- HRAS
HRAS is a
human gene that encodes aprotein involved in regulating cell division in response togrowth factor stimulation.Growth factors act by binding cell surface receptors that span the cell's plasma membrane. Once activated, receptor stimulate signal transduction events in thecytoplasm , a process by which proteins and second messengers relay signals from outside the cell to the cell nucleus and instructs the cell to grow or divide. The HRAS protein is aGTPase and is an early player in many signal transduction pathways and is usually associated withcell membranes due to the presence of anisoprenyl group on itsC-terminus . HRAS acts as a molecular on/off switch, once it is turned on it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of the receptor's signal, such asc-Raf andPI 3-kinase . HRAS binds to GTP in the active state and possesses an intrinsic enzymatic activity that cleaves the terminal phosphate of this nucleotide converting it to GDP. Upon conversion of GTP to GDP, HRAS is turned off. The rate of conversion is usually slow but can be sped up dramatically by an accessory protein of the Guanine nucleotide activating protein (GAP) class, for exampleRasGAP . In turn HRAS can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) class, for exampleSOS1 , which forces the release of bound nucleotide. Subsequently, the unbound HRAS is released from the GEF and quickly re-binds available GTP or GDP present in thecytosol . Since GTP is substantially more abundant than GDP, this usually results in HRAS activation. HRAS is in theRas family, which also includes three other proto-oncogenes:KRAS , RRAS and NRAS. These proteins all are regulated in the same manner and appear to differ largely in their sites of action within the cell. The HRAS gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15.5, frombase pair 522,241 to base pair 525,549.Genetic Disease Associated with HRAS
Costello syndrome : At least five inheritedmutation s in the HRAS gene have been identified in people with Costello syndrome. Each of these mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in a critical region of the HRAS protein. The most common mutation replaces theamino acid glycine with the amino acidserine at position 12 (written as Gly12Ser or G12S). The mutations responsible for Costello syndrome lead to the production of an HRAS protein that is permanently active. Instead of triggering cell growth in response to particular signals from outside the cell, the overactive protein directs cells to grow and divide constantly. This uncontrolled cell division can result in the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors. Researchers are uncertain how mutations in the HRAS gene cause the other features of Costello syndrome (such as mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and heart problems), but many of the signs and symptoms probably result from cell overgrowth and abnormal cell division.Bladder cancer : HRAS has been shown to be aproto-oncogene . When mutated, proto-oncogenes have the potential to cause normal cells to becomecancerous . Some gene mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These changes are calledsomatic mutation s and are not inherited. Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene in bladder cells have been associated with bladder cancer. One specific mutation has been identified in a significant percentage of bladder tumors; this mutation substitutes one protein building block (amino acid) for another amino acid in the HRAS protein. Specifically, the mutation replaces the amino acidglycine with the amino acidvaline at position 12 (written as Gly12Val or G12V). The altered HRAS protein is permanently activated within the cell. This overactive protein directs the cell to grow and divide in the absence of outside signals, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of a tumor. Mutations in the HRAS gene also have been associated with the progression of bladder cancer and an increased risk of tumor recurrence after treatment.Other cancers: Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene are probably involved in the development of several other types of cancer. These mutations lead to an HRAS protein that is always active and can direct cells to grow and divide without control. Recent studies suggest that HRAS mutations may be common in thyroid and kidney cancers. The HRAS protein also may be produced at higher levels (overexpressed) in other types of cancer cells.
Further reading
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citations =
*cite journal | author=McCormick F |title=Ras-related proteins in signal transduction and growth control. |journal=Mol. Reprod. Dev. |volume=42 |issue= 4 |pages= 500–6 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8607982 |doi= 10.1002/mrd.1080420419
*cite journal | author=Ayllón V, Rebollo A |title=Ras-induced cellular events (review). |journal=Mol. Membr. Biol. |volume=17 |issue= 2 |pages= 65–73 |year= 2001 |pmid= 10989457 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tennant RW, Stasiewicz S, Eastin WC, "et al." |title=The Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) transgenic mouse: nature of the model. |journal=Toxicologic pathology |volume=29 Suppl |issue= |pages= 51–9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11695562 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mascaux C, Iannino N, Martin B, "et al." |title=The role of RAS oncogene in survival of patients with lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=92 |issue= 1 |pages= 131–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15597105 |doi= 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602258
*cite journal | author=Harms KL, Chen X |title=p19ras brings a new twist to the regulation of p73 by Mdm2. |journal=Sci. STKE |volume=2006 |issue= 337 |pages= pe24 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16738062 |doi= 10.1126/stke.3372006pe24External links
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