Guangxi

This article is about the region. For the sociological concept, see Guānxi.

Coordinates: 23°36′N 108°18′E / 23.6°N 108.3°E / 23.6; 108.3

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Chinese : 广西壮族自治区 Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū Zhuang : Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih
Abbreviations: 桂  (pinyin: Guì, Zhuang: Gvei)
Origin of name	Abbreviated from "Guangnan Xi Lu" (A "lu" was equal to a province or a state in the Song Dynasty) 广 = wide 西 = west literally, "The Western Expanse" (Guangdong being East)
Administration type	Autonomous region
Capital (and largest city)	Nanning
CPC Ctte Secretary	Guo Shengkun
Chairman	Ma Biao (马飚)
Area	236,700 km2 (91,400 sq mi) (9th)
- Latitude	20° 54' to 26° 23' N [1]
- Longitude	104° 29' to 112° 03' E
Population (2010)  - Density	46,026,629 (11th) 207 /km2 (540 /sq mi) (20th)
GDP (2010)  - per capita	CNY 950.2 billion (US$140.3 billion) (18th) CNY 15,821 (27th)
HDI (2008)	0.776 (medium) (20th)
Ethnic composition	Guangxi people: Han - 62% Zhuang - 32% Yao - 3% Miao - 1% Dong - 0.7% Gelao - 0.4%
Spoken dialects	Southwestern Mandarin, Cantonese, Pinghua, Zhuang
Prefectural level	14 divisions
County level	109 divisions
Township level*	1396 divisions
ISO 3166-2	CN-45
Official website http://www.gxzf.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Source for nationalities data: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China ISBN 7105054255 *As at December 31, 2004
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Guangxi
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	广西
Traditional Chinese	廣西
Literal meaning	"The Western Expanse"
Transcriptions Hakka - Romanization Kóng-sî Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngxī - Wade–Giles Kuang-hsi - IPA [kwɑ̀ŋɕɨ́] - Postal Map Kwangsi - Yale Romanization Gwǎngsyī Min - Hokkien POJ Kńg-sai - Min-dong BUC Guōng-să̤ - Teochew Peng'im Kuáng-sai Wu - Romanization kuaon上si平 Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping gwong2sai1 - IPA [kʷɔ̌ːŋsaːî] - Yale Romanization Gwóngsaì
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Simplified Chinese	广西壮族自治区
Traditional Chinese	廣西壯族自治區
Transcriptions Hakka - Romanization Kóng-sî Tsong-tshu̍k Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū - Wade–Giles Kuang-hsi Chuang-tsu Tzu-chih-ch'ü - Postal Map Kwangsi Zhuangzu Zijiqu - Yale Romanization Gwǎngsyī Jwàngdzú Dz̀jr̀chyū Min - Hokkien POJ Kńg-sai Chàng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu - Min-dong BUC Guōng-să̤ Cáung-cŭk Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆ - Teochew Peng'im Kuáng-sai Tsàng-tsôk Tsĕu-tī-khu Wu - Romanization kuaon上si平 tsaon去zoh入 zy去zy去chiu平 Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping gwong2sai1 zong3zuk6 zi6zi6keoi1 - IPA [kʷɔ̌ːŋsaːî tsɔ̀ːŋtsʊ̀k tɕìːtɕìːkɵý] - Yale Romanization Gwóngsaì Jongjuhk Jihjihkeuī
Zhuang name
Zhuang	Gvangjsih (old orthography: Gvaŋзsiƅ)
Zhuang name
Zhuang	Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih (old orthography: Gvaŋзsiƅ Bouчcueŋƅ Sɯcigiƅ) (Sawndip: 广西佈僮自治区)

Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.

Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of China's history. The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan Dynasty, but even into the 20th century it was considered an open, wild territory.

The abbreviation of the province is "桂" (Pinyin: Gui; Zhuang: Gvei), which comes from the city of Guilin, the former capital, center of much of Guangxi's culture, politics, and history, and currently a major city in the autonomous region.

History

Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Hundred Yue (Baiyue), the region first became part of China during the Qin Dynasty. In 214 BC, the Han general Zhao Tuo (Vietnamese: Triệu Đà) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shihuang before the emperor's death and the ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establishment a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Southern Yue (Nanyue). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and Sinification under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue" (和集百越) until its collapse in 111 BC.

The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province (廣州) of the Eastern Wu, who controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies.

Under the Tang, the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge's kingdom of Southern Zhao (Nanzhao) in Yunnan which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning.

After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song Dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to the Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit. Harrassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam, the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China.

The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of Dali in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming Dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between the Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported.

The Manchurian Qing Dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831 was followed by the Taiping Rebellion in 1850 and the Jintian Uprising on 11 January 1851. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou, the Guangxi Army saw a great deal of action in the 1884 Franco-Chinese War. Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Youyi Pass) on 23 March 1885.

Following the Wuchang Uprising, Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan, initially remained in place, but was subsequently removed by a mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting. General Lu's Guangxi Clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the resistance to Yuan Shikai's attempt to reestablish an imperial government. Zhuang loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in the 1920 and 1921 Yue-Gui Wars. After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years^[2] until Li Zongren's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi Clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong, and Bai Chongxi.

Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel." After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing Republican control over other warlords. His was one of the few Nationalist units free from serious Communist influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai Massacre of 1927. Within Communist China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising, a failed Communist revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929.

After his own falling out with Chiang, Li joined Yan Xishan's revolt in the Central Plains War. His defeat did not remove him from control of Guangxi and the Mukden Incident and Japanese invasion kept Chiang and the Communists from removing his influence until 1949. The 1944 Operation Ichi-Go successfully expanded Japanese control along the rail lines through Guangxi into French Indochina, although the line remained harassed by American bombers and Zhuang guerrillas under Bai Chongxi.

Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during the Chinese Civil War, but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding. In 1958, Guangxi was converted into an autonomous region for the Zhuang at the recommendation of Premier Zhou Enlai. This decision was made because the Zhuang were the biggest minority group in China and were mostly concentrated in the province.

For most of its history, Guangxi was landlocked. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, then restored in 1965. During Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, Guangxi was the site of thousands of incidences of cannibalism.^[3][4]

While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the province remained largely a scenic tourist destination. Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has begun rising more rapidly, as industries in Guangdong seek a way to locate production to lower-wage areas.

Geography

Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to the west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bounded by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south.

Guangxi is a mountainous region. The Nanling Mountains form the northeast border, with the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains branching from them. Also in the north are the Duyao and Fenghuang Mountains. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains. On the southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains.

The highest point is Mount Mao'er in the Yuecheng, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft).

Many rivers cut valleys through the mountains. Most of these rivers form the tributary basin of the West River:

Xijiang River system schematic (italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi)
			贺江 He River	西江 Xi River
		漓江 Li River	桂江 Gui River
北盘江 Beipan River	红水河 Hongshui River	黔江 Qian River	浔江 Xun River
南盘江 Nanpan River
融江 Rong River	柳江 Liu River
龙江 Long River
右江 You River	邕江 Yong River	郁江 Yu River
左江 Zuo River

Guangxi has a short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin. Important seaports include Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang.

Along the border with Vietnam there is the Detian waterfall (德天瀑布, Dé Tiān Pùbù), which separates the two countries.

Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long and hot. Average annual temperature is 17 to 23°C, while average annual precipitation is 1250 to 1750 mm.

Major cities include: Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin, Beihai.

Notable towns include: Longmen^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Sanjiang, Yangshuo.

Image gallery

• 

  Li River, Guangxi

• 

  Longsheng Rice Terrace

• 

  Yulong River

• 

  Detian – Ban Gioc Falls

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangxi

Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level cities, fifty-six counties, thirty-four districts, twelve ethnic autonomous counties and seven county-level cities. The fourteen prefecture-level cities are:

Map	#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Zhuang	Administrative Seat
	— Prefecture-level city —
	1	Baise	百色市	Bǎisè Shì	Baksaek Si	Youjiang District
	2	Hechi	河池市	Héchí Shì	Hozciz Si	Jinchengjiang District
	3	Liuzhou	柳州市	Liǔzhōu Shì	Liujcouh Si	Chengzhong District
	4	Guilin	桂林市	Guìlín Shì	Gveilinz Si	Xiangshan District
	5	Hezhou	贺州市	Hézhōu Shì	Hohcouh Si	Babu District
	6	Chongzuo	崇左市	Chóngzuǒ Shì	Cungzcoj Si	Jiangzhou District
	7	Nanning	南宁市	Nánníng Shì	Namzningz Si	Qingxiu District
	8	Laibin	来宾市	Láibīn Shì	Leizbingz Si	Xingbin District
	9	Guigang	贵港市	Guìgǎng Shì	Gveigangj Si	Gangbei District
	10	Wuzhou	梧州市	Wúzhōu Shì	Ngouzcouh Si	Wanxiu District
	11	Fangchenggang	防城港市	Fángchénggǎng Shì	Fangzcwngzgangj Si	Gangkou District
	12	Qinzhou	钦州市	Qīnzhōu Shì	Ginhcouh Si	Qinnan District
	13	Beihai	北海市	Běihǎi Shì	Baekhaij Si	Haicheng District
	14	Yulin	玉林市	Yùlín Shì	Yoglinz Si	Yuzhou District

Politics

Secretaries of the CPC Guangxi Committee:

1. Zhang Yunyi (张云逸): 1949-1953
2. Chen Manyuan (陈漫远): 1953-1957
3. Liu Jianxun (刘建勋): 1957-1961
4. Wei Guoqing (韦国清): 1960-1966
5. Qiao Xiaoguang (乔晓光): 1966-1967
6. Wei Guoqing (韦国清): 1970-1975
7. An Pingsheng (安平生): 1975-1977.
8. Qiao Xiaoguang (乔晓光): 1977-1985
9. Chen Huiguang (陈辉光): 1985-1990
10. Zhao Fulin (赵富林): 1990-1997
11. Cao Bochun (曹伯纯): 1997-2006
12. Liu Qibao (刘奇葆): 2006-2007
13. Guo Shengkun (郭声琨): 2007-incumbent

Chairmen of Government:

1. Zhang Yunyi (张云逸): 1949-1953
2. Chen Manyuan (陈漫远): 1953.08-1955
3. Chen Manyuan (陈漫远): 1955-1958
4. Wei Guoqing (韦国清): 1958-1975
5. An Pingsheng (安平生): 1975-1977
6. Qiao Xiaoguang (乔晓光): 1977-1979
7. Tan Yingji (覃应机): 1979-1983
8. Wei Chunshu (韦纯束): 1983-1990
9. Cheng Kejie (成克杰): 1990-1998
10. Li Zhaozhuo (李兆焯): 1998-2003
11. Lu Bing (陆兵): 2003-December 2007
12. Ma Biao (马飚): December 2007-incumbent

Economy

View of Nanning, the capital and economic center of Guangxi.

Important crops in Guangxi include rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and wheat. Cash crops include sugar cane, peanuts, tobacco, and kenaf.

85% of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviral Tamiflu.^[5]

Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The province holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China.^[6]

Liuzhou is the main industrial center and is a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the province's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the province's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below).^[7]

In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong. Guangxi's 2009 nominal GDP was about 775.9 billion yuan (US$114 billion) and ranked 18th in China. Its per capita GDP was 15,800 yuan (US$2,300).

Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provinces, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient province in China, helping to further boost its green image.^[8]

Economic and Technological Development Zones

• Beihai Silver Beach National Tourist Holiday Resort
• Beihai Export Processing Zone

Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is 1.454 square kilometers. The first phase of developed area is 1.135 square kilometers. It was verified and accepted by Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on December 26, 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port.^[9]

• Dongxing Border Economic Cooperation Area
• Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of 12.07 Square Kilometers. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials and environmental protection.^[10]

• Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area

Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of 10.796 square kilometers. It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries.^[11]

• Nanning National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of 43.7 Square Kilometers, and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration and new materials industry.^[12]

• Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone

In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of 7.2 Square Kilometers. It focuses on development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, the services, and international logistics-based storage and information industry.^[13]

• Yongning Economic Development Zone

Investment

Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing in up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources and tourism.

Power

Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access to electricity. The areas affected include Nanning, Hechi, Bose and Guigang. Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.

Due to lack of investment in construction in the power grid net in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price." Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.

Guangxi Power Grid has invested 2.5 billion yuan in building electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi on January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system of Qiulong City, as well as the northern part of Guangxi province, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.

Beibu Gulf Economic Zone

See also: Beibu Gulf Economic Rim

In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone began in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.

The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along the Beibu Gulf. It integrates the cities of Nanning, the region's capital, Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, Chongzuo and Yulin. The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.

Guangxi municipality has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$ 14 billion) investment over the next five years for building and repairing 2,500 km railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as the logistics base, business base, processing and manufacturing base and information exchange center for China-ASEAN cooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals in petrochemicals, iron and steel, electricity, finance, tourism, port planning, logistics and marine industries are bottlenecks.

The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects including transportation, the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted a number of major projects such as Qinzhou oil refinery projects and Stora Enso, a Fortune 500 forest products company based in Finland. In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.

Bauxite reserves

In September 2007, China's Ministry of Commerce said that it has found 120 million tons of new bauxite reserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located in Chongzhou in the southern region of Youjiang, have a very high-quality of bauxite, a raw material for making aluminum. Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.

Demographics

Zhuang people

The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak the Southwestern Mandarin and Cantonese varieties of Chinese.

The region has over 14 million Zhuang, the largest minority ethnicity of China. Over 90% of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. There is also a significant number of both Dong and Miao minority peoples. Other ethnic groups include: Yao, Hui, Yi (Lolo), Shui, and Gin (Vietnamese). There is a minor Christian population, which is subject to rigorous official regulations.^[14]

Culture

"Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Western" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" (两广, Liǎngguǎng; 兩廣, Loeng Gwong). Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with the Zhuang ethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with the Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and is still predominate in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.

Guangxi is known for its ethno-linguistic diversity. In the capital of Nanning, for example, four dialect-languages are spoken locally: Southwestern Mandarin, Cantonese, Pinghua, and Zhuang.

Tourism

Pagodas in Guilin.

The major tourist attraction of Guangxi is Guilin, a town famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by the Li Jiang (Li River) among severe karst peaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi and Jingjiang Princes' City, the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town of Yangshuo, which has become another favourite destination for foreign tourists.

Ethnic minorities in Guangxi, such as the Zhuang and Dong, are also interesting for tourists. The northern part of the province, bordering with Guizhou, is home to the Longsheng Rice Terraces, some of the steepest in the world. Nearby is Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County.

Education

See also: List of universities and colleges in Guangxi

• Guangxi University
• Guangxi Medical University
• Guangxi Normal University
• Guilin University of Electronic Technology
• Guangxi Education and Research Network
• Nanning Science & Information Network
• GuangXi University for Nationalities

Sister regions

• Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan (1982)
• Carinthia, Austria (1987)
• Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil (1995)
• Voronezh Oblast, Russia (1997)
• Montana, United States of America (1999)
• Poitou-Charentes, France (2002)
• Surat Thani Province, Thailand (2004)
• Newport, Wales, United Kingdom (1996)

References

1. ^ includes Weizhou and Xieyang Islands
2. ^ Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-586179-5.
3. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. "A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals". 6 January 1993.
4. ^ Zheng Yi. Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China. (Chinese name: 广西吃人狂潮真相, Guǎngxi Chīrén Kuángcháo Zhēnxiàn) Westview Press (1998).
5. ^ http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngjb/html/2009-05/07/node_303.htm
6. ^ http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region/
7. ^ http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region/
8. ^ The China Perspective | Guangxi Economic and Industry Profile/
9. ^ RightSite.asia | Beihai Export Processing Zone
10. ^ RightSite.asia ｜ Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
11. ^ RightSite.asia | Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area
12. ^ RightSite.asia | Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
13. ^ RightSite.asia | Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone
14. ^ According to Johnstone, Patrick; Schirrmacher, Thomas (2003). Gebet für die Welt. Hänssler, p. 255 ISBN 978-0813342757.

• Economic profile for Guangxi at HKTDC

External links

• Guangxi Government website
• Guangxi travel guide from Wikitravel