Goldfish

This article is about the ornamental fish. For other uses, see Goldfish (disambiguation).

Goldfish
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Genus:	Carassius
Species:	C. auratus[1]
Subspecies:	C. a. auratus
Trinomial name
Carassius auratus auratus[2] (Linnaeus, 1758)

The goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish.

A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the koi carp and the crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a less-colorful carp (Carassius auratus) native to east Asia. It was first domesticated in China more than a thousand years ago, and several distinct breeds have since been developed. Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body shape, fin configuration and coloration (various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known).

History

In ancient China, various species of carp (collectively known as Asian carps) were domesticated and have been reared as food fish for thousands of years. Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red, orange or yellow color mutations; this was first recorded in the Jin Dynasty (265–420).^[3][4]

A western aquarium of the 1850s of the type that contained goldfish among other coldwater species

During the Tang Dynasty (618–907), it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and watergardens. A natural genetic mutation produced gold (actually yellowish orange) rather than silver coloration. People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, keeping them in ponds or other bodies of water. On special occasions at which guests were expected they would be moved to a much smaller container for display.^[5][6]

By the Song Dynasty (960–1279), the domestication of goldfish was firmly established.^[7] In 1162, the Empress of the Song Dynasty ordered the construction of a pond to collect the red and gold variety. By this time, people outside the imperial family were forbidden to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the imperial color. This is probably the reason why there are more orange goldfish than yellow goldfish, even though the latter are genetically easier to breed.^{[8][dead link]}

During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), goldfish also began to be raised indoors,^[4] which led to the selection for mutations that would not be able to survive in ponds.^[5] The occurrence of other colors (apart from red and gold) was first recorded in 1276. The first occurrence of fancy tailed goldfish was recorded in the Ming Dynasty. In 1603, goldfish were introduced to Japan,^[5] where the Ryukin and Tosakin varieties were developed. In 1611, goldfish were introduced to Portugal and from there to other parts of Europe.^[5]

During the 1620s, goldfish were highly regarded in Southern Europe because of their metallic scales, and symbolized good luck and fortune. It became tradition for married men to give their wives a goldfish on their one year anniversary, as a symbol for the prosperous years to come. This tradition quickly died, as goldfish became more available, losing their status. Goldfish were first introduced to North America around 1850 and quickly became popular in the United States.^[9][10]

Related species

A wild Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A Crucian carp (Carassius carassius)

Goldfish were bred from Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) in China, and they remain the closest wild relative of the goldfish.^[11][12] Previously, some sources claimed the Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as the wild version of the goldfish. However, they are differentiated by several characteristics. C. auratus have a more pointed snout while the snout of a C. carassius is well rounded. C. gibelio often has a grey/greenish color, while crucian carps are always golden bronze. Juvenile crucian carp have a black spot on the base of the tail which disappears with age. In C. auratus this tail spot is never present. C. auratus have fewer than 31 scales along the lateral line while crucian carp have 33 scales or more.

When found in nature, goldfish are olive green. Introduction of goldfish into the wild can cause problems for native species. Goldfish can hybridize with certain other species of carp. Within three breeding generations, the vast majority of the goldfish spawn revert to their natural olive color. The mutation that gave rise to the domestic goldfish is also known from other cyprinid species, such as common carp and tench. Koi may also interbreed with the goldfish to produce a sterile hybrid fish.

There are many different varieties of domesticated goldfish. Fancy goldfish are unlikely to survive in the wild because of their bright fin colors; however the hardier varieties such as the Shubunkin may survive long enough to breed with wild cousins. Common and comet goldfish can survive, and even thrive, in any climate that can support a pond.

Varieties of domesticated goldfish

Selective breeding over centuries has produced several color variations, some of them far removed from the "golden" color of the originally domesticated fish. There are also different body shapes, fin and eye configurations. Some extreme versions of the goldfish live only in aquariums—they are much less hardy than varieties closer to the "wild" original. However, some variations are hardier, such as the Shubunkin. Currently, there are about 300 breeds recognized in China.^[4] The vast majority of goldfish breeds today originated from China.^[4] Some of the main varieties are:

Common goldfish		Black Moor		Bubble Eye
Common goldfish differ only in color from their closest relative, the Prussian carp. Common goldfish come in a variety of colors including red, orange/gold, white, black and yellow or 'lemon' goldfish.		The Black moor is a telescope-eyed variety of fancy goldfish that has a characteristic pair of protruding eyes. It is also referred to as popeye, telescope, kuro demekin in Japan and dragon-eye in China.		The small, fancy Bubble Eye has upward pointing eyes accompanied by two large fluid-filled sacs.
Celestial Eye		Comet (goldfish)		Fantail (goldfish)
Fancy Celestial eye goldfish or Choten gan has a double tail and a breed-defining pair of upturned, telescope eyes with pupils gazing skyward.		The comet or comet-tailed goldfish is the most common fancy variety in the United States. It is similar to the common goldfish, except slightly smaller and slimmer, and is mainly distinguished by its long, deeply forked tail.		The Fantail goldfish is the western form of the Ryukin and possesses an egg-shaped body, a high dorsal fin, a long quadruple caudal fin, and no shoulder hump.
Lionhead (goldfish)		Oranda		Pearlscale
The fancy lionhead has a hood. This fish is the precursor to the ranchu.		The fancy oranda is characterized by a prominent raspberry-like hood or (also known as wen or headgrowth) that encases the whole head except for the eyes and mouth.		The fancy pearlscale or chinshurin in Japanese, is spherical-bodied with finnage similar to the fantail.
Pompom (goldfish)		Ryukin		Shubunkin
The fancy Pompoms or pompon or hana fusa have bundles of loose fleshy outgrowths between the nostrils, on each side of the head.		The fancy ryukin has a short, deep body with a characteristic shoulder hump.		Fancy and hardy Japanese Shubunkins (朱文金?) (translated literally as "red brocade") have single tail with nacreous scales, and a pattern known as calico.
Telescope eye		Ranchu		Panda Moor
The fancy telescope eye or demekin is characterized by its protruding eyes. It is also known as globe eye or dragon eye goldfish.		The fancy Japanese ranchu is hooded. Japanese refer to it as the "king of goldfish".		The fancy panda moor has a characteristic black-and-white color pattern and protruding eyes.
Veiltail		Butterfly tail (goldfish)		Meteor goldfish
The fancy veiltail is known for its extra-long, flowing double tail. Modern veiltail standards require little or no indentation of the trailing edges of the caudal fins, as in a wedding veil for a bride.		The Butterfly Tail Moor or Butterfly Telescope is of the telescope-eye lineage, with twin tails best viewed from above. The spread of the caudal fins mimics butterflies underwater.		The Meteor goldfish is a strange-looking variety that has been developed by specialist breeders of fancy goldfish. It has no tail fin, hence its name.[13][14]
Lionchu		Egg-fish goldfish		Shukin
The Lionchu or lionhead-ranchu is a fancy goldfish that has resulted from crossbreeding lionheads and ranchus.[15][16]		The egg-fish goldfish is an artificial creation of specialist fancy goldfish breeders which lacks a dorsal fin and has a pronounced egg-shaped body.[17][18]		The Shukin is Ranchu-like goldfish developed from Ranchu and Oranda at the end of the 19th century in Japan.
Curled-gill goldfish		Tamasaba		Tosakin
The Curled-gill or Reversed-gill goldfish is another uncommon variety of fancy goldfish that has been developed by specialist enthusiasts. It owes its name from the out-turned appearance of its gill covers.[13][19]		The Tamasaba or Sabao is an uncommon Japanese variety of goldfish with a body shaped similar to the Ryukin and a very long, flowing, single tail that is similar to that of a mackerel, hence its other name, Mackerel Tail.		The Tosakin or curly fantail goldfish is a very distinctive breed of goldfish with a large tail fin that spreads out horizontally (like a fan) behind the fish. Though technically a divided tail, the two halves are attached at the center/middle forming a single fin.
wakin goldfish		jikin goldfish		imperial goldfish
The wakin is a common goldfish with a divided, fantail-like tail and is the common goldfish of the Far East.		The jikin, also known as the peacock-tail, has a divided tail which is splayed outwards. It is one of the most difficult varieties to breed to the standard. This fish was developed in Japan from the wakin.		the imperial is an extremely uncommon experimental goldfish being developed by the GSGB.

Chinese goldfish classification

Chinese tradition classifies goldfish into 4 main types. These classifications are not commonly used in the West.

• Ce (may also be called "grass")—Goldfish without fancy anatomical features. These include the common goldfish, comet goldfish and Shubunkin.
• Wen—Goldfish have a fancy tail, e.g., Fantails and Veiltails ("Wen" is also the name of the characteristic headgrowth on such strains as Oranda and Lionhead)
• Dragon Eye—Goldfish have extended eyes, e.g. Black Moor, Bubble Eye, and Telescope Eye
• Egg—Goldfish have no a dorsal fin, and usually have an 'egg-shaped' body, e.g. Lionhead (note that a Bubble Eye without a dorsal fin belongs to this group)

Size

As of April 2008, the largest goldfish in the world was believed by the BBC to measure 19 inches (48 cm), and be living in the Netherlands.^[20] At the time, a goldfish named "Goldie", kept as a pet in a tank in Folkestone, England, was measured as 15 inches (38 cm) and over 2 pounds (0.91 kg), and named as the second largest in the world behind the Netherlands fish.^[20] The secretary of the Federation of British Aquatic Societies (FBAS) stated of Goldie's size that "I would think there are probably a few bigger goldfish that people don't think of as record holders, perhaps in ornamental lakes".^[20] In July 2010 a goldfish measuring 16 inches (41 cm) and 5 pounds (2.3 kg) was caught in a pond in Poole, England, thought to have been abandoned there after outgrowing a tank.^[21]

In ponds

Goldfish are popular pond fish, since they are small, inexpensive, colorful, and very hardy. In an outdoor pond or water garden, they may even survive for brief periods if ice forms on the surface, as long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid. Common goldfish, London and Bristol shubunkins, jikin, wakin, comet and some hardier fantail goldfish can be kept in a pond all year round in temperate and subtropical climates. Moor, veiltail, oranda and lionhead can be kept safely in outdoor ponds only in the summer, and in more tropical climates.

Small to large ponds are fine though the depth should be at least 80 centimeters (31 in) to avoid freezing. During winter, goldfish become sluggish, stop eating, and often stay on the bottom of the pond. This is completely normal; they become active again in the spring. A filter is important to clear waste and keep the pond clean. Plants are essential as they act as part of the filtration system, as well as a food source for the fish. Plants are further beneficial since they raise oxygen levels in the water.

Compatible fish include rudd, tench, orfe and koi, but the latter require specialized care. Ramshorn snails are helpful by eating any algae that grows in the pond. Without some form of animal population control, goldfish ponds can easily become overstocked. Fish such as orfe consume goldfish eggs.

In aquaria

A Fantail goldfish

Like most carp, goldfish produce a large amount of waste both in their faeces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals into the water. Build-up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, and can easily cause a goldfish's death. For common and comet varieties, each goldfish should have about 20 US gallons (76 l; 17 imp gal) of water. Fancy goldfish (which are smaller) should have about 10 US gallons (38 l; 8.3 imp gal) per goldfish. The water surface area determines how much oxygen diffuses and dissolves into the water. A general rule is have 1 square foot (0.093 m²). Active aeration by way of a water pump, filter or fountain effectively increases the surface area.

The goldfish is classified as a coldwater fish, and can live in unheated aquaria at a temperature comfortable for humans. However, rapid changes in temperature (for example in an office building in winter when the heat is turned off at night) can kill them, especially if the tank is small. Care must also be taken when adding water, as the new water may be of a different temperature. Temperatures under about 10 °C (50 °F) are dangerous to fancy varieties, though commons and comets can survive slightly lower temperatures. Extremely high temperatures (over 30 °C (86 °F) can also harm goldfish. However, higher temperatures may help fight protozoan infestations by accelerating the parasite's life-cycle—thus eliminating it more quickly. The optimum temperature for goldfish is between 20 °C (68 °F) and 22 °C (72 °F).^[22]

Like all fish, goldfish do not like to be petted. In fact, touching a goldfish can endanger its health, because it can cause the protective slime coat to be damaged or removed, exposing the fish’s skin to infection from bacteria or water-born parasites. However, goldfish respond to people by surfacing at feeding time, and can be trained or acclimated to taking pellets or flakes from human fingers. The reputation of goldfish dying quickly is often due to poor care.^[23] The lifespan of goldfish in captivity can extend beyond 10 years.

If left in the dark for a period of time, goldfish gradually change color until they are almost gray.^{[citation needed]} Goldfish produce pigment in response to light, in a similar manner to how human skin becomes tanned in the sun. Fish have cells called chromatophores that produce pigments which reflect light, and give the fish coloration. The color of a goldfish is determined by which pigments are in the cells, how many pigment molecules there are, and whether the pigment is grouped inside the cell or is spaced throughout the cytoplasm.

Because goldfish eat live plants, their presence in a planted aquarium can be problematic. Only a few aquarium plant species for example Cryptocoryne and Anubias, can survive around goldfish, but they require special attention so that they are not uprooted. Plastic plants are often more durable, but the branches can irritate or harm a fish that touches one.^{[citation needed]}

Feeding

Various types of prepared fish food

See also: Fish food

In the wild, the diet of goldfish consists of crustaceans, insects, and various plant matter. Like most fish, they are opportunistic feeders and do not stop eating on their own accord. Overfeeding can be deleterious to their health, typically by blocking the intestines. This happens most often with selectively bred goldfish, which have a convoluted intestinal tract. When excess food is available, they produce more waste and faeces, partly due to incomplete protein digestion. Overfeeding can sometimes be diagnosed by observing faeces trailing from the fish's cloaca.

Goldfish-specific food has less protein and more carbohydrate than conventional fish food. It is sold in two consistencies—flakes that float, and pellets that sink. Enthusiasts may supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms. Young goldfish benefit from the addition of brine shrimp to their diet. As with all animals, goldfish preferences vary.

Behavior

Behavior can vary widely both because goldfish live in a variety of environments, and because their behavior can be conditioned by their owners.

Goldfish have strong associative learning abilities, as well as social learning skills. In addition, their visual acuity allows them to distinguish between individual humans. Owners may notice that fish react favorably to them (swimming to the front of the glass, swimming rapidly around the tank, and going to the surface mouthing for food) while hiding when other people approach the tank. Over time, goldfish learn to associate their owners and other humans with food, often "begging" for food whenever their owners approach.^{[citation needed]}

Responses from a blind goldfish proved that it recognized one particular family member and a friend by voice, or vibration of sound.^{[citation needed]} This behavior was remarkable because it showed that the fish recognized the vocal vibration or sound of two people specifically out of seven in the house.

Goldfish are gregarious, displaying schooling behavior, as well as displaying the same types of feeding behaviors. Goldfish may display similar behaviors when responding to their reflections in a mirror.^{[citation needed]}

Goldfish that have constant visual contact with humans also stop considering them to be a threat. After being kept in a tank for several weeks, sometimes months, it becomes possible to feed a goldfish by hand without it shying away.

Goldfish have learned behaviors, both as groups and as individuals, that stem from native carp behavior. They are a generalist species with varied feeding, breeding, and predator avoidance behaviors that contribute to their success. As fish they can be described as "friendly" towards each other. Very rarely does a goldfish harm another goldfish, nor do the males harm the females during breeding. The only real threat that goldfish present to each other is competing for food. Commons, comets, and other faster varieties can easily eat all the food during a feeding before fancy varieties can reach it. This can lead to stunted growth or possible starvation of fancier varieties when they are kept in a pond with their single-tailed brethren. As a result, care should be taken to combine only breeds with similar body type and swim characteristics.

Intelligence

Goldfish have a memory-span of at least three months and can distinguish between different shapes, colors and sounds.^[24][25] Goldfish vision is among the most studied of all vision in fishes.^{[citation needed]} By using positive reinforcement, goldfish can be trained to recognize and to react to light signals of different colors^[26] or to perform tricks.^[27] Fish respond to certain colors most evidently in relation to feeding.^{[citation needed]} Fish learn to anticipate feedings provided they occur at around the same time everyday.

Reproduction

Goldfish may only grow to sexual maturity with enough water and the right nutrition. Most goldfish breed in captivity, particularly in pond settings. Breeding usually happens after a significant temperature change, often in spring. Males chase females, prompting them to release their eggs by bumping and nudging them. A pregnant goldfish is called a "twit".^[28]

Goldfish, like all cyprinids, are egg-layers. Their eggs are adhesive and attach to aquatic vegetation, typically dense plants such as Cabomba or Elodea or a spawning mop. The eggs hatch within 48 to 72 hours.

Within a week or so, the fry begins to assume its final shape, although a year may pass before they develop a mature goldfish color; until then they are a metallic brown like their wild ancestors. In their first weeks of life, the fry grow quickly—an adaptation born of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish (or other fish and insects) in their environment.^{[citation needed]}

Some highly bred goldfish can no longer breed naturally due to their altered shape. The artificial breeding method called "hand stripping" can assist nature, but can harm the fish if not done correctly. In captivity, adults may also eat young that they encounter.

Goldfish eggs showing cell division

Goldfish fry just hatched (Ryukin)

Mosquito control

Like some other popular aquarium fish, such as the guppy, goldfish and other carp are frequently added to stagnant bodies of water to reduce mosquito populations. They are used to prevent the spread of West Nile Virus, which relies on mosquitoes to migrate. However, introducing goldfish has often had negative consequences for local ecosystems.^[29]

Controversy over proper treatment

The Japanese game of Goldfish scooping

Some countries ban the sale of traditional fishbowls under animal welfare legislation due to the risk of stunting, deoxygenation and ammonia/nitrite poisoning in such a small environment.^{[citation needed]} Because of their large oxygen needs and high waste output, such bowls are no longer considered appropriate housing for goldfish.^[30]

In many countries, carnival and fair operators commonly give goldfish away in plastic bags as prizes. In late 2005 Rome banned the use of goldfish and other animals as carnival prizes. Rome has also banned the use of "goldfish bowls", on animal cruelty grounds.^[31] In the United Kingdom, the government proposed banning this practice as part of its Animal Welfare Bill,^[32][33] though this has since been amended to only prevent goldfish being given as prizes to unaccompanied minors.^[34]

In Japan, during summer festivals and religious holidays (ennichi), a traditional game called goldfish scooping is played, in which a player scoops goldfish from a basin with a special scooper. Sometimes bouncy balls are substituted for goldfish.

Although edible, goldfish are rarely eaten. A fad among American college students for many years was swallowing goldfish as a stunt and as a fraternity initiation process. The first recorded instance was in 1939 at Harvard University.^[35] The practice gradually fell out of popularity over the course of several decades and is rarely practiced today.

See also

• Aquaculture
• Carp
• Cyprinid
• Koi

Notes and references

1. ^ "Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Fact Sheet. ''Carassius auratus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)". Nis.gsmfc.org. http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=170. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
2. ^ "''Carassius auratus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)". Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?GenusName=Carassius&SpeciesName=auratus%20auratus. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
3. ^ "Goldfish". Ocean Park. http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/learning/facts/goldfish.html. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Roots, Clive (2007). Domestication. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 20-21. ISBN 9780313339875. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Background information about goldfish". Bristol Aquarists' Society. http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/goldfish/info/info.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-28. 
6. ^ Nutrafin Aquatic News, Issue #4, 2004, Rolf C. Hagen, Inc. (USA) and Rolf C. Hagen Corp. (Montreal, Canada)
7. ^ Smartt, Joseph (2001). Goldfish varieties and genetics: A handbook for breeders. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 21. ISBN 9780852382653. 
8. ^ "goldfish". http://www.wetpetz.com/goldfish.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
9. ^ Brunner, Bernd (2003). The Ocean at Home. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-502-9. 
10. ^ Mulertt, Hugo (1883). The Goldfish And Its Systematic Culture With A View To Profit. http://www.archive.org/details/goldfishitssyste00mule. Retrieved 2009-07-07. 
11. ^ Komiyama, Tomoyoshi; Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Yoshio Tateno, Hidetoshi Inoko, Takashi Gojobori, Kazuho Ikeo (February 2009). "An evolutionary origin and selection process of goldfish". Gene 430 (1–2): 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.019. PMID 19027055. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T39-4TVTJKP-5/2/cb35c47220bf1552372c4df41aa6e58e. Retrieved 2010-08-09. 
12. ^ Les Pearce. "Common Gold Fish". Aquarticles. http://www.aquarticles.com/articles/ponds/Pearce_Common_Goldfishhtml.htm. Retrieved 20 June 2006. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Andrews, Dr. Chris. "An Interpet Guide to Fancy Goldfish", Interpet Publishing, 2002 - ISBN 1-902389-64-6
14. ^ Fancy Goldfish Varieties, Bristol Aquarists' Society, Bristol-Aquarists.org, retrieved on: June 20, 2007
15. ^ "What is a Lionchu?" by Peter Ponzio, an article from the Goldfish Pages Website (Goldfish Society of America), date retrieved: 26 May 2007^{[dead link]}
16. ^ "GFSA - Ask the Judges", an article about the Lionchu by Larry Christensen, Peter Ponzio, Scott Taylor, Tony Reynolds and John Parker, from the Goldfish Pages Website (Goldfish Society of America), date retrieved: 27 May 2007^{[dead link]}
17. ^ Andrews, Chris, Dr. An Interpet Guide to Fancy Goldfish, Interpet Puhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldfish&action=submitblishing, 2002. - ISBN 1-902389-64-6
18. ^ "Nutrafin Aquatic News, Issue #4, 2004, Rolf C. Hagen, Inc. (USA) and Rolf C. Hagen Corp. (Montreal, Canada)". Hagen.com. http://www.hagen.com/usa/aquatic/more.cfm. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
19. ^ Johnson, Dr. Erik L., D.V.M. and Richard E. Hess. Fancy Goldfish: A Complete Guide to Care and Collecting, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2001 - ISBN 0-8348-0448-4
20. ^ ^{a b c} "Giant goldfish 'simply amazing'". BBC News. 17 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/7352909.stm. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
21. ^ "Surrey schoolboy catches 5lb goldfish in Dorset lake". BBC News. 15 July 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-10649008. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
22. ^ "Goldfish". Mypets.net.au. http://www.mypets.net.au/flex/goldfish/528/1. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
23. ^ "Goldfish". Experiencefestival.com. http://www.experiencefestival.com/goldfish. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
24. ^ Research by the School of Psychology at the University of Plymouth in 2003. Goldfish were trained to push a lever to earn a food reward; when the lever was fixed to work only for an hour a day, the fish soon learned to activate it at the correct time.
25. ^ The Discovery Channel's show Mythbusters tested the contemporary legend that goldfish only had a memory span of 3 seconds and were able to prove that goldfish had a longer memory span than commonly believed. The experiment involved training the fish to navigate a maze. It was evident that they were able to remember the correct path of the maze after more than a month. Mythbuster Results: A goldfish’s memory lasts only three seconds
26. ^ Demonstrated in a 1994 public experiment at the Palais de la Découverte science museum. The experimental details and results are described in: "Poissons rouges: la mémoire dans l'eau". Revue du Palais de la découverte 217. April 1994. 
27. ^ Send Your Fish to School. ABC News: Good Morning America. Posted: May 7, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
28. ^ Symons, Mitchell. How to avoid a Wombat's Bum. p. 68. 
29. ^ William L. Arnold; William L. Anderson (2001). Biotechnology Deskbook. Environmental Law Institute. p. 154. ISBN 1585760293. http://books.google.com/?id=lNkwt3gX-2cC&pg=PA154&dq=goldfish+released+into+the+wild#v=onepage&q=goldfish%20released%20into%20the%20wild&f=false. 
30. ^ "5 reasons not to use goldfish bowls". Goldfish Care Guide. 2008-03-05. http://goldfishcareguide.com/2008/03/05/5-reasons-not-to-use-goldfish-bowls/. Retrieved 2009-02-01. 
31. ^ Knight, Sam (2005-10-26). "Rome bans goldfish bowls, orders dog owners on walks - World - Times Online". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-1844070,00.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
32. ^ "Defra, UK - Animal Health and Welfare - Animal Welfare - Animal Welfare Bill". http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/bill/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
33. ^ BBC News Online - Goldfish are no longer to be given as prizes
34. ^ BBC News Online - Ban on goldfish prizes 'dropped'
35. ^ "Swallowing Goldfish". http://library.thinkquest.org/3205/SwalG.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 

External links

• "Carassius auratus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163350. Retrieved 5 October 2004. 
• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). Carassius auratus auratus in FishBase. September 2004 version.
• Bristol Aquarists' Society: Goldfish — Photographs and descriptions of the different goldfish varieties.