Coffin–Lowry syndrome

Coffin–Lowry syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Classification and external resources
ICD-9 759.89
OMIM 303600
DiseasesDB 2934
MeSH D038921

Coffin-Lowry syndrome is a genetic disorder that is X-linked dominant and which causes severe mental problems sometimes associated with abnormalities of growth, cardiac abnormalities, kyphoscoliosis, as well as auditory and visual abnormalities.

Contents

History

It was characterized by Grange S. Coffin (1923– )in 1966 and Robert Brian Lowry (1932– ) in 1971.[1][2][3]

Coffin-Lowry syndrome was independently described by Dr. Coffin and his associates in 1966 and later described by Dr. Lowry and associates in 1971. Dr. Temtamy showed that the cases represented a single syndrome in 1975.

Causes

The syndrome is caused by mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene.[4] This gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.2). The RPS6KA3 gene makes a protein that is involved with signaling within cells. Researchers believe that this protein helps control the activity of other genes and plays an important role in the brain. The protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that are required for learning, the formation of long-term memories, and the survival of nerve cells. The protein RSK2 which is encoded by the RPS6KA3 gene is a kinase which phosphorylates some substrates like CREB and histone H3. RSK2 is involved at the distal end of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Mutations in the RPS6KA3 disturb the function of the protein, but it is unclear how a lack of this protein causes the signs and symptoms of Coffin-Lowry syndrome. At this time more than 120 mutations have been found.[1] Some people with the features of Coffin-Lowry syndrome do not have identified mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene. In these cases, the cause of the condition is unknown.

This condition is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome (one of the two sex chromosomes). The inheritance is dominant if one copy of the altered gene is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. A striking characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

A majority of boys with Coffin-Lowry syndrome have no history of the condition in their families. These cases are caused by new mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene (de novo mutations). A new mutation means that neither parent has the altered gene, but the affected individual could pass it on to his children.

Prognosis

There is no cure and no standard course of treatment for Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, and may include physical and speech therapy and educational services.

Symptoms

Coffin-Lowry syndrome is a severe mental retardation associated with abnormalities of:

Growth

In utero growth is normal but post natal growth is retarded. Patients are sometimes microcephalic.

Cardio-vascular

Cardiac abnormalities affect 15% of the patients.

Skeleton

Progressive kyphoscoliosis affects 1 in 2 patients. Micrognathia is also associated with this syndrome.

Patients may also have an underdeveloped upper jaw bone, abnormally prominent brows, or widely spaced eyes.

Vision and audition

Auditory abnormalities are frequent and often present. Vision abnormalities are not often present.

References

  1. ^ a b synd/3425 at Who Named It?
  2. ^ Coffin GS, Siris E, Wegienka LC (1966). "Mental retardation with osteocartilaginous anomalies". Am. J. Dis. Child. 112: 205–213. 
  3. ^ Lowry B, Miller JR, Fraser FC (June 1971). "A new dominant gene mental retardation syndrome. Association with small stature, tapering fingers, characteristic facies, and possible hydrocephalus". Am. J. Dis. Child. 121 (6): 496–500. PMID 5581017. 
  4. ^ Delaunoy JP, Dubos A, Marques Pereira P, Hanauer A (August 2006). "Identification of novel mutations in the RSK2 gene (RPS6KA3) in patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome". Clin. Genet. 70 (2): 161–6. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00660.x. PMID 16879200. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0009-9163&date=2006&volume=70&issue=2&spage=161. 

This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

External links


v · d · eSex linkage: X-linked disorders
X-linked recessive
Immune
Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB) · Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome · X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency · X-linked agammaglobulinemia · Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1 · IPEX · X-linked lymphoproliferative disease · Properdin deficiency
Hematologic
Endocrine
Metabolic
Nervous system

X-Linked mental retardation: Coffin–Lowry syndrome · MASA syndrome · X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome · Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome

eye disorders: Color blindness (red and green, but not blue) · Ocular albinism (1) · Norrie disease · Choroideremia

other: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3) · Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease · SMAX2
Skin and related tissue

Dyskeratosis congenita · Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) ·

X-linked ichthyosis · X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
Neuromuscular
Urologic
Bone/tooth
No primary system
X-linked dominant
v · d · eDeficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
GTP-binding protein regulators
GTPase-activating protein
Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome · Aarskog–Scott syndrome · Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis · X-Linked mental retardation 1
G protein
MAP kinase
Other kinase/phosphatase
RPS6KA3 (Coffin-Lowry syndrome) · CHEK2 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome 2) · IKBKG (Incontinentia pigmenti) · STK11 (Peutz–Jeghers syndrome) · DMPK (Myotonic dystrophy 1) · ATR (Seckel syndrome 1) · GRK1 (Oguchi disease 2) · WNK4/WNK1 (Pseudohypoaldosteronism 2)
PTEN (Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome, Lhermitte–Duclos disease, Cowden syndrome, Proteus-like syndrome) · MTM1 (X-linked myotubular myopathy) · PTPN11 (Noonan syndrome 1, LEOPARD syndrome, Metachondromatosis)
Signal transducing adaptor proteins
Other
NF2 (Neurofibromatosis type II) · NOTCH3 (CADASIL) · PRKAR1A (Carney complex) · PRKAG2 (Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome) · PRKCSH (PRKCSH Polycystic liver disease) · XIAP (XIAP2)
see also intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
B structural (perx, skel, cili, mito, nucl, sclr) · DNA/RNA/protein synthesis (drep, trfc, tscr, tltn) · membrane (icha, slcr, atpa, abct, othr) · transduction (iter, csrc, itra), trfk

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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Coffin-Lowry syndrome — Coffin Lowry syndrome. См. синдром Коффина Лоури. (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) …   Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь.

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