Skull and Bones

For other uses, see Skull and crossbones (disambiguation).

The logo of Skull and Bones

Skull and Bones in 1947, with George H. W. Bush just left of clock

Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior or secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is a traditional peer society to Scroll and Key and Wolf's Head, as the three senior class 'landed societies' at Yale.

The society's alumni organization, which owns the society's real property and oversees the organization, is the Russell Trust Association, named for William Huntington Russell,^[1] who co-founded Skull and Bones with classmate Alphonso Taft. The Russell Trust was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, member of Skull and Bones and later president of the University of California, first president of Johns Hopkins University, and the founding president of the Carnegie Institution.

The society is known informally as "Bones", and members are known as "Bonesmen".^[2]

History

Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale's debating societies, Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society, over that season's Phi Beta Kappa awards; its original name was "the Order of Skull and Bones."^[1][3]

The only chapter of Skull and Bones created outside Yale was a chapter at Wesleyan University in 1870. That chapter, the Beta of Skull & Bones, became independent in 1872 in a dispute over control over creating additional chapters; the Beta Chapter reconstituted itself as Theta Nu Epsilon.^[4][5][6]

The first extended description of Skull and Bones, published in 1871 by Lyman Bagg in his book Four Years at Yale, noted that "the mystery now attending its existence forms the one great enigma which college gossip never tires of discussing."^[7] Brooks Mather Kelley attributed the secrecy of Yale senior societies to the fact that underclassmen members of freshman, sophomore, and junior class societies remained on campus following their membership, while seniors naturally left.^[8]

Deer Island lodge.

Skull and Bones owns an island in the St. Lawrence River in upstate New York named Deer Island:

The 40 acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to "get together and rekindle old friendships." A century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. Catboats waited on the lake. Stewards catered elegant meals. Although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, the place leaves something to be desired. "Now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings," a patriarch sighs. "It's basically ruins." Another Bonesman says that to call the island "rustic" would be to glorify it. "It's a dump, but it's beautiful."

—Alexandra Robbins, TheAtlantic.com

Once the pinnacle of the college's social system, the society remained central to campus life through the 1950s, but since then some say it has lost much of its luster.^[9]

Tapping

Skull and Bones selects new members every spring as part of Yale University's "Tap Day", and has done so since 1879.^[10] Recent Tap Days were held on April 20, 2009,^[10] and April 15, 2010.^[11] Every year, Skull and Bones selects fifteen men and women of the junior class to join the society. Skull and Bones traditionally "tapped" those that it viewed as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership.^[12] The Tapping ceremony has always been a public event at Yale.^[13] The traditional form was followed for generations:

Every year, ... about 200 hopeful juniors gather on the grass in Branford College court (until 1933 they stood by the Fence in front of Durfee on the old campus). At the stroke of 5, senior members of the societies, wearing their pins, black ties and blue suits, march through the crowd, tap their men. A tappee hustles to his room, followed closely by his tapper, or shakes his head (refusal). Each society picks 15. Tapping usually ends when the Battell Chapel clock strikes 6, but in 1936 Wolf's Head, turned down by 17 tappees, went on tapping long after dark to fill its quota.

—Time Magazine, [4]

The process of Tapping, as an admission process for a university secret society, with wide variations, have been passed on to other universities, such as University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Missouri. The longest and most elaborate Tapping process is still Yale's.

The Tomb

Exterior view of Skull and Bones, 64 High Street, New Haven, early 20th century

The Skull & Bones Hall is otherwise known as the "Tomb". The architectural attribution of the original hall is in dispute. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis (1803–1892) or Henry Austin (1804–1891). Architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 history of Yale's campus.^[14]

The building was built in three phases: in 1856 the first wing was built, in 1903 the second wing, and in 1911, Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers from a previous building were added at the rear garden. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone and in an Egypto-Doric style.

The 1911 additions of towers in the rear created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout, Tracy and Swartwout, New York.^[15] Evarts was not a Bonesman, but his paternal grandmother Martha Sherman Evarts and maternal grandmother Mary Evarts were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts (S&B 1837). Pinnell speculates whether the re-use of the Davis towers in 1911 was evidence suggesting that Davis did the original building; conversely, Austin was responsible for the architecturally similar brownstone Egyptian Revival gates, built 1845, of the Grove Street Cemetery, to the north of campus. Also discussed by Pinnell is the "tomb's" aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, including the Yale University Art Gallery.^[16] New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier & Flynn designed the wrought-iron fence that currently surrounds a portion of the complex in the late 1990s.^[17] Coordinates: 41°18′31″N 72°55′48″W / 41.30857°N 72.930092°W / 41.30857; -72.930092 (Skull and Bones Hall)

Bonesmen

Main article: List of Skull and Bones members

Yearbook listing of Skull & Bones membership for 1920. The 1920 delegation included co-founders of Time magazine, Briton Hadden and Henry Luce

Skull and Bones has developed a reputation with some as having a membership that is heavily tilted towards the "Power Elite".^[18] Regarding the qualifications for membership, Lanny Davis, writing in the 1968 Yale yearbook, wrote:

If the society had a good year, this is what the "ideal" group will consist of: a football captain; a Chairman of the Yale Daily News; a conspicuous radical; a Whiffenpoof; a swimming captain; a notorious drunk with a 94 average; a film-maker; a political columnist; a religious group leader; a Chairman of the Lit; a foreigner; a ladies' man with two motorcycles; an ex-service man; a negro, if there are enough to go around; a guy nobody else in the group had heard of, ever ... "^[19]

Like other Yale senior societies, for much of its history Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males. While Yale itself had exclusionary polities at various times during its history, the senior societies were even more exclusionary.^[20][21] Catholics had some success attaining membership in such groups; Jews less so.^[21] Sports was the means by which some of these excluded groups eventually entered Skull and Bones, through its practice of tapping standout athletes. Star football players were the first Jewish (Al Hessberg, class of 1938) and African-American (Levi Jackson, class of 1950, who turned down the invitation) students to be tapped for Skull and Bones.^[20]

Yale became coeducational in 1969, yet Skull & Bones remained all-male until 1992. An attempt to tap women for membership by the Bones class of 1971 was opposed by Bones alumni, who dubbed them the "bad club" and quashed their attempt. "The issue", as it came to be called by Bonesmen, was debated for decades.^[22] The class of 1991 tapped seven female members for membership in the next year's class, causing conflict with their own alumni association, the Russell Trust.^[23] The Trust changed the locks on the "Tomb"; the Bonesmen had to meet at the building of Manuscript Society.^[23] A mail-in vote by members decided 368-320 to permit going co-ed, but a group of alumni led by William F. Buckley obtained a temporary restraining order to block the move, arguing that a formal change in bylaws was needed.^[23][24] Other alumni, such as John Kerry and R. Inslee Clark, Jr., spoke out in favor of admitting women, and the dispute even ended up on The New York Times editorial page.^[23][25] A second vote of alumni in October 1991 agreed to accept the Class of 1992, and the lawsuit was dropped.^[23][26]

Like its counterparts, Bones has diversified further its membership, similarly with the other six landed societies at Yale. Although, members have noted that no longer do they simply represent the strongest leaders on campus.^[27] As one member of the 1991 class wrote to alumni, "Being a part of Bones is often an embarrassment, a source of ridicule and occasionally a good way to lose a friend ... Very rarely is the Bones still seen as an honor, and never is it seen to represent the mainstream of Yale."^[28]

Judith Ann Schiff, Chief Research Archivist at the Yale University Library, has written: "The names of its members weren't kept secret — that was an innovation of the 1970s — but its meetings and practices were."^[29]

While resourceful researchers could assemble member data from these original sources, in 1985 an anonymous source leaked rosters to Antony C. Sutton, who wrote a book on the group titled America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones.^[30] This membership information was kept privately for over 15 years, as Sutton feared that the photocopied pages could somehow identify the member who leaked it. The information was finally reformatted as an appendix in the book Fleshing out Skull and Bones, a compilation edited by Kris Millegan, published in 2003.

Among prominent alumni are former President and Supreme Court Justice William Howard Taft (son of a founder of the society); former Presidents George H. W. Bush and his son, George W. Bush; Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart; ^[31] James Jesus Angleton, "mother of the Central Intelligence Agency"; Henry Stimson, U.S. Secretary of War (1940-1945); and United States Secretary of Defense, Robert A. Lovett, who directed the Korean War.

Senator John Kerry; Stephen A. Schwarzman, founder of Blackstone; Austan Goolsbee, Chairman of President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers; Harold Stanley, co-founder of Morgan Stanley; and Frederick W. Smith, founder of Fedex, are all reported to be members.

Lore

One legend is that 322 in the emblem of the society stands for "founded in '32, 2nd corps", referring to a first Corps in an unknown German university.^[32][33] Others suggest that 322 refers to the death of Demosthenes and that documents in the society hall have purportedly been found dated to "Anno-Demostheni".^[34]

There is an ongoing rumor that there is some form whereby new members recite to the society their sexual history, and although there has been no corroboration of this by any reliable source, the rumor lives on.^[35]

Members are assigned nicknames. "Long Devil" is assigned to the tallest member; "Boaz" goes to any member who is a varsity football captain. Many of the chosen names are drawn from literature ("Hamlet", "Uncle Remus"), from religion and from myth. The banker Lewis Lapham passed on his nickname, "Sancho Panza", to the political adviser Tex McCrary. Averell Harriman was "Thor", Henry Luce was "Baal", McGeorge Bundy was "Odin", and George H. W. Bush was "Magog".^[36]

In the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, both the Democratic and Republican nominees were alumni. George W. Bush wrote in his autobiography, "[In my] senior year I joined Skull and Bones, a secret society; so secret, I can't say anything more."^[37] When asked what it meant that he and Bush were both Bonesmen, former Presidential candidate John Kerry said, "Not much, because it's a secret."^[38][39]

Each Skull and Bones class meets every Thursday and Sunday night during the senior year.^[40]

Crooking

Skull and Bones has a reputation for stealing keepsakes from other Yale societies or from campus buildings; society members reportedly call the practice "crooking" and strive to outdo each other's "crooks".^[41]

The society has been accused of possessing the stolen skulls of Martin Van Buren, Geronimo, and Pancho Villa, but this has never been proven.^[42][43]

Geronimo

Main article: Geronimo#Alleged theft of skull

Skull and Bones members supposedly stole the bones of Geronimo from Fort Sill, Oklahoma during World War I. In 1986, former San Carlos Apache Chairman Ned Anderson received an anonymous letter with a photograph and a copy of a log book claiming that Skull & Bones held the skull. He met with Skull & Bones officials about the rumor; the group's attorney, Endicott P. Davidson, denied that the group held the skull, and said that the 1918 ledger saying otherwise was a hoax.^[44] The group offered Anderson a glass case with what he believed was not the skull of Geronimo, but rather a skull of a ten-year-old boy, but Anderson refused it.^[45] In 2006, Marc Wortman discovered a 1918 letter^[46] from Skull & Bones member Winter Mead to F. Trubee Davison that claimed the skull was "exhumed" from Fort Sill by the club and was "safe" in the club's headquarters.^[47]

In 2009, Ramsey Clark filed a lawsuit on behalf of people claiming to be Geronimo's descendants, against, among others, Barack Obama, Robert Gates, and Skull and Bones, asking for the return of Geronimo's bones.^[44] An article in The New York Times states that Clark "acknowledged he had no hard proof that the story was true."^[48] Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Skull and Bones, says this is one of the more plausible items said to be in the organization's Tomb.^[49] Cameron University history professor David H. Miller notes that Geronimo's grave was unmarked at the time.^[47] Investigations conducted by journalists such as Cecil Adams and Kitty Kelley have concluded this story is wrong.^[50][51] A Fort Sill spokesman told Adams, "There is no evidence to indicate the bones are anywhere but in the grave site."^[50] Jeff Houser, chairman of the Fort Sill Apache tribe of Oklahoma, also calls the story a hoax.^[45]

The 1918 letter "adds to the seriousness of the belief [that the theft took place], certainly," says Judith Schiff, the chief research archivist at Sterling Memorial Library, who has written extensively on Yale history. "It has a very strong likelihood of being true, since it was written so close to the time." She points out that Members of a secret society were required to be honest with each other about its affairs. The yearbook entries for Haffner, Mead, and Davison say that they were all Bonesmen. (The membership of the societies was routinely published in newspapers and yearbooks until the 1970s.) Haffner's entry says that he was at the artillery school at Fort Sill some time between August 1917 and July 1918.^[41]

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa's skull has been alleged to have been stolen shortly after his death.^[42] While Robbins originally wrote in her book that the Bonesmen had the skull, she has since retracted the claim, saying that the story that the Bonesmen paid $25,000 for it in the 1920s is implausible.^[42] Writer Mark Singer, a Yale graduate, also rejects the story in a New Yorker article about the myth.^[52]

Conspiracy theories

Skull & Bones is a regular feature in many conspiracy theories, which claim that the society plays a role in a global conspiracy for world domination. It is true that some prominent families had one or more members as Bonesmen. The theorists such as Alexandra Robbins suggest that Skull & Bones is a branch of the Illuminati,^[32] or that Skull & Bones itself controls the Central Intelligence Agency^[53];^{[citation needed]} the conspiracy theorists relying on supposed personal connections and coincidences^{[citation needed]}. Others who have written about Skull & Bones were economist Antony C. Sutton, who wrote a book on the group titled America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones.^[54] and Kris Millegan, who wrote a book on the society in 2003.^[55][56]

References in fiction

Skull and Bones has been satirized from time to time in the Doonesbury comic strips by Garry Trudeau, Yale graduate and member of Scroll and Key; especially in 1980 and December 1988, with reference to George H. W. Bush, and again at the time that the society went co-ed.^[57]

In The Simpsons, the character Montgomery Burns attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones.^[58]

Two feature films have referred to conspiracy theories surrounding the organization: The Skulls (2000) and the The Good Shepherd (2006).

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Change In Skull And Bones.; Famous Yale Society Doubles Size of Its House — Addition a Duplicate of Old Building" (PDF). The New York Times. September 13, 1903. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F70812FA3E5911738DDDAA0994D1405B838CF1D3. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
2. ^ Stevens, Albert C. (1907). Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. E. B. Treat and Company. p. 338. 
3. ^ Niarchos, Nicolas; Victor Zapana (December 5, 2008). "Yale's secret social fabric". Yale Daily News. http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/26882. Retrieved 2009-03-12. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ Wesleyan Argus, History of Theta Nu Epsilon and connection to Skull & Bones, February 7, 1992, page 6.
5. ^ The Wesleyan Review, May 1990
6. ^ Hansen, Matthew (May 16, 2006). "Secret fraternity newsletters still circulating on UNL campus". Lincoln Journal Star. http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_4a16d3ca-d587-57bd-a183-44864bad70c7.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
7. ^ Schiff, Judith Ann. "How the Secret Societies Got That Way". Yale Alumni Magazine (September/October 2004). http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_09/old_yale.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
8. ^ Yale: A History, Brooks Mather Kelley, (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, Ltd.), 1974.
9. ^ Karabel, Jerome. The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 2005. p 628, footnote 125, Notes to Pages 335 - 340. ISBN: 139780618574582, 100618574581
10. ^ ^{a b} http://unhypnotize.com/illuminati/1589-yale-skull-bones-evolution-tap-night.html
11. ^ http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/28799
12. ^ http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/Tombs_and_Taps.htm
13. ^ http://www.rinf.com/columnists/news/tap-week-for-skull-bones
14. ^ Yale's Lost Landmarks at www.yalealumnimagazine.com.
15. ^ "Yale University" 1999 Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1-56898-167-8 [1]
16. ^ "Yale University" 1999 Princeton Architectural Press, p. 42, ISBN 1-56898-167-8 [2]
17. ^ Fence information
18. ^ Leung, Rebecca (June 13, 2004). "Skull And Bones: Secret Yale Society Includes America's Power Elite". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/02/60minutes/main576332.shtml. Retrieved 2011-03-09. 
19. ^ Lanny Davis, quoted by Robbins|TheAtlantic.com
20. ^ ^{a b} Oren, Dan A. (1985). Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 87–88, 162. ISBN 0300033303. 
21. ^ ^{a b} Karabel, Jerome (2005). The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 53-36. 
22. ^ Robbins, pp. 152-9
23. ^ ^{a b c d e} Andrew Cedotal, Rattling those dry bones, Yale Daily News, April 18, 2006.
24. ^ "Yale Alumni Block Women in Secret Club". New York Times. September 6, 1991. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DE1738F935A3575AC0A967958260. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
25. ^ Semple, Robert B., Jr. (April 18, 1991). "High Noon on High Street". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFD7153CF93BA25757C0A967958260&sec=&spon=. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
26. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (October 26, 1991). "Shh! Yale's Skull and Bones Admits Women". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DB1130F935A15753C1A967958260&scp=1&sq=skull%20bones%20women&st=cse. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
27. ^ http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/document.php?CISOROOT=/yale-ydn&CISOPTR=16213&REC=7
28. ^ "Yale Journal; Women in the Crypt? Old Bonesmen Say No". The New York Times. April 18, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/18/nyregion/yale-journal-women-in-the-crypt-old-bonesmen-say-no.html?scp=6&sq=%22scroll+and+key%22&st=nyt. 
29. ^ http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_09/old_yale.html
30. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/4219811/Americas-Secret-Establishment-An-Introduction-to-Skull-and-Bones%7CAntony-C-Sutton
31. ^ Barron, James (July 25, 1991). "Male Fortress Falls at Yale: Bonesmen to Admit Women". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DE1139F936A15754C0A967958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations%2FY%2FYale%20University. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
32. ^ ^{a b} Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Back Bay Books, 2003.
33. ^ and bones&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=&qs=&sid=&qx= Yale University Archives
34. ^ Stevens, Albert C. (1907). Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. E. B. Treat and Company. p. 340. 
35. ^ Ball, Molly; Bell, Emily (1998). "Behind the walls of Yale's secret societies". The Yale Herald. http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/1998/blue/secret.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
36. ^ Robbins, Alexandra (May 2000). "George W., Knight of Eulogia". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/george-w-knight-of-eulogia/4686/. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
37. ^ Bush, George W. (1999). A Charge to Keep. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-17441-8. 
38. ^ Oldenburg, Don (April 4, 2004). "Bush, Kerry Share Tippy-Top Secret". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A48358-2004Apr3?language=printer. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
39. ^ Meet the Press[3]
40. ^ Balakrishna, Kanya; Battey, Allison (April 6, 2006). "Societies find their secret niche". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100420072313/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2006/04/06/societies-find-their-secret-niche/. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
41. ^ ^{a b} Lassila;Branch (2006). "Whose skull and bones?". Yale Alumni Magazine: 20–22. http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/images/Yale_Alumn_Magazine.pdf 
42. ^ ^{a b c} Greenburg, Zach O. (January 23, 2004). "Bones may have Pancho Villa skull". The Yale Herald. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081220084748/http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=2801. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
43. ^ Citro, Joseph A. (2005). Weird New England (illustrated ed.). Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. pp. 270–71. ISBN 1402733305. 
44. ^ ^{a b} Daniels, Bruce (February 27, 2009). "Geronimo Lawsuit Sparks Family Feud". Albuquerque Journal. http://www.abqjournal.com/abqnews/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10846:635am-geronimo-died-100-years-ago-today&catid=1:latest&Itemid=39. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
45. ^ ^{a b} Pember, Mary Annette (July 9, 2007). "Tomb Raiders". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_8184.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
46. ^ http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/oneItem.aspx?id=1777202&q=skull%20and%20bones&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=15&qs=16&sid=&qx=
47. ^ ^{a b} Lassila, Kathrin Day; Mark Alden Branch (May/June 2006). "Whose Skull and Bones?". Yale Alumni Magazine. http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
48. ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (February 19, 2009). "Geronimo's Heirs Sue Secret Yale Society Over His Skull". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/20/us/20geronimo.html?hp. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
49. ^ Geronimo's kin sue Skull and Bones over remains
50. ^ ^{a b} http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2623/is-geronimos-skull-residing-at-yales-skull-and-bones
51. ^ Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty. Doubleday. pp. 17–20. 
52. ^ Singer, Mark (November 27, 1989). "La Cabeza de Villa". New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1989/11/27/1989_11_27_108_TNY_CARDS_000356240. Retrieved 2009-03-08. "It is a simple fact that Frank Brophy graduated from Yale College but was never a member of Skull and Bones ... Whatever hung on Brophy's wall would therefore not have been 'a plaque of the Skull and Bones Society.' This strongly implies, of course, that if Frank Brophy (who died in 1978) told Ben Williams (who died in 1985) that he and four Bones accomplices had paid twenty-five thousand dollars for Pancho Villa's cranium his object was to embroider an anecdote that sounded to him more colorful than truthful." 
53. ^ Dempsey, Rachel (January 18, 2007). "Real Elis inspired fictional 'shepherd'". Yale Daily News. http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/19447. Retrieved 2009-03-12. ^{[dead link]}
54. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/13668610/Americas-Secret-Establishment-An-Introduction-to-the-Order-of-Skull-Bones-Antony-C-Sutton
55. ^ Millegan, Kris (2003). Fleshing out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society . Trine Day. 
56. ^ Fleshing Out Skull and Bones
57. ^ Soper, Kerry (2008). Garry Trudeau: Doonesbury and the Aesthetics of Satire. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 25, 42. ISBN 1934110892. 
58. ^ Forbes Fictional Fifteen: "C. Montgomery Burns." Retrieved April 9, 2007.

Further reading

• Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008). Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0470184086. 
• Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Back Bay Books, 2003. ISBN 0-316-73561-2.
• Sutton, Antony C. America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones. Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2003. ISBN 0-9720207-0-5.
• Tedford, Cody. Powerful Secrets. Hannover, 2008. ISBN 1-4241-9263-3.

External links

• Yale University archives of Skull and Bones