Over-the-Rhine

Over-the-Rhine
This article is about the Cincinnati neighborhood. For the Ohio-based band, see Over the Rhine (band).
Over-the-Rhine Historic District
Over-the-Rhine is located in Ohio
Location: Roughly bounded by Dorsey, Sycamore, Eleanor, Reading, Central Pkwy, McMicken Ave., and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio
Coordinates: 39°6′47″N 84°30′58″W / 39.11306°N 84.51611°W / 39.11306; -84.51611Coordinates: 39°6′47″N 84°30′58″W / 39.11306°N 84.51611°W / 39.11306; -84.51611
Area: 3,625 acres (14.67 km2)
Architectural style: Greek Revival and Late Victorian[1]
Governing body: Local, Private and State[1]
NRHP Reference#: 83001985[1]
Added to NRHP: May 17, 1983[1]

Over-the-Rhine, sometimes shortened to OTR, is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is believed to be the largest, most intact urban historic district in the United States.[2] Over-the-Rhine was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 with 943 contributing buildings.[3] It contains the largest collection of Italianate architecture in the United States,[2][4] and is an example of an intact 19th-century urban neighborhood.[5] Its architectural significance has been compared to the French Quarter in New Orleans, the historic districts of Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, and Greenwich Village in New York City.[6][7] Besides being a historic district, the neighborhood has an arts community that is unparalleled within Cincinnati.[8] Over-the-Rhine is bordered by the neighborhoods of Downtown, CUF, Mount Auburn, Pendleton, and the West End. Over-the-Rhine was voted best Cincinnati neighborhood in CityBeat's Best of Cincinnati 2011.[9]

Contents

Etymology

The neighborhood's distinctive name comes from its builders and early residents, German immigrants of the mid-19th century. Many walked to work across bridges over the Miami and Erie Canal, which separated the area from downtown Cincinnati. The canal was nicknamed "the Rhine" in reference to the Rhine River in Germany, and the newly settled area north of the canal as "Over the Rhine."[10][11] In German, the district was called "über'm Rhein."

An early reference to the canal as "the Rhine" appears in the 1853 book White, Red, Black, in which traveler Ferenc Pulszky wrote, "The Germans live all together across the Miami Canal, which is, therefore, here jocosely called the 'Rhine.' "[12] In 1875 writer Daniel J. Kenny referred to the area exclusively as "Over the Rhine." He noted, "Germans and Americans alike love to call the district 'Over the Rhine.' "[13] The canal no longer exists, but was located at what is now Central Parkway.

Geography

Over-the-Rhine is believed to be the largest, most intact urban historic district in the United States.[14] Because of its size, Over-the-Rhine is home to several distinct districts. OTR is bisected by Liberty Street. The Northern Liberties[15] and Over-the-Rhine Brewery District[16] are north of Liberty Street. South of Liberty is the Gateway Quarter and Pendleton, Cincinnati.

South of Liberty Street

Gateway Quarter

The Gateway Quarter is a subdistrict of Over-the-Rhine. It is located in the south central area of Over-the-Rhine, bordered by Central Parkway to the south and west, Main Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the north. It is also known as "The Q", "The Quarter", and "The Gateway". In 2003, the City of Cincinnati and the City's corporate leaders made a joint commitment to jumpstart economic development in Cincinnati's urban core.[17] Together they created the Cincinnati Center City Development Corporation (3CDC).[18][19] 3CDC is a major holder and developer in the Gateway Quarter and neighboring Washington Park on the west side of the Gateway Quarter which is also undergoing an expansion and renovation that is expected to be completed in 2011.[20]

Pendleton

Pendleton is a neighborhood in the Over-the-Rhine Historic District. Pendleton is considered a neighborhood in the Over-the-Rhine Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places and City of Cincinnati[21] and the Over-the-Rhine Chamber of Commerce.[22] Pendleton is south of Liberty Street, north of Reading Road and east of Sycamore Street.[23]

North of Liberty Street

Until 1849, today's Liberty Street, then called Northern Row, was the corporation line forming Cincinnati's northern boundary. The area north of Northern Row was not subject to municipal law and was, appropriately, called The Northern Liberties.[15]

Over-the-Rhine Brewery District

The Area was the heart of Cincinnati's beer brewing industry.[24] Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. began brewing beer in the Brewery District in December, 2010.[25]

Christian Moerlein established his first brewing company in Over-the-Rhine in 1853. Eventually the Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. became the city’s largest brewery and expanded into the national market. At its height the brewery occupied three entire city blocks. Prohibition brought an end to the company in the 1920s.[26]

Bockfest is held annually in OTR. The Bockfest Hall was located in the Brewery District in 2010 and 2011.

Findlay Market

Findlay Market is the oldest continuously operating farmers' market in Ohio.[27] Findlay Market was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.[28] The structure was among the first markets in the United States to use iron frame construction technology and is one of very few that have survived.[15]

Findlay Market is a center of economic activity in Over-the-Rhine. Cincinnati City Council named The Corporation for Findlay Market its Preferred Developer for 39 city-owned properties near the market in June 2006.[29]

In 2004, the City of Cincinnati completed a $16 million renovation of the market and it was 47% occupied. In 2010, the market became 100% occupied and continues to grow.[30]

Annual Events

Over-the-Rhine is home to several distinctive annual events. A few of them are:

History

Main article: History of Over-the-Rhine

Built in the nineteenth century during a period of extensive German immigration, Over-the-Rhine became notorious for its poverty by the end of the twentieth century.[10] In 2001 Reason Magazine dubbed it "ground zero in inner-city decline."[31] Since the late 1970s, advocates for historic preservation and low-income housing have struggled over how to preserve the neighborhood without causing mass displacement of the poor. The 2001 Cincinnati riots brought international attention to Over-the-Rhine, and accelerated a century-long trend of population decline. Low property value allowed developers to buy and renovate a large number of historic buildings.[7] Since 2004 hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in revitalization projects,[19] and since 2006 the crime rate has decreased each year.

Architecture

Over-the-Rhine has been praised for its collection of historic architecture. The New York Times described the neighborhood as having "a scale and grace reminiscent of Greenwich Village in New York."[7] When Arthur Frommer, founder of the Frommer's travel guides, visited Over-the-Rhine he described it as the most promising urban area for revitalization in the United States, and claimed that its potential for tourism "literally could rival similar prosperous and heavily visited areas."[32][33]

Most of Over-the-Rhine's ornate brick buildings were built by German immigrants from 1865 to the 1880s.[7] The architecture of Over-the-Rhine reflects the diverse styles of the late nineteenth century—simple vernacular, muted Greek Revival, Italianate and Queen Anne.[34] Most of the buildings in Over-the-Rhine are one of these styles, but there are other odd balls as well. Art Deco is represented by the American Building on Central Parkway, the Germania Building at Twelfth and Walnut streets is ironically one of the few examples of German ornamentation in the neighborhood, Music Hall's mixture of styles is best described as Venetian Gothic, there are a handful of buildings with Gothic architecture, and the new SCPA on Central Parkway is the most notable example of Modern architecture in the neighborhood.[2]

  • The Germania Building (Eastlake H)

  • Music Hall (Venetian Gothic)

  • Memorial Hall (Beaux Arts)

  • Elaborate ornamentation of an Elm Street building.

  • Rounded window cornices are a common feature of Italianate architecture.

  • Italianate brownstone at Clay and 13th Streets.

  • Entrance to the American Building (Art Deco)

  • Hanke Building on Main Street detail (Renaissance Revival)

  • Queen Anne architecture on Main Street

Historic Restoration

In 2011, the Over-the-Rhine Foundation, which works to prevent historic building loss in OTR, won 3rd place in the National Trust for Historic Preservation's nationwide This Place Matters community challenge.[35] In 2006, the National Trust for Historic Preservation has listed the status of Over-the-Rhine as "Endangered."[34] Since 1930, approximately half of Over-the-Rhine's historic buildings have been destroyed.[32] More will follow unless currently deteriorating buildings are repaired.[34] Between 2001 and 2006, the city approved more than 50 "emergency demolitions," which were caused by absentee landlords' allowing their buildings to become so critically dilapidated that the city declared them a danger to the public. Reinvestment could have saved them.[32][36] Due to the situation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation declared Over-the-Rhine one of Eleven Most Endangered Historic Places in 2006.[34] Over-the-Rhine was included in the 2008 book, Frommer's 500 Places to See Before They Disappear, which noted the district's "shocking state of neglect".[37]

According to research conducted by WCPO in 2001, some of the worst-kept properties are owned by Over-the-Rhine's non-profits,[38] which let the buildings sit vacant and deteriorating because of lack of funds [39] or volunteers.[40] As of 2009, approximately 66% of the buildings in Over-the-Rhine are vacant.[41] Squatters, such as vagrants, prostitutes, drug addicts and dealers sometimes occupy them illegally.[32] With some buildings on the verge of collapse, investors and real-estate developers are trying to restore them before deterioration to the point of requiring demolition.[7] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, part of Over-the-Rhine has one of the highest rates of abandoned and vacant homes in the country. They classify it as the sixth hardest area in the nation to get an accurate population count.[42]

Landmarks

Most of Over-the-Rhine's landmarks are related to the arts and are clustered in one area near Downtown.

Map of Over-the-Rhine

Crime

The amount of serious crime in Over-the-Rhine (blue) has decreased since 2006, but crime still remains higher than the citywide neighborhood average (red).

In February 2006 the city reported that Over-the-Rhine had the highest crime rate of the city's neighborhoods.[49] Between 2001 and 2006 Over-the-Rhine had the highest number of calls for police service—more than twice the next highest neighborhood.[50] It experienced 606 violent crimes in 2005; no other Cincinnati neighborhood exceeded 243—the average for all other neighborhoods was 65 violent crimes.[50] In 2005 Over-the-Rhine experienced 350 robberies; the average for all other neighborhoods was 38.[50] According to Cincinnati Police, 80% of the suspects arrested in Over-the-Rhine do not live in the community,[49] and the majority of violent crimes in Over-the-Rhine are drug-related.[51]

The number of serious crimes plateaued from 2002 to 2005, after which crime began decreasing at a rapid pace. In 2006 sheriff's deputies were brought in to help patrol the neighborhood.[52] The decrease has been credited to the redevelopment of the area, the increase in population, and the increased presence of the police and sheriff's deputies.[53] Operation Vortex and Ceasefire, a program that reaches out to gang members, were also credited with helping decrease crime.[54] In the summer of 2006 police assembled an élite sixty-man crimefighting squad code-named Vortex.[54] The Vortex unit made "zero tolerance" sweeps of high-crime areas, where they arrested people for misdemeanors, such as jaywalking and loitering, as well as for serious crimes.[54] In its first 25 days the unit made 1,000 arrests.[55] In the first six months of 2009, no calls for emergency help were made.[56] A business owner reported that pan handling and shoplifting in his store dropped 90 percent after he moved from the Central Business District to Over-the-Rhine.[56] Through July 29 of 2009 crime in Over-the-Rhine was down 22% when compared to the same period in 2008.[57]

In 2009 a website, using data collected from 2005 to 2007, ranked a section of Over-the-Rhine north of Liberty Street as, statistically, the "most dangerous neighborhood in the United States."[56][58][59] Critics, however, argue that the statistic is "intellectually dishonest"[60] because the data selected to represent Over-the-Rhine focused on a "mostly vacant industrialized strip,"[61] and the data used by the website was "old."[56][60] In July 2009 a rise in prostitution was reported along McMicken Avenue; police said that new development is pushing the women out of other parts of Over-the-Rhine into a smaller area.[62]

Demographics

Historical populations
Year Pop. ±%
1900 44,475 —
1960 30,000 −32.5%
1970 15,025 −49.9%
1980 11,914 −20.7%
1990 9,572 −19.7%
2000 7,422 −22.5%

In 2001 there were an estimated 500 vacant buildings in Over-the-Rhine with 2,500 residential units.[63] Of those residential units 278 were condemned as uninhabitable.[63] Also in 2001 the owner-occupancy rate was between 3 and 4 percent compared to the city-wide rate of 39 percent.[63] According to the "Drilldown", a comprehensive analysis of the city's actual population and demographics conducted in 2007, OTR's current population is just 4,900 people in an area of 0.64 square miles (1.7 km2).[citation needed]

As of the census[64] of 2000, the racial makeup of Over-the-Rhine was 19.4% Caucasian, 76.9% African American, and less than 4% of other races. 0.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The neighborhood's residents comprise roughly 1.2% of the population of the City of Cincinnati.

In media

  • In the movie Ides of March, George Clooney plays a politician who campaigns at Memorial Hall in Over-the-Rhine.
  • In the movie Traffic (2000), the teenage daughter of the US drug czar becomes addicted to heroin and goes to Over-the-Rhine for drugs.[65]
  • Harry's Law (2011), an NBC legal comedy-drama, is set in Over-the-Rhine, though only old stock photos are shown. No filming was done in Over-the-Rhine or Cincinnati.[66]
  • Little Man Tate (1991) was filmed in Over-the-Rhine as well as various other Cincinnati locations.
  • A Rage in Harlem (1991) was filmed in Over-the-Rhine because the un-gentrified area resembled 1950s Harlem.[67]
  • In Eight Men Out (1988) scenes depicting Chicago in 1919 were shot in Over-the-Rhine.
  • Over-the-Rhine and other nearby neighborhoods are featured in the 3 Doors Down music video It's Not My Time.
  • A local writer created a television crime series which was independently filmed in Over-the-Rhine in 2009. The producer intends to release the series on DVD.[66]
  • A group of film makers are chronicling current efforts to transform Over-the-Rhine in their documentary Rebirth of Over-the-Rhine. Rebirth of Over-the-Rhine is scheduled to be completed in 2012.

Community organizations

  • Over-The-Rhine Chamber of Commerce
  • Over-the-Rhine Community Housing- Formed in April 2006 by the merger of two organizations supporting affordable housing.
  • Drop Inn Center a homeless shelter which offers chemical dependency treatment.[68]
  • Over-the-Rhine Foundation, works to protect OTR's endangered historic structures, preserve its cultural heritage, and promote a physically and socially sustainable neighborhood.
  • Brewery District Community Urban Redevelopment Corp. works to develop the northern half of the neighorhood, with an emphasis on OTR's brewing heritage and the mixed-use neighborhood created by use of the nineteenth-century brewery building stock.
  • Cincinnati Center City Development Corporation A non-profit corporation redeveloping much of downtown Cincinnati and Over-the-Rhine.
  • Over the Rhine Community Council Since 1970, the council has represented the interests of residents and partnered with other organizations in service to our neighbors in our unique, historic neighborhood.

Historic churches

Notable residents

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-06-30. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
  2. ^ a b c Over-the-Rhine Foundation. Guide to OTR Architecture. Accessed on 2009-08-13.
  3. ^ "OHIO - Hamilton County - Historic Districts". National Register of Historic Places. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/OH/Hamilton/districts.html. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 
  4. ^ Quinlivan (2001)
  5. ^ Over-the-Rhine Chamer of Commerce, Over-the-Rhine Historical Sites
  6. ^ OTR Foundation Why OTR Matters. Accessed on 2010-08-13.
  7. ^ a b c d e MAAG, CHRISTOPHER (November 25, 2006). "In Cincinnati, Life Breathes Anew in Riot-Scarred Area". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/25/us/25cincy.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2010-12-24. 
  8. ^ cincy.com "Over the Rhine :: Arts & Play", Cincy.com, Accessed on 2009-08-19
  9. ^ "Best of Cincinnati 2011". CityBeat. March 29, 2011. http://www.citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-22971-readers-picks.html. Retrieved July 20, 2011. 
  10. ^ a b Over-the-Rhine Foundation. OTR History. Accessed on June 13, 2009
  11. ^ Kenny (1875), pg. 130.
  12. ^ Pulszky, Francis; Theresa Pulszky (1853). White, Red, Black: sketches of American Society in the United States. New York: Redfield. pp. 297. http://books.google.com/?id=nI6sLqOVKlcC&pg=PA297#v=onepage&q. 
  13. ^ Kenny (1875), pg. 129.
  14. ^ Over-the-Rhine Foundation. Guide to OTR Architecture
  15. ^ a b c Market History | Findlay Market of Cincinnati, Ohio
  16. ^ OTR Brewery District | Cincinnati, OH
  17. ^ Staff (November 28, 2007). "Over-the-Rhine redevelopment gets city funding". Business Courier. http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2007/11/26/daily27.html. Retrieved March 1, 2011. 
  18. ^ Staff (March 27, 2007). "City celebrates new OTR condo development". Business Courier. http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2007/03/26/daily20.html?jst=b_ln_hl. Retrieved March 1, 2011. 
  19. ^ a b Cincinnati Over-the-Rhine | 3CDC | Cincinnati Center City Development Corporation
  20. ^ Benfield, F. Kaid (June 15, 2009). "City celebrates new OTR condo development". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/f-kaid-benfield/village-green-revitalizin_b_215537.html. Retrieved March 1, 2011. 
  21. ^ City of Cincinnati - Over-the-Rhine Historic District
  22. ^ Clip Syndicate Video: Newsmakers Podcast
  23. ^ Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH - iRhine.com - Broadway Pendelton
  24. ^ OTR Brewery District | Cincinnati, OH
  25. ^ Newberry, Jon (2010-12-17). "Christian Moerlein brews new ‘Arnold's' beer in OTR". http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/print-edition/2010/12/17/christian-moerlein-brews-new.html. 
  26. ^ Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH - iRhine.com - Brewery District
  27. ^ Welcome! | Findlay Market of Cincinnati, Ohio
  28. ^ Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH - iRhine.com - Findlay Market District
  29. ^ Market District Development | Findlay Market of Cincinnati, Ohio
  30. ^ Monk, Dan (2010-11-12). "Merchants finding retail space scarce at Findlay Market". http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/print-edition/2010/11/12/merchants-finding-retail-space-scarce.html. 
  31. ^ Staley, Sam (November 2001). "Ground Zero in Urban Decline". Reason Magazine. http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/01/ground-zero-in-urban-decline. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  32. ^ a b c d Over-the-Rhine Foundation. Historic Preservation. Accessed on 2009-08-13.
  33. ^ iRhine.com, Over-the-Rhine History, Part 2. Accessed on 2009-08-13
  34. ^ a b c d National Trust for Historic Preservation, 11 Most Endangered: Over-the-Rhine Neighborhood. Accessed on June 13, 2009.
  35. ^ "2011 This Place Matters Community Challenge". 2011 This Place Matters Community Challenge. National Trust for Historic Preservation. http://www.preservationnation.org/take-action/this-place-matters/community-challenge/. Retrieved July 20, 2011. 
  36. ^ "Now, not soon, is the time to save OTR's historic treasures". Cincinnati Enquirer. January 14, 2010. http://communitypress.cincinnati.com/article/AB/20100114/EDIT03/1170303/Now--not-soon--is-the-time-to-save-OTR%5C-s-historic-treasures. Retrieved 2010-02-26. 
  37. ^ Hughes, Holly; Larry West (2008). 500 Places to See Before They Disappear. Frommer's. pp. 346–347. ISBN 047018986X. http://books.google.com/?id=xMDPksxFhCYC&lpg=PA346&pg=PA346#v=onepage&q=. 
  38. ^ Quinlivan (2001) 27:58
  39. ^ Quinlivan (2001) 28:30
  40. ^ Quinlivan (2001) 12:10
  41. ^ "Empty Neighborhoods Fill Rust Belt". ABC News. May 5, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/05/05/national/main4991249.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-09. 
  42. ^ "OTR, West End a quagmire for census". Cincinnati Enquirer. March 1, 2010. http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20100301/BIZ01/3010323/Ohio+s+hardest-to-count+neighborhood. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
  43. ^ Art The Academy of Cincinnati. About The Art Academy of Cincinnati. Accessed on 2009-08-23.
  44. ^ "$3 Million Projected to Reopen the Emery Theatre" (Press release). Emery Center Corporation. October 29, 2008. http://www.emerycenterapts.com/emeryhistory.html. Retrieved 12/7/2008. 
  45. ^ Gelfand, Janelle (August 31, 1999). "Emery fix-up in the wings : Team works to bring 1911 gem into the 21st century". Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/08/31/loc_emery_fix-up_in.html. Retrieved 2008-07-10. 
  46. ^ Findlay Market. About Findlay Market. Accessed on 2009-08-23.
  47. ^ Findlay Market-Historic renovated Cincinnati Public Market and Farmers Market Corporation for Findlay Market, 2007. Accessed 27 May 2007.
  48. ^ School for Creative and Performing Arts. The New SCPA. Accessed on 2009-08-23.
  49. ^ a b City of Cincinnati. Motion. Accessed on 2009-08-08.
  50. ^ a b c City of Cincinnati. District One 4th Quarter Problem Solving Report 2006. Accessed on 2009-08-08.
  51. ^ Borchers, Laura (September 5, 2008). "Vortex Unit Targeting Drug Dealers To Catch Killer". WLWT. http://www.wlwt.com/news/17398724/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  52. ^ "Sheriff's Deputies Start Patrols In Crime-Ridden Neighborhood". WLWT. August 1, 2006. http://www.wlwt.com/news/9610765/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  53. ^ "New OTR Development, Residents Push Out Crime". WLWT. March 3, 2008. http://www.wlwt.com/news/15476013/detail.html. Retrieved 2008-08-10. 
  54. ^ a b c Seabrook, John (June 22, 2009). "Annals of Crime, Don't Shoot: A radical approach to the problem of gang violence.". The New Yorker. http://www.macmahan.com/documents/Seabrook_Kennedy_Dept_final.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  55. ^ "Operation Vortex Targets Crime-Troubled Streets". WLWT. July 5, 2006. http://www.wlwt.com/news/9468787/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  56. ^ a b c d "Believers Putting Money in Over-The-Rhine". WKRC. June 23, 2009. http://www.local12.com/news/local/story/Believers-Putting-Money-in-Over-The-Rhine/hriz70-Fe0an0i3AfmF_zw.cspx. Retrieved 2009-06-23. [dead link]
  57. ^ Cincinnati Police, Crime-Arrest Comparison, Accessed on 2009-08-08.
  58. ^ Walletpop, Most Dangerous Neighborhoods, Accessed on 2009-06-22.
  59. ^ "Report: OTR Nation's Most Dangerous Neighborhood". WLWT. June 22, 2009. http://www.wlwt.com/news/19826766/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
  60. ^ a b Marshall, Adam (July 3, 2009). "Is Over-The-Rhine Really That Bad?". WCPO. http://www.wcpo.com/news/local/story/Is-Over-The-Rhine-Really-That-Bad/U53MMIi-VEyBGjNis5JGoA.cspx. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  61. ^ Osborne, Kevin (June 24, 2009). "Cincinnati Police Should Think Outside the Box". Cincinnati CityBeat. http://www.citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-18182-cincinnati-police-should-think-outside-the-box.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  62. ^ "Neighbors Complain Of Rise In OTR Prostitutes". WLWT. July 6, 2009. http://www.wlwt.com/news/19970360/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  63. ^ a b c Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Bridging the Economic Divide: Cincinnati's Crisis Presents New Opportunities. Fall 2001. Retrieved on 2009-01-11
  64. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  65. ^ Over-the-Rhine Film Synopsis
  66. ^ a b Kiesewetter, John (January 17, 2011). "Laying down the 'Harry's Law'" (Press release). WCPO. http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110117/ENT11/101160341/Laying-down-the-Harry-s-Law-. 
  67. ^ William Horberg (November 7, 2008). "The Last Chester Himes Movie? pt 2". Typepad. http://williamhorberg.typepad.com/william_horberg/2008/11/the-last-chester-himes-movie-pt-2.html. Retrieved 2010-11-05. 
  68. ^ Over the Rhine Community Housing — About Over-the-Rhine Community Housing, Accessed 27 May 2007
  69. ^ Horstman, Barry M. (2010-02-19). "Ronald Howes, inventor of Easy-Bake Oven, dies at 83". Cincinnati Enquirer. http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20100219/NEWS01/2200320/Easy-Bake+Oven+inventor+dies. Retrieved 2010-03-04. [dead link]

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