://www.aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf. 
25. ^ {{|url=http://text.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/4687F896-C5C5-47D6-A4F4-1F4455760816/46429/CrawfishHarvestStatistics7807.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana |title=1978 - 2007: Louisiana Summary of Agriculture and Natural Resources }}
26. ^ "LSU Classroom resources". http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/our_offices/research_stations/Aquaculture/Features/extension/Classroom_Resources/The+Difference+Between+Red+Swamp+Crawfish+and+White+River+Crawfish.htm. 
27. ^ "How to Season a Crawfish Boil". Crawfish.com. http://www.crawfish.com/how-to-season-a-crawfish-boil.php. Retrieved May 22, 2010. 
28. ^ Chuck Taggart. "The Creole and Cajun Recipe Page". The Gumbo Pages. http://www.gumbopages.com/recipe-page.html. Retrieved March 6, 2007. 
29. ^ Gerald Pottern. "Mexican dwarf orange crayfish, Cambarellus patzcuarensis". http://www.petshrimp.com/articles/cpatzcuarensis.php. Retrieved October 13, 2010. 

Further reading

• Thomas Henry Huxley (1880). The Crayfish: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology. New York: D. Appleton & Co.. http://www.archive.org/details/crayfishintroduc00huxl. 
• Sterling K. Johnson and Nathan K. Johnson. 2008. Texas Crawdads. College Station, Texas. ISBN 978-0-9801103-0-2 available from Crawdad Club Designs
• Jerry G. Walls, "Crawfishes of Louisiana". Baton Rouge, LA. Florida State University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-0-8071-3409-2

External links

Crustaceans portal

• International Association of Astacology (IAA)
• Louisiana Crawfish Research and Promotion Board
• Crayfish Moulting Video
• An Appalachian Crayfish Photo Gallery
• Crawfish Pages