Gorman, California

Gorman
—  Unincorporated community  —
Gorman, California, from the west side of Interstate 5, which is marked by the white truck.
Location of Gorman in Los Angeles County, California
Coordinates: 34°47′46″N 118°51′06″W / 34.79611°N 118.85167°W / 34.79611; -118.85167Coordinates: 34°47′46″N 118°51′06″W / 34.79611°N 118.85167°W / 34.79611; -118.85167
Country	United States of America
State	California
County	Los Angeles
Area
– Total	2.390625 sq mi (6.2 km2)
Time zone	Pacific (UTC-8)
– Summer (DST)	Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-7)
ZIP code	93243
Area code(s)	661

Gorman, California, is an unincorporated community in northwestern Los Angeles County. As of 2005 it had just 15 homes and a few registered voters, but tens of thousands of motorists traveled through it daily on the Interstate 5 freeway.

Gorman is a historic rest stop in the Tejon Pass, which links Southern with Central California. It has the smallest school district in Los Angeles County, with one elementary school, whose existence has been threatened for the past 35 years. The settlement has been a site for at least four Hollywood motion pictures.

Geography

Gorman, some 1,530 acres (6.2 km²) in size,^[1] lies where three mountain ranges meet — the Sierra Pelonas, the Tehachapis. and the San Emigdios.

Wildflowers near Gorman.

One of the Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass, it is southeast of Frazier Park and south of Lebec. Interstate 5 runs through Gorman, and State Route 138 connects to the Interstate a few miles south.

The California poppy and other wildflowers cover the hills in springtime. In the early 1990s, the artist Christo arranged a set of umbrellas, in the form of colored cloth sheets on poles to add contrast to the summertime golden hills. Thousands of visitors flocked to Gorman from all over the world.^[2]

Population

The U.S. Census Bureau does not break out separate population figures for this small place, but in 2005 Gorman had only 15 homes and approximately a dozen registered voters.^[1][3]

History

Nineteenth century

James Gorman Sr. gave his name to the rest stop in the Tejon Pass.

Mountain Communities historian Bonnie Ketterl Kane said that Gorman is “one of the oldest continuously used roadside rest stops in California,” explaining that native Americans “would have stopped there when it was the Tataviam village of Kulshra’jek.”^[4]

The first white settler in the area was a man named Reed, who took up residence in the early 1850s, calling it Reed's Ranch. In 1857 a woman was killed on his ranch when the great Fort Tejon Earthquake struck the area and collapsed an adobe house.^[5] Reed then built a substantial log house that in 1858 became a stop for the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line.

He sold the property to Charles Johnson, and when Johnson died, the station was run by his widow, Soledad Girardo,^[4] when it went by the nickname "Rancho la Viuda" ("the Widow's Ranch" in Spanish).^[6] It was next bought by David W. Alexander, the sheriff of Los Angeles County, who sold the place to James Gorman Sr. in 1867 or 1868.^[7] The log "public house", which furnished food, lodgings, and liquor, soon became known as Gorman's Station.^[8]

Gorman was a veteran of the Mexican-American War of 1848 and was at Fort Tejon as a civilian teamster and herder in 1854 while it was being built. In 1876, Gorman Sr. died after he was run over by his own supply wagon.^[4]

The Butterfield Overland was discontinued in 1861 but was replaced by the Telegraph Stage Line, which stopped at almost all the former stations, including Gorman's, as it was known then, where the horses were changed. Six of them were used for the pull up from Bakersfield to Gorman's.^[8]

The first post office was established in December 1877 with Henry Gorman, probably James’ brother, as the postmaster.^[4] (The community today is served by a contract postal unit in the local market, but delivery is through the Lebec post office.) Johanna continued to run the family farm and the roadside rest until she died in 1889.

In 1898, the ranch was bought by Oscar Ralphs, whose brother, George, had already begun a business in Los Angeles (in 1872) that eventually became the Ralphs supermarket chain.^[4][7]

Twentieth century

“	They pioneered country stations when they put this one in.	”
—Lloyd Ralphs, commenting on the first gas station built on the Ridge Route, in 1923.[4]

In 1901, Oscar Ralphs married Mary McKenzie, who, as Mary Ralphs, later served 57 years on the Gorman School Board (from 1908 to 1965) and was honored for her service by Vice President Hubert Humphrey at a National School Boards Association convention.^[7][9]

The road through Gorman was paved in 1919, and in 1923, the first gasoline station in California to be located away from a railroad track was established by Standard Oil.^[4] Gorman was a stop on the Ridge Route of Highway 99, where its Standard service station beckoned travelers. It was a rest stop for the Greyhound bus until 1977 and for long-distance truckers, who now use a Pilot Flying J station in Lebec.

“Being located on the busiest highway in California,” wrote historian Kane, “the people of Gorman knew well the need for an ambulance, as so many of the injured were brought to their homes. An ambulance service was established in 1932 with the purchase of an old Packard automobile that was converted into an emergency unit, equipped with one stretcher. The ambulance could be reached through the switchboard at the motel, and whoever was available would drive it.”^[4]

Aviator Charles Lindbergh established a camp in 1930 on the northeast side of the Gorman Hills, where he tested and flew a folded-wing glider called the Albatross.^[4]

Twenty-first century

In January 2006, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors unanimously rejected a bid by 32 of the area’s 75 property owners to give up Gorman so it could be annexed to Kern County. Reasons cited for the proposal included red tape^[3] and zoning regulations restricting development^[1] in Los Angeles County. However, Los Angeles County and opponents of the proposal did not want to lose sales and occupancy-tax revenue the county collected annually from Gorman businesses.^{[citation needed]}

Government and infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Santa Clarita Valley Station in Santa Clarita, serving Gorman.^[10]

Education

Gorman Joint School District

Gorman Elementary School

Gorman Elementary School has two classrooms.

Accounts differ as to the origin of Gorman Elementary School, although the pioneer Ralphs family certainly played a role in its founding. According to researcher Harrison Irving Scott, the first school in the area appears to have been the one-room Manzana School, a mile south of Gorman, where in 1925 there were only four students — the Ralphs brothers, Glenn, Harry, Albert and Dewey. After it was torn down, the children went to Quail Lake School in another one-room schoolhouse. Gorman Elementary School was built by the federal government's Works Progress Administration in 1939. There is no accessible record of the first teacher, but Martha Forth was the second; she taught in 1941–1943.^[7]

Esther Pereira wrote in the Mountain Enterprise, however, that the Ralphs family "founded the school originally as the Quail Lake District. Classes were held in the Ralphs' family living room. The school was relocated to its present site and built on land donated by the Ralphs family, where it became known as the Gorman School District."^[9]

Threats to the district's existence

“	I'd stand on my head in the middle of Interstate 5 to save this school.	”
—Cecilia DeFazio, reading aide, cook, and bus driver at Gorman School.[11]

Gorman School District is the smallest in Los Angeles County, and over the years it has faced threats to its existence. In 1971 it was saved when the state Legislature narrowly defeated a measure that would have done away with school districts with fewer than 50 students. Attendance in Gorman School dropped to 32 students, and townspeople hustled to "borrow" 11 children from elsewhere in order to keep up the enrollment.^[12]

"Everybody in town immediately panicked," District Superintendent Lacy H. Ballagh, said. "We knew that if the bill passed, our children would probably be sent to the Quartz Hill School District on the outskirts of Lancaster and almost 50 miles (80 km) away.^[12]

In November 1978 the district was threatened when funding was cut back by the passage that year of California Proposition 13 (1978), which limited school district support from the state. Reduced salaries and other cost-cutting measures saved the district at that time.^[11]

By fall 2008, there was only one child from Gorman attending the elementary school; 40 came from the El Tejon Unified School District and one was from Neenach in the Westside Union School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education had warned a year earlier that the district might be dissolved if it did not find a way to solve its problems.^{[citation needed]}

But a land developer, Centennial Founders, in the meantime stepped forth with the desire to save the school district until it could build a proposed 23,000-home planned city east of Interstate 5 on Tejon Ranch property along Highway 138. It agreed to pay for a consultant to help the district find ways to stay afloat financially until the homes could be built and new schools constructed and operated there by the Gorman district.^[13]

Enrollment

In September 2008, Gorman Joint School District^[14] had just one K-8 elementary school with an enrollment of 42 pupils, only one of whom lived in Gorman. The others were transfers from neighboring El Tejon Unified School District or Neenach in the Westside Union School District.^[13]

In December 2010 Superintendent and Principal Martin Schmidt said that the district was at that point entirely a "school of choice" which had more than doubled its enrollment to 98 students and increased its Academic Performance Score from 679 to 784, with 800 being the goal for achievement. The increase in enrollment brought twice as much money from the state as before.^[15] Johannis Andrews, the principal for 2011-2012, said in August 2011 that attendance had increased to 101 students, with five teachers.^[16]

In order to bring in additional average-daily-attendance funds from the state, the district before 2008 took on responsibility for the Gorman Learning Center charter school in Redlands, 129 miles (208 km) away (Google map). The center had about 800 home-school students enrolled.^[13]

Ruth Ralphs

In January 2008, Ruth Ralphs was honored for 33 years of service to the Gorman School District. Ralphs, who was born on February 29, 1920, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, died on December 30, 2010.^[17] She was secretary-treasurer of James L. Ralphs Inc. and vice president of Tri-Foods, which owned Carl's Jr. in Gorman.^[18]

"During many of those 33 years, Ruth also managed Ralphs' family enterprises (such as gas stations, motels, a cafe, grazing rights and an antenna) while serving as postmistress of the Gorman Post Office," the local newspaper, the Mountain Enterprise, reported.^[9]

High schools

The Gorman area is a part of the Antelope Valley Union High School District, but in 1996 just four of its 24 high school children traveled the 40 miles (64 km) to attend Quartz Hill High School in Lancaster, the closest high school in that district. The others attended nearby Frazier Mountain High School under special permits.^[19]

Community colleges

Gorman is part of the Antelope Valley Community College District, whose Antelope Valley College campus is 45.6 miles (73.4 km) away via Highway 138 and West Avenue I.^[20]

Transportation

Gorman Post Road, looking north, on the east side of Interstate 5.

Seventy-four thousand people pass through Gorman daily via the Interstate 5 superhighway,^[21] but residents have a choice of local roads to avoid the freeway. Peace Valley Road parallels the freeway on the west, north of the town, for travel to Frazier Park and Lebec, and Gorman Post Road on the east, south of town, is a direct route to Highway 138.

Kern Regional Transit provides bus service Thursdays and Saturdays during the summer months from Gorman to Lebec, Frazier Park, Lake of the Woods, Pinon Pines, and Pine Mountain Club. It offers a dial-a-ride service all year. Connections can be made in Frazier Park or Lebec to a scheduled service to Grapevine and Bakersfield and further connection there to Greyhound and Amtrak.^[22]

See also

• The Mountain Enterprise newspaper, which circulates in Gorman and the surrounding area.
• California Floristic Province.

References and notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Daryl Kelley, “Hills Alive With Sound of Secession; new arrivals to Gorman want the area to join more growth-friendly Kern County,” Los Angeles Times, November 24, 2005, page B-1, retrieved October 11, 2008, from Times database (Document ID: 930984111)].
2. ^ Times Staff Writer. "Proposed Gorman Wildflower Preserve". Venturacountytrails.org. http://venturacountytrails.org/News/0117-GormanWildflowers/NewsPage.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Valerie Reitman, "Bid to Annex Gorman to Kern County Denied," Los Angeles Times, January 21, 2006, page B-3, retrieved October 11, 2008, from Times database (Document ID: 973071501).
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Kane, Bonnie Ketterl (March 2002). "A History of Gorman". Santa Clarita Valley in Pictures. http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/kane-gorman-2002.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
5. ^ Southern California Earthquake Center SCEDC Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857)
6. ^ Historian Frank F. Latta noted that the Johnsons' daughter, Isabel, was the only girl to study at the historic Escuela Normal of Los Angeles in the 1860s (page 21).
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Harrison Irving Scott, The Road That United California, self-published, 2002. See the book's index for the page numbers.
8. ^ ^{a b} Frank F. Latta, Saga of Rancho El Tejón, Santa Cruz, California: Bear State Books, 1976.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Pereira, Esther (January 25, 2008). "Gorman School District Honors Ruth Ralphs' 33 Years of Service". Mountain Enterprise. http://www.mountainenterprise.com/atf.php?sid=2275. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
10. ^ "Santa Clarita Valley Station." Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Retrieved on January 21, 2010.
11. ^ ^{a b} "District May Fold: Last Trip Near for Tired School Bus," Los Angeles Times, San Fernando Valley Section, page A-1
12. ^ ^{a b} "Gorman Residents Fight to Save County's Tiniest School District," Los Angeles Times, San Fernando Valley Section, June 20, 1971, page C-1
13. ^ ^{a b c} Hedlund, Patric; Gary Meyer (September 19, 2008). "Centennial Consultant Seeks Ways to Keep Troubled Gorman School District Afloat". Mountain Enterprise. http://www.mountainenterprise.com/atf.php?sid=3572. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
14. ^ Gorman is a "joint" school district because a small portion of it, uninhabited, has been transferred from Los Angeles County to Kern County.
15. ^ Patric Hedlund, "Gorman School Wins Kudos From Governor Schwarzenegger," Mountain Enterprise," December 17, 2010, pages 1 and 12
16. ^ "School Starts Wednesday," The Mountain Enterprise, August 12, 2011, page 8
17. ^ "Ruth Mavis Coleman Ralphs," Mountain Enterprise, January 7, 2011, page 8
18. ^ "Ruth Ralphs of Gorman Dies at 90," Mountain Enterprise, January 7, 2011, page 5
19. ^ Maeshiro, Karen (January 16, 1996). "Gorman Area May Pull Out Of A.V. School District.". Los Angeles Daily News. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83900611.html. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
20. ^ Google page showing the distance between Gorman and Antelope Valley College
21. ^ "Average daily traffic for 2007". California Division of Highways. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/saferesr/trafdata/2007all/r005-6i.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
22. ^ "Kern Regional Transit bus routes". County Roads Department Kern. http://www.co.kern.ca.us/roads/kernregionaltransit.asp. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 

External links

• A History of Gorman, by Bonnie Ketterl Kane