Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	Q80.3
OMIM	113800
DiseasesDB	33392
eMedicine	derm/590
MeSH	D017488

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, (also known as "Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma,"^[1] "Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,"^[2]:482 or "bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma Brocq"^[3]) is a rare skin disease in the ichthyosis family affecting around 1 in 250,000 people.

It involves the clumping of keratin filaments.^[4][5]:562

Presentation

At birth, affected babies are called "enfant brûlé", from the French for "burned child", because they look red and have a fragile top layer of skin which easily forms blisters and wounds. Such injury can be caused by diapers, or just by touching the baby. The wounds should be properly cared for, otherwise they are at risk from infection.^{[citation needed]}

The skin is stressed by birth. It gets better after some weeks and fewer blisters are formed. Some months later the skin starts scaling; this is caused by hyperkeratosis. There is a fairly large variation in the degree and extent of the scaling and the blisters.^{[citation needed]}

In particular, some patients have scaling and blisters on the palms and soles of the feet, whereas others do not. Usually scaling is seen on the rest of the body, often concentrated around the joints.^{[citation needed]}

Additionally, the skin develops blisters (hence the bullous part of the name). Typically these will be more common in children than in adults. Depending on the form of the disease patients may also experience palmoplantar keratoderma and frequent superimposed infections.^{[citation needed]}

Genetics

It is possible to classify epidermolytic hyperkeratosis based upon palm and sole hyperkeratosis.^[6]

This is a dominant^[7] genetic condition caused by mutations in the genes encoding the proteins keratin 1 or keratin 10.

• Keratin 1 is associated with the variants affecting the palms and soles.
• Keratin 10 is associated with the variants in which these are unaffected.

Key findings

generalized redness; thick, generally dark, scales that tend to form parallel rows of spines or ridges,especially near large joints; the skin is fragile and blisters easily following trauma; extent of blistering and amount of scale is variable

Treatment

Oral retinoids have proven effective in treating this disease. Depending on the side effects they may improve the quality of life.^[8] Examples are etretinate, acitretin, isotretinoin

Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy is really the only true therapy on the horizon for sufferers of EHK.

Over the past 10 years since the first EHK mouse model was developed, many ideas have been discussed about how best to cure EHK. Back as far as 1994 researchers were discussing new promising ideas such as topical lotions that would deliver ribozymes in a liposom cream. Ribozymes are a small piece of synthetic RNA which can digest RNA molecules. When cells make a protein from a gene on a chromosome sitting in the nucleus, the gene is first transcribed as a piece of RNA. This RNA is then translated into a protein. Ribozymes can be designed to destroy RNA molecules with specific sequences. In theory, this will stop the production of the protein encoded by the mutant alleles of the gene. This sounded like a promising theory however virtually no research funding has been applied to this idea over the past 10 years.

Luckily other new ideas have moved to the foreground that are even more promising. Successful gene therapy solutions have been recently achieved on mouse models by Jiang Chen M.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the laboratory of Dennis Roop, Ph.D., in the Center for Cutaneous Molecular Biology at Baylor College of Medicine's departments of molecular and cellular biology and dermatology in Houston.

In 1998 they developed an inducible mouse model for epidermolysis hyperkeratosis which is viable, because the expression of a mutant K10 allele can be restricted to a focal area of the skin. "Once the mutant K10 allele is activated in epidermal stem cells by topical application of an inducer, these stem cells continuously give rise to defective progeny that form hyperkeratotic lesions which persist for the life of the mouse. It was observed that partial suppression of the mutant K10 gene may be sufficient to eliminate the disorder."

To test this observation, Dr. Chen and his team of researchers developed siRNAs that target the mutant K10 gene products for degradation, without affecting normal K10 gene products. Dr. Chen observed that under these conditions, an efficient knock-down of mutant, but not normal, K10 genes could be achieved. The results allowed the normal K10 genes to function properly building healthy skin tissues. He claims that these results may prove to be a very vital step forward in forging a novel gene therapy and possible permanent corrective therapy for this debilitating skin disease.

Next Steps

Larger animal models are the next step required to determine the safety and efficacy of novel in vivo therapies before testing in human subjects. A spontaneously occurring large animal model has been identified as the recessive dystrophic EB in golden retrievers where type-VII collagen is absent. This disease has successfully been corrected using retroviral vectors and ex vivo gene transfer.^[9] Norfolk Terriers have been identified as having epidermolytic hyperkeratosis naturally. Once these cases have been cured as the golden retrievers have been cured for EB, EHK will be ready for human clinical trials. If anyone is aware of this next critical step being worked on, please post details about it here.

Maintenance

Until gene therapy solutions finally become reality, EHK sufferers must treat their fragile skin carefully. Most have learned that taking regular extended baths allows patients to care for their fragile skin and keep it manageable. Baths that include sea salt seem to improve the process of softening and removing the thickened skin.

See also

• Nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma
• Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
• Ichthyosis
• Isotretinoin (Accutane)
• Hyperkeratosis
• List of cutaneous conditions

References

1. ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0. 
2. ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071380760.
3. ^ synd/1036 at Who Named It?
4. ^ Cheng J, Syder AJ, Yu QC, Letai A, Paller AS, Fuchs E (September 1992). "The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes". Cell 70 (5): 811–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90314-3. PMID 1381287. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(92)90314-3. 
5. ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.
6. ^ DiGiovanna JJ, Bale SJ (August 1994). "Clinical heterogeneity in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis". Arch Dermatol 130 (8): 1026–35. doi:10.1001/archderm.130.8.1026. PMID 8053700. 
7. ^ Ross R, DiGiovanna JJ, Capaldi L, Argenyi Z, Fleckman P, Robinson-Bostom L (July 2008). "Histopathologic characterization of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a systematic review of histology from the National Registry for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Disorders". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 59 (1): 86–90. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.031. PMC 2517215. PMID 18571597. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190-9622(08)00263-6. 
8. ^ Brecher AR, Orlow SJ (2003). "Oral retinoid therapy for dermatologic conditions in children and adolescents". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49 (2): 171–82; quiz 183–6. doi:10.1067/S0190-9622(03)01564-0. PMID 12894062. 
9. ^ "Gene Therapy - Gene therapy progress and prospects: the skin - easily accessible, but still far away". http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v13/n22/full/3302855a.html. Retrieved 2008-01-03.