Russian apartment bombings

Russian apartment bombings
Location	Russia (Buynaksk-Moscow-Volgodonsk)
Date	September 4–16, 1999
Target	Low-income apartment buildings
Attack type	Time bombings
Death(s)	293
Injured	More than 1,000

The Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow, and Volgodonsk in September 1999, killing 293 people and injuring 651. The explosions occurred in Buynaksk on 4 September, Moscow on 9 and 13 September, and Volgodonsk on 16 September. Several other bombs were defused in Moscow at the time.^[1]

A similar bomb was found and defused in the Russian city of Ryazan on 23 September 1999. On the next day Federal Security Service Director Nikolai Patrushev announced that the Ryazan incident had been a training exercise.^[2]

Together with the Invasion of Dagestan launched from Chechnya in August 1999 by Islamist militia led by Shamil Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab, the bombings caused the Russian Federation to launch the Second Chechen War.

Although on 2 September 1999, the militia commander Ibn Al-Khattab announced that "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia,"^[3] on 14 September he denied responsibility for the blasts, adding that he was fighting the Russian army, not women and children.^[4]

An official investigation of the bombings was completed by the Russian Federal Security Service in 2002. According to the investigation and the court ruling that followed, the bombings were organized by Achemez Gochiyaev, who remained at large as of 2010, and ordered by Ibn Al-Khattab and Abu Omar al-Saif, who were later killed. Six other suspects have been convicted by Russian courts.

State Duma member Yuri Shchekochikhin filed two motions for a parliamentary investigation of the events, but the motions were rejected by the Duma in March 2000. An independent^[5] public commission to investigate the bombings was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev. The commission was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries.^[6][7] The Commission's lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested for exposing classified information.^[8]

Yury Felshtinsky (resides in the USA), Alexander Litvinenko (assassinated in 2006), Boris Berezovsky (oligarch in British exile), David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, the secessionist Chechen authorities claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack^{[dubious – discuss]} coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's popularity, and brought the pro-war Unity Party to the State Duma and Putin to the presidency within a few months.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

Gordon Bennett from Conflict Studies Research Centre, Robert Bruce Ware, Paul J. Murphy, Henry Plater-Zyberk, Simon Saradzhyan, Nabi Abdullaev and Richard Sakwa criticized the conspiracy theory, pointing out problems such as the lack of evidence.^{[21][22][23][24][25]}

Previous threats and bombings

A bomb detonated in a crowded market in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia-Alania on March 19, 1999 killing 62 and injuring many.

A Finnish journalist^[who?] who in mid-August 1999, before the bombings, travelled to the village of Karamakhi in Dagestan, interviewed some villagers and their military Commander General Dzherollak. The journalist wrote: "The Wahhabis' trucks go all over Russia. Even one wrong move in Moscow or Makhachkala, they warn, will lead to bombs and bloodshed everywhere." According to the journalist the Wahhabis had told him, "if they start bombing us, we know where our bombs will explode."^[26] In the last days of August, Russian military launched an aerial bombing of the villages.^[26]

Further bombings

On 29 March 2010, two suicide bombers blew themselves up on the Moscow Metro, killing 38 people. It was conjectured that the group responsible for the Russian apartment bombings might also have had links to the Moscow Metro bombings.^[27]

The bombings

Overview

Five apartment bombings took place and at least three attempted bombings were prevented.^[28] All bombing had the same "signature", judging from the nature and the volume of the destruction. In each case the explosive RDX was used, and the timers were set to go off at night and inflict the maximum number of civilian casualties.^[29] The explosives were placed to destroy the weakest, most critical elements of the buildings and force the buildings to "collapse like a house of cards".^[28] The terrorists were able to obtain or manufacture several tons of powerful explosives and deliver them to numerous destinations across Russia^[28][30]

Moscow mall

On 31 August 1999, at 20:00 local time (8:00 PM), a powerful explosion took place in a busy Moscow shopping center.^[31] One person was killed and 40 others injured.^[28] According to FSB, the explosion had been caused by a bomb of about 300g of explosives.^[31]

Buynaksk, Dagestan

On 4 September 1999, at 22:00 (18:00 GMT), a car bomb detonated outside a five story apartment building in the city of Buynaksk in Dagestan, near the border of Chechnya. The building was housing Russian border guard soldiers and their families.^[32] 64 people were killed and 133 were injured in the explosion.^[29][33] Another car bomb was found and defused in the same town.^[32][34] The defused bomb was in a car containing 2,706 kilograms of explosives. It was discovered by local residents in a parking lot surrounded by an army hospital and residential buildings.^[35]

Moscow, Pechatniki

Bombing at Guryanova Street. One section of the building completely collapsed.

On 9 September 1999, shortly after midnight local time, at 20:00 GMT,^[36] 300 to 400 kg of explosives detonated on the ground floor of an apartment building in south-east Moscow (19 Guryanova Street). The nine-story building was destroyed, killing 94 people inside and injuring 249 others. 15 nearby buildings were also damaged.^[36] A total of 108 apartments were destroyed during the bombing. An FSB spokesman identified the explosive as RDX.^[28] Residents said a few minutes before the blast four men were seen speeding away from the building in a car.^[37]

The President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin ordered the search of 30,000 residential buildings in Moscow for explosives.^[38] He took personal control of the investigation of the blast.^[30] Vladimir Putin declared 13 September a day of mourning for the victims of the attacks.^[36]

Moscow, Kashirskoye highway

On 13 September 1999, at 5:00 a.m., a large bomb exploded in a basement of an apartment block on Kashirskoye Highway in southern Moscow, about 6 km from the place of the last attack. 119 people died and 200 were injured. This was the deadliest blast in the chain of bombings. The eight-story building was flattened, littering the street with debris and throwing some concrete pieces hundreds of yards away.^[29][39]

Moscow, attempted bombings

According to FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Oksana Yablokova of The Moscow Times, official investigators defused explosives on Borisovskiye Prudy street in Moscow 14 September 1999.^[1][40] Yuri Felshtinsky and Alexander Litvinenko added a site in the Liublino district and another in Kapotnya to the list of caches.^[41] Satter wrote that three attempted bombings were prevented.^[42]

According to the messages received by Yuri Felshtinsky and by Prima News agency from someone claiming to be Achemez Gochiyaev, on 13 September 1999 a bomb was defused in a building in the Kapotnya area. A warehouse containing several tons of explosives and six timing devices was found at Borisovskiye Prudy. The author of the messages wrote that he called the police and warned about the bombing locations, which helped to prevent a large number of further casualties.^[43] Gochiyaev or his impersonators claimed that he was framed by his old acquaintance, an FSB officer who asked him to rent basements "as storage facilities" at four locations where bombs were later found.^[44][45]

Volgodonsk

A truck bomb exploded on 16 September 1999, outside a nine-story apartment complex in the southern Russian city of Volgodonsk, killing 17 people and injuring 69.^[28] The bombing took place at 5:57 am.^[46] Surrounding buildings were also damaged. The blast also happened nine miles from a nuclear power plant.^[46] Prime Minister Putin signed a decree calling on law enforcement and other agencies to develop plans within three days to protect industry, transportation, communications, food processing centers and nuclear complexes.^[46]

Ryazan incident

At 8:30 P.M. on 22 September, 1999, a resident of an apartment building in the city of Ryazan noticed two suspicious men who carried sacks into the basement from a car with a Moscow license plate.^{[35][47][48][49]} He alerted the police, but by the time they arrived the car and the men were gone. The policemen found three 50 kg sacks of white powder in the basement. A detonator and a timing device were attached and armed. The timer was set to 5:30 AM.^[29] Yuri Tkachenko, the head of the local bomb squad, disconnected the detonator and the timer and tested the three sacks of white substance with a "MO-2" gas analyzer. The device detected traces of RDX, the military explosive used in all previous bombings.^[28] Police and rescue vehicles converged from different parts of the city, and 30,000 residents were evacuated from the area. 1,200 local police officers armed with automatic weapons set up roadblocks on highways around the city and started patrolling railroad stations and airports to hunt the terrorists down.^[28]

At 1:30 A.M. on 23 September, the explosive engineers took a bit of substance from the suspicious-looking sacks to a firing ground located some kilometers away from Ryazan for testing.^[50] During the substance tests at that area they tried to explode it by means of a detonator, but their efforts failed, the substance was not detonated, and the explosion did not occur.^{[50][51][52][53]} At 5 A.M. Radio Rossiya reported about the attempted bombing noting that the bomb was set up to go off at 5:30 A.M. In the morning, "Ryazan resembled a city under siege". Composite sketches of three suspected terrorists, two men and a woman, were posted everywhere in the city and shown on TV. At 8:00 A.M. Russian television reported the attempt to blow out the building in Ryzan and identified the explosive used in the bomb as RDX.^[54] Vladimir Rushailo announced later that police prevented a terrorist act. A news block at 4 p.m. reported that the explosives failed to detonate during their testing outside the city^{[50][51][52][53][55][56]}

At 7 P.M. Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin praised the vigilance of the Ryazanians and called for the air bombing of the Chechen capital Grozny in response to the terrorism acts.^[57] He said^[58]:

“

If the sacks which proved to contain explosive were noticed, that means there is a positive side to it, if only the fact that the public is reacting correctly to the events taking place in our country today. I'd like ...to thank the public... No panic, no sympathy for the bandits.

”

Later, the same evening, a telephone service employee in Ryazan tapped into long distance phone conversations and managed to detect a talk in which an out-of-town person suggested to others that they "split up" and "make your own way out". That person's number was traced to a telephone exchange unit serving FSB offices.^[59] When arrested, the detainees produced FSB identification cards. They were soon released on orders from Moscow.^[60][61]

On 24 September, FSB director Nikolai Patrushev announced that the exercise was carried out to test responses after the earlier blasts.^[62] The Ryazan FSB "reacted with fury" and issued a statement saying^[58]:

“

This announcement came as a surprise to us and appeared at the moment when the ...FSB had identified the places of residence in Ryazan of those involved in planting the explosive device and was prepared to detain them.

”

FSB issued a public apology about the incident.^[62]

Related events

Ryazan incident controversy

Official explanation of the Ryazan incident

The Russia's General Prosecutor's Office, answering a parliamentary inquiry about apartment bombings in 2002 reported that^[2]

“

The investigation showed that to execute certain theses of the mutual order issued by the FSB Director and Russia's Minister of Internal Affairs about performing the Vortex-Antiterror operation, command of a special FSB unit approved a plan/task in 20 September 1999, which implied assembling groups of fake terrorists to be sent into certain regional cities, with the aim to test the security protection of vital infrastructure objects and apartments houses and to evaluate efficiency of undertaken special investigative techniques and regime measures. A team of three was assigned to enter Ryazan, study the current situation, and evaluate measures taken by the local law enforcement bodies to counteract possible terrorist acts. They were also to select convenient places to perform a "diversion" (apartments of the ground floor and the floor above in apartment houses, underground or different rooms in inhabited buildings), buy from three to five sacks of sugar and store them at the selected place, and manufacture mock-ups of explosive detonators to be placed on the sacks. The team arrived in Ryazan on 20 September 1999, in a VAZ-2107 car. During the day of 21 September 1999 they studied the city, the local situation and selected the required object. They chose the house 14/16 at Novosyolov Street, since it matched their task the best — there were a local police office and a big store nearby, and the entrance door to the basement was broken. On the morning of 22 September 1999, at a local market, they bought three sacks of sugar, and batteries and clocks with which to manufacture a mock detonator. In the "Kolchuga" store they bought a 12-gauge shotgun cartridge. At about 9 PM, the sacks of sugar were delivered to the house and brought into the basement; the mock detonator was installed on one of sacks... Investigation showed that ... operation in the city of Ryazan was not planned and carried out in the proper way, in particular, the question about limits of this action was not regulated, and there was no provision for informing local [security] bodies or police about the training nature of the installation in case it was unveiled. Along with that, actions of FSB employees did not have dangerous consequences for the society and did not lead to violations of rights and interests secured by the Law.

”

Explosives in Ryazan

The Russian Deputy Prosecutor declared in 2002 that a comprehensive testing of the samples showed no traces of any explosives, and that sacks from Ryazan contained only sugar.^[63] However Yuri Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, insisted that it was real. Tkachenko said that the explosives, including a timer, a power source, and a detonator were genuine military equipment and obviously prepared by a professional. He also said that the gas analyzer that tested the vapors coming from the sacks unmistakably indicated the presence of RDX. Tkachenko said that it was out of the question that the analyzer could have malfunctioned, as the gas analyzer was of world class quality, cost $20,000, and was maintained by a specialist who worked according to a strict schedule, checking the analyzer after each use and making frequent prophylactic checks. Tkachenko pointed out that meticulous care in the handling of the gas analyzer was a necessity because the lives of the bomb squad experts depended on the reliability of their equipment. The police officers who answered the original call and discovered the bomb also insisted that it was obvious from its appearance that the substance in the bomb was not sugar.^[28][64]

At a press conference on the occasion of the Federal Security Service Employee Day in December 2001 Yury Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, said that the gas analyzer had not been used. He added that the detonator was a hunting cartridge and that it would not be able to detonate any known explosives.^[65]

The type of explosives controversy

It was initially reported by the FSB that the explosives used by the terrorists was RDX (or "hexogen"). However, it was officially declared later that the explosive was not RDX, but a mixture of aluminum powder, niter (saltpeter), sugar, and TNT prepared by the perpetrators in a concrete mixer at a fertilizer factory in Urus-Martan, Chechnya.^[66][67] RDX is produced in only one factory in Russia, in the city of Perm.^[28] According to Satter, the FSB changed the story about the type of explosive, since it was difficult to explain how huge amounts of RDX disappeared from the closely guarded Perm facility.

A military storage with RDX disguised as "sugar"

In March 2000, the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported the account of Private Alexei Pinyaev of the 137th Regiment who guarded a military facility near the city of Ryazan. He was surprised to see that "a storehouse with weapons and ammunition" contained sacks with the word "sugar" on them. The two paratroopers cut a hole in one of the bags and made tea with the sugar taken from the bag. But the taste of the tea was terrible. They became suspicious since people were talking about the explosions. The substance turned out to be hexogen. After the newspaper report, FSB officers "descended on Pinyaev's unit", accused them of "divulging a state secret", and told them "You guys can't even imagine what serious business you've got yourselves tangled up in." The regiment later sued Novaya Gazeta for insulting the honor of the Russian Army, since there was no Private Alexei Pinyaev in the regiment, according to their statement.^[68] At an FSB press conference Private Pinyaev stated that there was no hexogen in the 137th Airborne Regiment and that he was hospitalized in December 1999 and no longer visited the range.^[65]

Incident in Russian Parliament

On 13 September, just hours after the second explosion in Moscow, Russian Duma speaker Gennadiy Seleznyov of the Communist Party made an announcement: "I have just received a report. According to information from Rostov-on-Don, an apartment building in the city of Volgodonsk was blown up last night".^{[69][70][71][72]} However, the bombing in Volgodonsk took place three days later, on 16 September. When the Volgodonsk bombing happened, Vladimir Zhirinovsky demanded an explanation in the Duma, but Seleznev turned his microphone off.^[69][73]

Two years later, in March 2002, Seleznyov claimed in an interview that he had been referring to an unrelated hand grenade-based explosion, which did not kill anyone and did not destroy any buildings, and which indeed happened in Volgodonsk.^[74][75] It remains unclear why Seleznyov reported such an insignificant incident to the Russian Parliament and why he did not explain the misunderstanding to Zhirinovsky and other Duma members.^[74]

FSB defector Alexander Litvinenko described this as "the usual Kontora mess up": "Moscow-2 was on the 13th and Volgodonsk on 16th, but they got it to the speaker the other way around," he said. Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin confirmed that the man who gave Seleznev the note was indeed an FSB officer.^[76]

Sealing of all materials by Russian Duma

The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.^[77][78] The Duma, on a pro-Kremlin party-line vote, voted to seal all materials related to the Ryazan incident for the next 75 years and forbade an investigation into what happened.^{[citation needed]}

Arrest of independent investigator Trepashkin

The commission of Sergei Kovalev asked lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin to investigate the case. Trepashkin found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer Vladimir Romanovich and that the latter was witnessed by several people. However, Trepashkin was unable to bring the evidence to court, because he was arrested by FSB in October 2003 (imprisoned in Nizhny Tagil), allegedly for "disclosing state secrets", just a few days before he was to make his findings public.^[79] He was sentenced by a military closed court to four years imprisonment.^[80] Amnesty International issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".^[81] Romanovich subsequently died in a hit and run accident in Cyprus. According to Trepashkin, his supervisors and people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".^[82] Commission chairman Kovalev summarized their findings as follows:^[83] "What can I tell? We can prove only one thing: there was no training exercise in the city of Ryazan. Authorities do not want to answer any questions..."

On 10 December 2006 Trepashkin wrote a letter to newspaper Novaya Gazeta where he claimed that the officials of the Regional Directorate against the Organized Crimes (RUOP) of Main Directorate of the Internal Affairs (GUVD) in Moscow arrested several people who were questioned in regards of buying and selling RDX. Soon after the arrest several officials from the N.P.Petrushev Directorate of FSB came to the headquarters of the GUVD on Shabolovka Street, took all of the material evidences, and ordered to fire all the officials that conducted the arrest. Later sometime in 2000 Trepashkin had meetings with several of the high-ranking officers from the RUOP that disclosed him the whole story. They offered the videocassette containing the footage that led to the arrest of the RDX dealers and offered to appear in court as witnesses. Trepashkin never publicized that to the Public Commission of the State Duma headed by Kovalev to avoid further involvement of the state security services. A similar videocassette possessed Aleksandr Litvinenko with whom Trepashkin contacted as well. Soon thereafter Trepashkin was arrested as a bandit and thrown in a car under a Chechen handgun loaded with seven bullets of the FSB officials which were accusing him in a plot against the President of the Russian Federation and was taken to the city of Dmitrov. The whole court process in regards to the bombings took place without him and behind the closed doors to avoid the information leak. Trepashkin was surprised how the officials of FSB found out about his investigations and became suspicious of couple of journalists with whom he conducted his investigations Levitov (survivability of whom he doubted) and V.V.Shebalin. Trepashkin later found that the latter disclosed everything to D.A.Paramonov, the member of FSB.^{[citation needed]}

Soon the controversial Litvinenko affair took place also. In January 2002 after the Shebalin's statement FSB confiscated the Trepashkin's PC where he had the last evidences of his investigations. After the FSB was not able to open the encrypted evidences in Trepashkin's computer they illegally destroyed it.^[84]

Claims and denials of responsibility for the blasts

After the first bombings, Moscow mayor Luzhkov asserted that no warning had been given for the attacks.^[31] A previously unknown group, protesting against growing consumerism in Russia, claimed responsibility for the blast. A note was found at the site of the explosion from the group, calling itself the Revolutionary Writers, according to the FSB.^[85]

On 2 September, Al-Khattab announced: "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia.",^[3] but Khattab would later on 14 September deny responsibility in the blasts, adding that he is fighting the Russian army, not women and children.^[4]

On 9 September, an anonymous person, speaking with a Caucasian accent, phoned the Interfax news agency, saying that the blasts in Moscow and Buynaksk were "our response to the bombings of civilians in the villages in Chechnya and Dagestan."^[30][86] In an interview to the Czech newspaper Lidove Noviny on 9 September, Shamil Basayev denied responsibility, saying: "The latest blast in Moscow is not our work, but the work of the Dagestanis. Russia has been openly terrorizing Dagestan, it encircled three villages in the centre of Dagestan, did not allow women and children to leave."^[87] A few days later Basayev denied that Islamist fighters were responsible for the blasts, and instead were connected to "Russian domestic politics."^[88] In a later interview, Basayev said he had no idea who was behind the bombings. "Dagestani’s could have done it, or the Russian special services."^[89]

From 9 September to 13 September, AP reporter Greg Myre conducted an interview with Ibn Al-Khattab, in which Al-Khattab as said, "From now on, we will not only fight against Russian fighter jets and tanks. From now on, they will get our bombs everywhere. Let Russia await our explosions blasting through their cities. I swear we will do it." The interview was published on 15 September.^[23][90] In a subsequent interview with Interfax, al-Khattab denied involvement in the bombings, saying "We would not like to be akin to those who kill sleeping civilians with bombs and shells."^[23][91]

On 15 September, an unidentified man, again speaking with a Caucasian accent, called the ITAR-TASS news agency, claiming to represent a group called the Liberation Army of Dagestan. He said that the explosions in Buynaksk and Moscow were carried out by his organization.^[30] According to him, the attacks were a retaliation to the deaths of Muslim women and children during Russian air raids in Dagestan. "We will answer death with death," the caller said.^[92] Russian officials from both the Interior Ministry and FSB, at the time, expressed skepticism over the claims.^[88] Sergei Bogdanov, of the FSB press service in Moscow, said that the words of a previously unknown individual representing a semi-mythical organization should not be considered as reliable. Mr. Bogdanov insisted that the organization had nothing to do with the bombing.^[93] On 15 September 1999 a Dagestani official also denied the existence of a "Dagestan Liberation Army".^[94]

Evidence that the bombings were staged

In his book Darkness at Dawn Satter reported that on 6 June 1999, three months before the bombings, Swedish journalist Jan Blomgren wrote in Svenska Dagbladet that one of options considered by the Kremlin leaders was "a series of terror bombings in Moscow that could be blamed on the Chechens."^[95] Satter also noted that on 22 July, the Moscow newspaper Moskovskaya Pravda published leaked documents about an operation, "Storm in Moscow", which, by organizing terrorist acts to cause chaos, would bring about a state of emergency, thus saving the Yeltsin regime.^[96]

Duma member Konstantin Borovoi said that he had been "warned by an agent of Russian military intelligence of a wave of terrorist bombings" prior to the blasts.^[95]

Investigations and theories

Main article: Explanation attempts for the Russian apartment bombings

Criminal investigation and court ruling

The official investigation was concluded in 2002. According to the Russian State Prosecutor office,^[67][97] all apartment bombings were executed under command of ethnic Karachay Achemez Gochiyayev. The operations were planned by Ibn al-Khattab and Abu Omar al-Saif, Arab militants fighting in Chechnya on the side of Chechen insurgents. Both Russia and USA accuse Al-Khattab of having direct links with Al-Qaida,^[98] though Khattab himself has always denied this.^[99][100] Al-Khattab and al-Saif were later killed during the Second Chechen War. The planning was carried out in Khattab's guerilla camps in Chechnya, "Caucasus" in Shatoy and "Taliban" in Avtury, according to the prosecution.^[97] Gochiyaev's group was trained at Chechen rebel bases in the towns of Serzhen-Yurt and Urus-Martan. The group's "technical instructors" were two Arab field commanders, Abu Umar and Abu Djafar, Al-Khattab was the bombings' brainchild.^[101] The explosives were prepared at a fertilizer factory in Urus-Martan Chechnya, by "mixing aluminium powder, nitre and sugar in a concrete mixer",^[102] or by also putting their RDX and TNT.^[67] From there they were sent to a food storage facility in Kislovodsk, which was managed by an uncle of one of the terrorists, Yusuf Krymshakhalov. Another conspirator, Ruslan Magayayev, leased a KamAZ truck in which the sacks were stored for two months. After everything was planned, the participants were organized into several groups which then transported the explosives to different cities.

Court ruling on events in Moscow

Al-Khattab paid Gochiyayev $500,000 to carry out the attacks at Guryanova Street, Kashirskoye Highway, and Borisovskiye Prudy, and then helped to hide Gochiyayev and his accomplices in Chechnya.^[25][43] In early September, 1999, Magayayev, Krymshamkhalov, Batchayev and Dekkushev reloaded the cargo into a Mercedes-Benz 2236^[103] trailer and delivered it to Moscow. En route, they were protected from possible complications by an accomplice, Khakim Abayev,^[103] who accompanied the trailer in another car. In Moscow they were met by Achemez Gochiyayev, who registered in Hotel Altai under the fake name "Laipanov", and Denis Saitakov. The explosives were left in a warehouse in Ulitsa Krasnodonskaya, which was leased by pseudo-Laipanov (Gochiyayev.) The next day, the explosives were delivered in "ZIL-5301" vans to three addresses – Ulitsa Guryanova, Kashirskoye Shosse and Ulitsa Borisovskiye Prudy, where pseudo-Laipanov leased cellars.^[103] Gochiyayev supervised the placement of the bombs in the rented cellars. Next followed the explosions at the former two addresses. The explosion at 16 Borisovskiye Prudy was prevented.^[25][104] Batchayev and Krymshakhalov admitted transporting a truckload of explosives to Moscow but said "they have never been in touch with Chechen warlords and did not know Gochiyaev".^[29] They said that someone "who posed as a jihad leader had duped them into the operation" by hiring them to transport his explosives, and they later realized this man was working for the FSB.^[29] They claimed that bombings were directed by German Ugryumov who supervised the FSB Alpha and Vympel special forces units at that time.^[105]

Court ruling on events in Buinaksk

The 4 September Buinaksk bombings were ordered by Al-Khattab, who promised the bombers $300,000 to drive their truck bombs into the center of the compound, which would have destroyed four apartment buildings simultaneously. However, the bombers parked on an adjacent street instead and blew up only one building. At the trial they complained that Khattab had not given them all the money he owed them.^[25] One of the bombers confessed working for Al-Khattab, but claimed he did not know the explosives were intended to blow up the military apartment buildings.^[25]

Court ruling on events in Volgodonsk

According to Dekkushev's confession he, together with Krymshamkhalov and Batchayev, prepared the explosives, transported them to Volgodonsk, and randomly picked the apartment building on Octyabrskoye Shosse to blow up. Abu Omar had promised to pay him for the job, but Dekkushev never got a single kopeck. According to Dekkushev, it wasn't the FSB that ordered the bombing, as Boris Berezovsky later claimed, but the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).^[25]

Sentences

Two members of Gochiyayev's group, which had carried out the attacks, Adam Dekkushev and Yusuf Crymshamhalov, have both been sentenced to life terms in a special-regime colony.^[106] Both defendants have pleaded guilty only to some of the charges. For instance, Dekkushev acknowledged that he knew the explosives he transported were to be used for an act of terror. Dekkushev also confirmed Gochiyaev's role in the attacks.^[107] Dekkushev was extradited to Russia on 14 April 2002 to stand trial. Crymshamhalov was apprehended and extradicted to Moscow.^[25][106] In 2000, six bombers involved in the Buynaksk attack were arrested in Azerbaijan and convicted of the bombing.^[25] Achemez Gochiyaev, the head of the group that carried out the attacks and allegedly the main organizer, remains a fugitive, and is under an international search warrant.^[106] In a statement released in January, 2004, the FSB said, "until we arrest Gochiyayev, the investigation of the apartment bloc bombings of 1999 will not be finished."^[108]

Suspects and accused

In September 1999, hundreds of Chechen nationals (out of the more than 100,000 permanently living in Moscow) were briefly detained and interrogated in Moscow, as a wave of anti-Chechen sentiments swept the city.^[109] All of them turned out to be innocent. According to the official investigation, the following people either delivered explosives, stored them, or harbored other suspects:

• Ibn al-Khattab (a Saudi-born Mujahid), who was killed by the FSB in 2002.

Moscow bombings

• Achemez Gochiyayev (an ethnic Karachai,^[110] has not been arrested; he is still at large^[111])
• Denis Saitakov (an ethnic Tatar from Uzbekistan,^[112] killed in Georgia in 1999–2000^[67][113])
• Khakim Abayev (An ethnic Karachai,^[110] killed by FSB special forces in May 2004 in Ingushetia^[114])
• Ravil Akhmyarov (a Russian citizen,^[115] Surname indicates an ethnic Tatar, killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000^[67])
• Yusuf Krymshamkhalov (an ethnic Karachai and Resident of Kislovodsk,^[116][117] arrested in Georgia in December 2002, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a jury^[29][118])
• Stanislav Lyubichev (a traffic police inspector, resident of Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai,^[116] who helped the truck with explosives pass the checkpoint after getting a sack of sugar as a bribe, sentenced to 4 years in May 2003^[119])

Volgodonsk bombing

• Timur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai,^[120] killed in Georgia in the clash with police during which Krymshakhalov was arrested^[67])
• Zaur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai^[121] killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000^[67])
• Adam Dekkushev (an ethnic Karachai,^[122] arrested in Georgia, threw a grenade at police during the arrest, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a jury^[29][66])

Buinaksk bombing

• Isa Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar^[120] and native of Dagestan,^[122] sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001^[123])
• Alisultan Salikhov (an ethnic Avar^[120] and native of Dagestan,^[122] sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001^[123])
• Magomed Salikhov (an ethnic Avar^[120] and native of Dagestan,^[124] arrested in Azerbaijan in November 2004, extradited to Russia, found not guilty on the charge of terrorism by the jury on 24 January 2006; found guilty of participating in an armed force and illegal crossing of the national border,^[125] he was retried again on the same charges on 13 November 2006 and again found not guilty, this time on all charges, including the ones he was found guilty of in the first trial.^[126] According to Kommersant Salikhov admitted that he made a delivery of paint to Dagestan for Ibn al-Khattab, although he was not sure what was really delivered.^[127])
• Ziyavudin Ziyavudinov (a native of Dagestan,^[128] arrested in Kazakhstan, extradited to Russia, sentenced to 24 years in April 2002^[129])
• Abdulkadyr Abdulkadyrov (an ethnic Avar^[120] and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 9 years in March 2001^[123])
• Magomed Magomedov (Sentenced to 9 years in March 2001^[123])
• Zainutdin Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar^[120] and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty^[123])
• Makhach Abdulsamedov (a native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty^[123]).

Attempts at independent investigation

The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.^[77][78]

An independent public commission to investigate the bombings, which was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev, was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries.^[130][131]

In a 2002 interview to Echo Moskvy Mr. Kovalev commented on the Ryazan incident^[9]:

“

In my opinion, the following version sounds quite truthworthy. The explosion of a house was not planned, but a training excercise was not planned as well. What was planned was the following action, a propaganda action, one may say so. First, to show the citizens that terrorists are active, that they did not refuse of their murderous plans, and the second point to hit was to show that the brave [security] services perform their duties excellently, and save denizens unveiling a nefarious plot. Why not a version? That plan, possibly, existed and failed. Truly to say, I am very reluctant to believe, that any sort of security services, obeying our supreme authorities were capable of exploding sleeping citizens of their country.

”

Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochikhin, both Duma members, have since died in apparent assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003, respectively.^[132][133] Another member of the commission, Otto Lacis, was assaulted in November 2003^[134] and two years later, on 3 November 2005, he died in a hospital after a car accident.^[135]

The commission asked lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin to investigate the case. Mr. Trepashkin claimed to have found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer Vladimir Romanovich and that the latter was witnessed by several people. Mr. Trepashkin was unable to bring the alleged evidence to the court because he was arrested in October 2003 for illegal arms possession, just a few days shortly before he was to make his findings public.^[79] He was sentenced by a Moscow military court to four years imprisonment for disclosing state secrets.^[80] Amnesty International issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".^[81] Romanovich subsequently died in a hit and run accident in Cyprus.^{[citation needed]}

However, in 2009 Russian Novaya Gazeta newspaper published a note, which stated that Romanovich died more than a year before the apartment bombings took place^[136]:

“

According to legally reliable texts of certificates of his [Romanovich's] death (the source is the bodies of power of the Republic of Cyprus), that we obtained after publishing that article, death of Romanovich occurred in April 1998.

”

Mr. Trepashkin investigated a letter attributed to Achemez Gochiyayev and found that the alleged assistant of Gochiyayev who arranged the delivery of sacks might have been Kapstroi-2000 vice-president Kormishin, a resident of Vyazma.^[137]

According to Mr. Trepashkin, his supervisors and the people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working together with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".^[82]

On 24 March 2000, two days before the presidential elections, NTV Russia featured the Ryazan events of Fall 1999 in the talk show Independent Investigation. The talk with the residents of the Ryazan apartment building along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed few days earlier. On 26 March Boris Nemtsov voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk.^[138] Seven months later NTV general manager Igor Malashenko said at the JFK School of Government that Information Minister Mikhail Lesin warned him on several occasions. Mr. Malashenko's recollection of Mr. Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV "crossed the line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin.^[139] According to Alexander Goldfarb, Mr. Malashenko told him that Valentin Yumashev brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before airing the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.(Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007, p. 198)

Artyom Borovik told Grigory Yavlinsky that Borovik investigated the Moscow apartment bombings and prepared a series of publications about them.^[140] Mr. Borovik received numerous death threats, and he died in an airplane crash in March 2000.^[141]

Journalist Anna Politkovskaya and former security service member Alexander Litvinenko, who investigated the bombings, were killed in 2006.^[142]

Surviving victims of the Guryanova street bombing asked President Dmitry Medvedev to resume the investigation in 2008.^[83]

Theory of Russian government conspiracy

Yury Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, the secessionist Chechen authorities claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack^{[dubious – discuss]} coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's popularity, and brought the pro-war Unity Party to the State Duma and Putin to the presidency within a few months.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

According to the theory, the bombings were a successful coup d'état organized by the FSB to bring future Russian president Vladimir Putin to power. Some of them described the bombings as typical "active measures" practiced by the KGB in the past. David Satter stated, during his testimony in the United States House of Representatives,

"With Yeltsin and his family facing possible criminal prosecution, however, a plan was put into motion to put in place a successor who would guarantee that Yeltsin and his family would be safe from prosecution and the criminal division of property in the country would not be subject to reexamination. For “Operation Successor” to succeed, however, it was necessary to have a massive provocation. In my view, this provocation was the bombing in September, 1999 of the apartment building bombings in Moscow, Buinaksk, and Volgodonsk. In the aftermath of these attacks, which claimed 300 lives, a new war was launched against Chechnya. Putin, the newly appointed prime minister who was put in charge of that war, achieved overnight popularity. Yeltsin resigned early. Putin was elected president and his first act was to guarantee Yeltsin immunity from prosecution."^[143]

In a 2002 interview to Echo Moskvy Sergei Kovalev referred to the theory of Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky as a "pure conspiracy", albeit stating that every theory should be checked.^[9]

Other investigations

Maura Reynolds from Los Angeles Times investigated Ryazan events by interviewing and quoting Alexei Kartofelnikov, one of the 2 residents who persisted in calling militia, Tatyana Borycheva, Tatyana Lukichyova, also residents, Lt. Col. Sergei Kabashov, Yuri Bludov, the spokesman for the regional FSB.^[47]

Helen Womack from The Independent quoted Alexei Kartofelnikov's daughter Yulia, police officer Major Vladimir Golev, Lt. Col. of the Ryazan police Sergei Kabashov.^[48]

John Sweeney a journalist at Observer, later for BBC, quoted Vladimir Vasiliev, one of the 2 Ryazan apartment residents who tipped militsia, an "inspector" "from the local police" Andrei Chernyshev, "grandmother Clara Stepanovna", "head of the local bomb squad" Yuri Tkachenko, head of the regional FSB Alexander Sergeyev and others.^[49]

Statements in support

U.S. Senator and presidential candidate John McCain said that there remained "credible allegations that Russia's FSB had a hand in carrying out these [Moscow apartment bombing] attacks".^[20]

Paul Khlebnikov wrote that former Security Council chief Alexandr Lebed in his 17 February 1997 interview with Le Figaro was almost convinced that the government organized the terrorist attacks against its own citizens.^[144]

According to Johann Hari, "the FSB is simply the renamed KGB, whose raison d'etre for decades was essentially institutional terror in the service of the government. Putin is himself an ex-KGB man, and he has twice blocked, through the Duma, any independent investigation into the bombings. No evidence of Chechen involvement has ever been forthcoming, and the Chechen groups have claimed that they were not responsible — although they admit to other acts of violence. The Ryazan "training exercise" excuse is preposterous. It does seem to suggest that the Russian secret services were caught red-handed".^[145]

A famous American author in military strategy J.R. Nyquist suggested that Russian secret military operation should also be considered.^[146]

Criticism

Officials

In 2000, Russia's President Vladimir Putin dismissed the allegations of FSB involvement in the bombings as "delirious nonsense." "There are no people in the Russian secret services who would be capable of such crime against their own people. The very allegation is immoral," he said.^[147] An FSB spokesman said that "Litvinenko's evidence cannot be taken seriously by those who are investigating the bombings".^[148]

Sergei Markov, an advisor to the Russian government, criticized the film Assassination of Russia which supported the FSB involvement theory. Markov said that the film was "a well-made professional example of the propagandist and psychological war that Boris Berezovsky is notoriously good at." Markov found parallels between the film and the conspiracy theory that the United States and/or Israel organized the 9/11 attacks to justify military actions.^[149]

Scholars

According to researcher Gordon Bennett, the conspiracy theory that the FSB was behind the bombings is kept alive by the Russian oligarch and Kremlin-critic Boris Berezovsky. Bennett points out that neither Berezovsky nor his team (which includes Alexander Litvinenko) have provided any evidence to support their claims. In the BBC World Hard Talk interview on 8 May 2002, Berezovsky was also unable to present any evidence for his claims, and he did not suggest he was in possession of such evidence which he would be ready to present in a court.^[22] Bennett also points out that Putin's critics often forget that the decision to send troops to Chechnya was taken by Boris Yeltsin — not Vladimir Putin — with the wholehearted support of all power structures.^[22]

Professor Richard Sakwa has commented on the claims of Berezovsky and Litvinenko, saying that the evidence they presented was at best circumstantial.^[21]

Dr. Mike Bowker, from the University of East Anglia, has said that the inference that the bombings were carried out by the Russian authorities is uncorroborated by evidence. According to Bowker, the theory also ignores the history of Chechen terrorism and public threats by various Chechen rebels following their defeat in Dagestan – which included Khattab telling a Czech and a German newspaper, a few days before the bombings in Moscow, that "Russian women and children will pay for the crimes of Russian generals." and that "this will not happen tomorrow, but the day after tomorrow"^[150][151]

Dr. Vlad Sobell has pointed out that the proponents of the theory that the second invasion of Chechnya was a plot by Putin to get elected regularly ignore the key fact that Putin's attack on Chechnya in 1999 was preceded by a Chechen insurrection in Dagestan, whose objective was to turn it into another unstable Chechnya.^[152]

According to Associate Professor Henry E. Hale of Harvard University, one thing that remains unclear about the "FSB did it" theory: If the motive was to get an FSB-friendly man installed as president, why would the FSB have preferred Putin, a little-known "upstart" who had leapt to the post of FSB director through outside political channels, to Primakov, who was certainly senior in stature and pedigree and who was also widely reputed to have a KGB past?^[153]

According to Dr. Robert Bruce Ware of Southern Illinois University, "The assertions that Russian security services are responsible for the bombings is at least partially incorrect, and appears to have given rise to an obscurantist mythology of Russian culpability. At the very least, it is clear that these assertions are incomplete in so far as they have not taken full account of the evidence suggesting the responsibility of Wahhabis under the leadership of Khattab, who may have been seeking retribution for the federal assault upon Dagestan's Islamic Djamaat."^[23]

Dr. Kirill Pankratov, in a 2003 letter to the Johnson's Russia List, spoke against Satter's and Putley's theory. He noted that 1) there was no need for "another pretext for military operation in Chechnya at the time of the Ryazan incident", but there were already a "plenty of reasons for decisive military response", 2) the FSB of other security service^{[clarification needed]} was institutionally incapable of such a conspiracy after years of decline in the 1990s, 3) the conspirators were not actually trying to blow a building up in Ryazan; however, their sloppy actions are "consistent with the training exercise version of events", 4) the FSB did not have to declare the incident a "training exercise", but "it was much easier to show great relief... and continue trying to find the perpetrators of the bombing attempt."^[154]

Security and policy analysts Simon Saradzhyan and Nabi Abdullaev noted that Litvinenko and Felshtinsky did not provide any direct evidence to back up their claims about FSB involvement in the bombings.^[155]

Analysts

Andrey Soldatov is skeptical about Mikhail Trepashkin's awareness of the details of the Russian apartment bombings. According to Soldatov, the Russian government's suppression of the discussion of the FSB involvement theory reflects paranoia rather than guilt on its part. He points out that, ironically, the paranoia produced the conspiracy theories that the government was keen to stamp out.^[156]

In 2009, Russian journalist and radio host Yulia Latynina, commenting on Scott Anderson's article "Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power" noted that deaths of Sergey Yushenkov and Yury Schekochihin "in any case, had no relation to bombings in Moscow". Latynina opined, that the version that FSB did the bombings was not only absurd, but purposefully invented by Berezovsky after he was deprived of the power. Her major argument was, that since Berezovsky was one of the key figures to push Putin into the power, he knew for certain the theory was wrong. If Berezovsky felt that "there are some people else beyond Putin, some fearsome siloviks who can explode houses, they [the Family] would throw Putin away, as a hot potato".^[157]

Theory of Ibn Al Khattab's Involvement

Paul J. Murphy, a former US counterterrorism expert stated that "the evidence that Al-Khattab was responsible for the apartment building bombings in Moscow is clear".^[25] Murphy also states "the findings by the Russian government prove that the Liberation Army of Dagestan, which claimed responsibility for the attacks, is the same as Al-Khattab's Islamic Army of Dagestan, which launched the invasion of Dagestan from Chechnya in August, 1999".^[25]

Professor Peter Reddaway and researcher Dmitri Glinski described the involvement of the Liberation Army of Dagestan as the best explanation for the bombings.^[153]

According to Dr. Robert Bruce Ware, an associate professor of Southern Illinois University, the best explanation for the apartment block blasts is that they were perpetrated by Wahhabis under the leadership of Khattab, as retribution for the federal attacks on Karamachi, Chabanmakhi, and Kadar. "If the blasts were organized by Khattab and other Wahhabis as retribution for the federal attacks on Dagestan's Islamic Djamaat, then this would explain the timing of the attacks, and why there were no attacks after the date on which fighting in Dagestan was concluded. It would explain why no Chechen claimed responsibility. It would account for Basayev's reference to Dagestani responsibility, and it would be consistent with Khattab's vow to set off bombs everywhere... blasting through [Russian] cities."^[23]

In March 2010 article Yulia Latynina wrote^[158]:

“

The 1999 bombing in Buinaksk, in Dagestan, was carried out by local militants who were fighting to install "pure Islam" in the republic. Several Moscow blasts were orchestrated by two men from the republic of Karachayevo-Cherkessia — Achemez Gochiyayev and his brother-in-law Khakim Abayev. Gochiyayev also staged a series of simultaneous bombings in late 2000 and early 2001. He was joined by Denis Saitakov, a Tartar, and Rustam Akhmyarov, who is half-Bashkir, half-Russian.

”

Chronology of events of June–October of 1999

• 18 June, — attacks on two pickets of Interior troops at the Chechnya-Dagestan were performed from the side of Chechnya, as well as offense against a company of Cossacks in Stavropol Krai took place. Russian authorities closed most of checkpoints on the Chechen border.^[159]
• 23 June, — shooting of an Interior troops picket at Pervomaiskoe village of Khasavyurtovsky District in Dagestan from Chechnya.^[160]
• 23 July, — Chechen militants attacked an Interior troops pictet in Dagestan which defended Kopaevsky Hydro Scheme. MVD of Dagestan claimed that "this time Chechens performed a reconnaissance in force, and soon large scale actions by armed gangs will take place along the whole Dagestan-Chechen border."^[161]
• 29 July, — Aslan Maskhadov accused Western security services of exacerbating tensions at Chechen-Dagestan border.^[159]
• 1 August, — Dagestani Wahhabis and Chechens who supported them claimed that Sharia governing was introduced in Dagestan.^[159]
• 2 August, — first clashes in Tsumadinsky District of Dagestan between local Wahhabis and militia moved from Makhachkala.^{[citation needed]}
• 7 August, — massive intrusion into Dagestan from Chechnya by Chechen militants under the command of deputy commander in chief of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Basayev and field commander Khattab (400 people).^{[citation needed]}
• 9 August, — heads of Shura of Muslims of Chechnya and Dagestan Shamil Basayev, Dokku Umarov, Khattab, Adallo Mukhammed declared establishment of an independent Islamic state of Dagestan, which included settlements in Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky districts captured by militants.^[159] An unofficial television studio started operating in Chechnya and broadcasting video recordings of events in Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky Districts, calls to jihad and other kind of Wahhabi propaganda on Khasaviurtovsky District and Kizilyurtovsky District of Dagestan.^[162]
• 9 August, — Sergey Stepashin was dismissed from the position of the chairman of the Russian Government, and Vladimir Putin was appointed instead of him.^{[citation needed]}
• 10 August, — President of CRI Aslan Maskhadov claimed that only Dagestani are fighting in Dagestan and citizens of Chechnya do not participate in the offensive, "although several misguided ones can be there". Replying to the question about his attitude towards the "Declaration of Independence of Dagestan" approved by the Islamic Shura of Dagestan Maskhavod claimed that it's a purely internal affair of Russia and Dagestan that Chechnya had no relation to. He failed to explain participation of citizens of the Chechen Republic Shamil Basayev, his brother Shirvani, Khattab, Khunker Israpilov and other Chechen field commanders in military actions in Dagestan.^[162]
• 12 August, — deputy head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia I. Zubov stated that a letter with a proposal to perform a joint operation with Federal troops against islamists in Dagestan was sent to the President of CRI Maskhadov. Zubov also proposed Maskhadov to "solve the problem of liquidating bases, places for stogare and resort of unlawful militant formations, that the Chechen leadership refused to have anything to do with."^[163][164]
• 14 August, — former president of CRI Yandarbiyev, a head of the union "Caucasian Confederation" and of the Organization of Islamic Unity of Caucasus claimed that "events that are currently developed in Dagestan may become the major and decisive stage on the way to liberate the Caucasus". He called Muslims of Caucasus to support the "jihad of Dagestan", claiming that "there will be no mercy for those who will not acknowledge their mistakes and won't take an active position on the side of Muslims".^{[citation needed]}
• 16 August, — speaking on a rally in Grozny Aslan Maskhadov blamed Russia's leadership of destabilizing situation in Dagestan. According to him, the conflict in Dagestan is developed according to the "plot of Moscow", which is looking for a pretext for military (enforced) pressure against Chechnya.^[165] Maskhadov declared a state of military emergency in Chechnya for a term of 30 days, and announced partial mobilization of reservists and participants of the First Chechen War.^[166][167]
• 16–24 August, — denizens of several settlements in Naursky and Shelkovskoy Districts of Chechnya performed rallies with a claim addressed to the leadership of Ichkeria to "disentangle itself from activities of extremists and to use force to expel them from the Chechen land".^[165]
• 18 August, — a meeting of field commanders and participants of the First Chechen war took place in Grozny, with participation of Maskhadov, Yandarbiyev, Basayav and other figures in Ichkeria. Basayev addressed the assemblage with an appeal to support the "war for faith" in Dagestan. The majority of field commanders while abstaining from taking part in military actions in Botlikhskiy District, yet provided aid with ammunition, medication and transportation.^[165]
• August 24, — pressurized by Russia's troops, squads of Chechen militants are forced to retreat to Chechnya.^{[citation needed]}
• August 25, — bases of militants in Chechnya were bombed by Russian aviation. The command of Federal forces claims that it "reserves the right to bomb bases of militants at the land of any region in the North Caucasus including Chechnya".^{[citation needed]}
• August 29, — Federal forces started the operation against Karamakhi and Chabanmakhi (Bujnakskiy District of Dagastan), which were controlled by Wahhabis who claimed Sharia government there yet in August 1998.^[159] A. Maskhadov with his decree called off M. Udugov's membership in the Security Council of CRI because in his opinion Udugov "turned out to be a partisan of the mass scale ideological diversion against the Chechen Government" and "put brotherly relationships with Dagestan at risk of a break" with his support of the invasion to Dagestan.^[165]
• August 31, — explosion in Moscow in a shopping centre Okhotny Ryad.^{[citation needed]}

To be completed...

See also

• "Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power" controversy

References

1. ^ ^{a b} (Russian)Volgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings, an interview with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and MVD head of information Oleg Aksyonov by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, Echo of Moscow, 16 September 1999. computer translation
2. ^ ^{a b} Ответ Генпрокуратуры на депутатский запрос о взрывах в Москве(Russian), machine translation.
3. ^ ^{a b} Ethnic War, Holy War, War O' War: Does the Adjective Matter in Explaining Collective Political Violence?, Edward W. Walker, University of California, Berkeley, 1 February 2006 (from “Chechen Guerrilla Khattab, Veteran of Anti- Struggle,” Agence France Press, 14 September, 1999, distributed on the Chechnya listserv 14 September 14, 1999)
4. ^ ^{a b} Chechen president advocates joint action with Russia against terrorism, Newsline, RFERL, 15 September 1999
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6. ^ MN.RU: Московские Новости
7. ^ Радиостанция "Эхо Москвы" / Передачи / Интервью / Четверг, 25.07.2002: Сергей Ковалев
8. ^ Russian Ex-Agent's Sentencing Called Political, Kim Murphy, Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2004
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10. ^ ^{a b} Boris Kagarlitsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Comparative Politics, writing in the weekly Novaya Gazeta, says that the bombings in Moscow and elsewhere were arranged by the GRU
11. ^ ^{a b} David Satter – House committee on Foreign Affairs
12. ^ ^{a b} Felshtinsky & Pribylovsky 2008, pp. 105–111
13. ^ ^{a b} Video on YouTubeIn Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko, Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with Anna Politkovskaya
14. ^ ^{a b} Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International
15. ^ ^{a b} Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast, Richard C. Paddock, Los Angeles Times, 10 September 1999
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19. ^ ^{a b} ’’The consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia’’ by Joel M. Ostrow, Georgil Satarov, Irina Khakamada p.96
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22. ^ ^{a b c} Vladimir Putin & Russia's Special Services Gordon Bennet, 2002
23. ^ ^{a b c d e} (Sakwa 2005)
24. ^ The UK & Russia - A Troubled Relationship Part I
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27. ^ "Moscow vows to avenge bomb blasts". BBC News. 29 March 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8593961.stm. Retrieved 23 May 2010. 
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29. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007
30. ^ ^{a b c d} Dr Mark Smith, A Russian Chronology July 1999 – September 1999
31. ^ ^{a b c} Blast rocks Moscow, BBC News, 1 September 1999
32. ^ ^{a b} Russia hit by new Islamic offensive
33. ^ 6 Convicted in Russia Bombing That Killed 68, Patrick E. Tyler, The New York Times, 20 March 2001
34. ^ Vladimir Putin and his corporate gangsters
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37. ^ Russian blast deaths blamed on terrorism, Helen Womack, The Independent, 10 September 1999
38. ^ Satter 2003, p. 65
39. ^ Dozens dead in Moscow blast
40. ^ Ex-Agent Presents Pieces of a Puzzle, Oksana Yablokova, The Moscow Times, 2002-07-26
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43. ^ ^{a b} Russia hits back over blasts claims
44. ^ Achemez Gochiyaev: I’ve been framed up by a FSB agent by Prima News, 25 July 2002
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46. ^ ^{a b c} ANOTHER BOMBING KILLS 18 IN RUSSIA
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49. ^ ^{a b} The Fifth Bomb: Did Putin's Secret Police Bomb Moscow in a Deadly Black Operation?, John Sweeney, Cryptome, 24 November 2000
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56. ^ politcom.ru/2002/aaa_skandal20.php
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63. ^ Answer of the General Prosecutor's office on the deputy request (on explosions in Moscow)
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65. ^ ^{a b} (Russian)Today is the Federal Security Service Employee Day: Satisfied with the year summary, Ryazanskie Vedomosti, 20 December 2001, computer translation
66. ^ ^{a b} (Russian) Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"
67. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Only one explosions suspect still free, Kommersant, 10 December 2002.
68. ^ The Age of Assassins, pages 127–129
69. ^ ^{a b} Death of a Dissident, page 265
70. ^ HAUNTING YUSHENKOV LECTURE BROADCAST, The Jamestown Foundation, 12 June 2003
71. ^ CDI
72. ^ (Russian) Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance"), NewsRu.com, 21 March 2002
73. ^ Vladimir Zhirinovsky said in the Russian Duma: "Remember, Gennadiy Nikolaevich, how you told us that a house has been blown up in Volgodonsk, three days prior to the blast? How should we interpret this? The State Duma knows that the house was destroyed on Monday, and it has indeed been blown up on Thursday [same week]... How come... the state authorities of Rostov region were not warned in advance [about the future bombing], although it was reported to us? Everyone is sleeping, the house was destroyed three days later, and now we must take urgent measures..." [Seleznev turned his microphone off].[1]
74. ^ ^{a b} "Darkness at Dawn, page 269.
75. ^ (Russian) Reply of the Public Prosecutor Office of the Russian Federation to a deputy inquiry
76. ^ Death of a Dissident, page 266
77. ^ ^{a b} Duma Rejects Move to Probe Ryazan Apartment Bomb, Terror-99, 21 March 2000
78. ^ ^{a b} Duma Vote Kills Query On Ryazan, The Moscow Times, 4 April 2000
79. ^ ^{a b} For Trepashkin, Bomb Trail Leads to Jail, The Moscow Times, 14 January 2004
80. ^ ^{a b} Russian Ex-Agent's Sentencing Called Political Investigator was about to release a report on 1999 bombings when he was arrested, The Los Angeles Times, 20/05/2004
81. ^ ^{a b} Russian Federation: Amnesty International calls for Mikhail Trepashkin to be released pending a full review of his case
82. ^ ^{a b} (Russian) Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin, RFE/RL, 1 December 2007. "давай вместе работать против Литвиненко и уйди из комиссии по взрывам домов и тогда тебя никто не тронет. Я говорил со своими шефами, совершенно точно, тебя не тронут. Кончай с Ковалевым Сергеем Адамовичем контактировать в Госдуме и так далее."
83. ^ ^{a b} (Russian) The bombing case. Victims ask the president to resume the investigation (Russian), RFE/RL, 2 June 2008
84. ^ Trepashkin's letter to Novaya Gazeta
85. ^ Media mystified by mall blast
86. ^ (Russian) The explosion of an apartment house in Moscow put an end to calm in the capital, A. Novoselskaya, S. Nikitina, M. Bronzova, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 September 1999 (computer translation)
87. ^ Russia's bombs: Who is to blame?
88. ^ ^{a b} AUTUMN 1999 TERRORIST BOMBINGS HAVE A MURKY HISTORY, Monitor, Volume 8, Issue 27, Jamestown Foundation, 7 February 2002
89. ^ Rebel Chief, Denying Terror, Fights to 'Free' Chechnya, Carlotta Gall, The New York Times, 16 October 1999
90. ^ Al-Khattab: From Afghanistan to Dagestan, Reuven Paz, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 20 September 1999
91. ^ Warlord Becoming Most Feared Man In Russia, Greg Myre, The AP, 15 September 1999
92. ^ Russia caught in sect's web of terror
93. ^ ’’Islam in Russia’’ by Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, J. Collins. P.91
94. ^ Russia: Dagestani official denies existence of Dagestan Liberation Army
95. ^ ^{a b} Darkness at Dawn, page 267
96. ^ Darkness at Dawn, page 63
97. ^ ^{a b} (Russian) Results of the investigation of explosions in Moscow and Volgodonsk and an incident in Ryazan. The answer of the Russian state Prosecutor office to the inquiry of Gosduma member A. Kulikov, circa March 2002 (computer translation)
98. ^ Chechens 'confirm' warlord's death
99. ^ http://www.religioscope.info/article_88.shtml
100. ^ http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=640#4
101. ^ RUSSIA: THE FSB VOWS TO CAPTURE THE REMAINING CO-CONSPIRATORS IPR Strategic Business Information Database. 2004-01-13
102. ^ Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"
103. ^ ^{a b c} Moscow court rulings
104. ^ DOCUMENTS AND TESTIMONIES
105. ^ Hexogen trail, Novaya Gazeta, 09.12.2002
106. ^ ^{a b c} Apartment houses-blasts defendants sentenced to life imprisonment
107. ^ Agence France-Presse 8 September 2002 Alleged suspect for 1999 bombings hiding in Georgia: Russian FSB CORRECTION: ATTENTION – ADDS background
108. ^ Convicted Terrorists Sentenced to Long Prison Terms
109. ^ Chechens rounded up in Moscow, The Guardian, 18 September 1999
110. ^ ^{a b} ACHIMEZ GOCHIYAYEV: RUSSIA’S TERRORIST ENIGMA RETURNS
111. ^ Gochiyayev's wanted page on FSB web site
112. ^ Russia: Grasping the Reality of Nuclear Terror
113. ^ Putin’s defense sector appointees
114. ^ Karachayev terrorists found in the morgue, Kommersant, 8 June 2004.
115. ^ Процесс о взрывах жилых домов: адвокат Адама Деккушева просит его полного оправдания
116. ^ ^{a b} Court starts hearings into 'hexogen case'
117. ^ http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/094.htm Separatists Tied to '99 Bombings.
118. ^ Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004.
119. ^ A terrorist has imprisoned a policeman, Kommersant, 15 May 2003.
120. ^ ^{a b c d e f} ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ К ВЗРЫВАМ В МОСКВЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНЫ, FSB website
121. ^ NEWS FROM RUSSIA",Vol.VI, Issue No.18, dated 1 May 2003
122. ^ ^{a b c} Disrupting Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catastrophic Attacks
123. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Buinaksk terrorists sentenced to life, Kommersant, 20 March 2001.
124. ^ Suspect in 1999 Buinaksk bombing brought to Russia, Jurist, 13 November 2004
125. ^ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect, Lenta.Ru, 2006 Jan 24.
126. ^ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect again, Lenta.Ru, 2006 November 13.
127. ^ Khattab said: Your task is small, Kommersant, 13 November 2006.
128. ^ One More Participant of Terrorist Act in Buinaksk, Dagestan, Detained in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
129. ^ They should be blown up, not put on trial, Kommersant, 10 April 2002
130. ^ Putin critic loses post, platform for inquiry, The Baltimore Sun, 11 December 2003
131. ^ Russian court rejects action over controversial "anti-terrorist exercise", Interfax, 3 April 2003
132. ^ Chronology of events. State Duma Deputy Yushenkov shot dead, Centre for Russian Studies, 17 April 2003
133. ^ Worries Linger as Schekochikhin's Laid to Rest, The Moscow Times, 7 July 2003
134. ^ (Russian) В Москве жестоко избит Отто Лацис, NewsRU, 11 November 2003
135. ^ (Russian) Скончался известный российский журналист Отто Лацис, 3 November 2005
136. ^ Refutation, Novaya Gazeta, September 2009
137. ^ (Russian)Tenth anniversary of the "black autumn" in Russia, Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr. interviews Mikhail Trepashkin and others, Radio Liberty, 4 September 2009, computer translation
138. ^ (Russian) FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People, Alexander Litvinenko, Yuri Felshtinsky, Novaya Gazeta, 27 August 2001 (computer translation)
139. ^ Caucasus Ka-Boom, Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, Johnson's Russia List, Issue 4630
140. ^ (Russian)Grigory Yavlinsky's interview, TV6 Russia, 11 March 2000 (computer translation)
141. ^ Russian crash: search for terrorist link, BBC News, 10 March 2000
142. ^ (Russian)Presidential election is our last chance to learn the truth, Anna Politkovskaya, Novaya Gazeta, № 2, 15 January 2004 (computer translation)
143. ^ Satter House Testimony, 2007.
144. ^ p. 304 (Khlebnikov 2000)
145. ^ Johann Hari (16 December 2002). "Conspiracy theories: a guide". London: New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200212160014. Retrieved 2010-02-27. 
146. ^ J.R. Nyquist Russia's terrorist bombings. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19795
147. ^ Russia charges bombing suspects
148. ^ Olga Nedbayeva. "Conspiracy theories on Russia's 1999 bombings gain ground". Agence France-Presse. http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/072.htm. 
149. ^ "Assassination of Russia"- Film Screening and Panel Discussion, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 24 April 2002.
150. ^ Bowker, Mike (2005), "Western Views of the Chechen Conflict", in Richard Sakwa, Chechnya: From Past to Future (1st ed.), London: Anthem Press, pp. 223–238, ISBN 9781843311645 
151. ^ Berliner Zeitung 06.09.1999
152. ^ Vlad Sobell on 'confusing Russia'
153. ^ ^{a b} Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in Party-System Development
154. ^ Re: 7727 #11, Jeremy Putley's review of "Darkness at Dawn" by D. Satter, by Dr. Kirill Pankratov, 10 August 2003
155. ^ Disruption Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catashtrophic Attacks
156. ^ "The Truth Russians Can’t Know". Russia Profile. 2009-09-08. http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=a1252433514. Retrieved 2009-09-19. 
157. ^ Access code (Yulia Latynina's radio program), September 2009
158. ^ The Caucasus Emirate, by Yulia Latynina
159. ^ ^{a b c d e} Veteran assotiation — Second Chechen campaign (in Russian)
160. ^ In 23 June 1999 in village Pervomaiskoye (Dagestan), again a picket of interior troops was shooted at (in Russian)
161. ^ Chechens are preparing an offensive against Dagestan (in Russian)
162. ^ ^{a b} Chronicles of war in Dagestan by Rasul Gajiyev (or an older link from the web archive) (in Russian)
163. ^ Federal authorities proposed A. Maskhadov to perform a joint military operation in Dagestan (in Russian)
164. ^ Dagestan: who and where, Rossiyskaya gazeta (in Russian)
165. ^ ^{a b c d} Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in August-September 1999, by Timur Muzayev (in Russian)
166. ^ Russians pound Dagestan rebels, BBC, August 16, 1999
167. ^ Partial mobilization of reservists announced in Chechnya (in Russian)

Bibliography

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