Chromogranin A

Chromogranin A (parathyroid secretory protein 1)
Identifiers
Symbols	CHGA; CGA
External IDs	OMIM: 118910 MGI: 88394 HomoloGene: 976 GeneCards: CHGA Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • calcium ion binding Cellular component • extracellular region • stored secretory granule Biological process • regulation of blood pressure Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1113	12652
Ensembl	ENSG00000100604	ENSMUSG00000021194
UniProt	P10645	Q3UN28
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001275.3	NM_007693.1
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001266.1	NP_031719.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 14: 93.39 – 93.4 Mb	Chr 12: 103.79 – 103.8 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Chromogranin A or parathyroid secretory protein 1 (gene name CHGA) is a member of the granin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins, i.e. it is located in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells. In humans, chromogranin A protein is encoded by the CHGA gene.^[1]

Tissue distribution

Examples of cells producing chromogranin A are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, paraganglia, enterochromaffin-like cells and beta cells of the pancreas.

Function

Chromogranin A is the precursor to several functional peptides including vasostatin, pancreastatin, catestatin and parastatin. These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine). Other peptides derived from chromogranin A with uncertain function include chromostatin, WE-14 and GE-25.

Chromogranin A might promote the generation of secretory granules.

Clinical significance

Chromogranin A is elevated in pheochromocytomas.^[2]

It is used as an indicator for pancreas and prostate cancer^[3] and in carcinoid syndrome.^[4] It might play a role in early neoplasic progression. It is also elevated in diabetes. Chromogranin A is cleaved by an endogenous prohormone convertase to produce several peptide fragments. See chromogranin A GeneRIFs for references.

References

1. ^ Helman LJ, Ahn TG, Levine MA, Allison A, Cohen PS, Cooper MJ, Cohn DV, Israel MA (August 1988). "Molecular cloning and primary structure of human chromogranin A (secretory protein I) cDNA". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (23): 11559–63. PMID 3403545. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/263/23/11559. 
2. ^ Cotesta D, Caliumi C, Alò P, Petramala L, Reale MG, Masciangelo R, Signore A, Cianci R, D'Erasmo E, Letizia C (2005). "High plasma levels of human chromogranin A and adrenomedullin in patients with pheochromocytoma". Tumori 91 (1): 53–8. PMID 15850005. 
3. ^ Wu JT, Erickson AJ, Tsao KC, Wu TL, Sun CF (April 2000). "Elevated serum chromogranin A is detectable in patients with carcinomas at advanced disease stages". Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 30 (2): 175–8. PMID 10807161. 
4. ^ Nikou GC, Lygidakis NJ, Toubanakis C, Pavlatos S, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Giannatou E, Mallas E, Safioleas M (2005). "Current diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoids in a series of 101 patients: the significance of serum chromogranin-A, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and somatostatin analogues". Hepatogastroenterology 52 (63): 731–41. PMID 15966194. 

Further reading

• Hendy GN, Bevan S, Mattei MG, Mouland AJ (1995). "Chromogranin A.". Clinical and investigative medicine. Médecine clinique et experimentale 18 (1): 47–65. PMID 7768066. 
• Iacangelo AL, Eiden LE (1996). "Chromogranin A: current status as a precursor for bioactive peptides and a granulogenic/sorting factor in the regulated secretory pathway.". Regul. Pept. 58 (3): 65–88. doi:10.1016/0167-0115(95)00069-N. PMID 8577930. 
• Curry WJ, Barkatullah SC, Johansson AN, et al. (2002). "WE-14, a chromogranin a-derived neuropeptide.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 971: 311–6. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04485.x. PMID 12438141. 
• Curry WJ, Shaw C, Johnston CF, et al. (1992). "Isolation and primary structure of a novel chromogranin A-derived peptide, WE-14, from a human midgut carcinoid tumour.". FEBS Lett. 301 (3): 319–21. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80266-J. PMID 1577173. 
• Tamamura H, Ohta M, Yoshizawa K, et al. (1990). "Isolation and characterization of a tumor-derived human protein related to chromogranin A and its in vitro conversion to human pancreastatin-48.". Eur. J. Biochem. 191 (1): 33–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19090.x. PMID 2165909. 
• Konecki DS, Benedum UM, Gerdes HH, Huttner WB (1988). "The primary structure of human chromogranin A and pancreastatin.". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (35): 17026–30. PMID 2445752. 
• Sekiya K, Ghatei MA, Minamino N, et al. (1988). "Isolation of human pancreastatin fragment containing the active sequence from a glucagonoma.". FEBS Lett. 228 (1): 153–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80606-9. PMID 2830133. 
• Helman LJ, Ahn TG, Levine MA, et al. (1988). "Molecular cloning and primary structure of human chromogranin A (secretory protein I) cDNA.". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (23): 11559–63. PMID 3403545. 
• Wilson BS, Phan SH, Lloyd RV (1986). "Chromogranin from normal human adrenal glands: purification by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and partial N-terminal amino acid sequence.". Regul. Pept. 13 (3–4): 207–23. doi:10.1016/0167-0115(86)90040-6. PMID 3704195. 
• Deftos LJ, Murray SS, Burton DW, et al. (1986). "A cloned chromogranin A (CgA) cDNA detects a 2.3Kb mRNA in diverse neuroendocrine tissues". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137 (1): 418–23. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(86)91226-X. PMID 3718511. 
• Hagn C, Schmid KW, Fischer-Colbrie R, Winkler H (1986). "Chromogranin A, B, and C in human adrenal medulla and endocrine tissues". Lab. Invest. 55 (4): 405–11. PMID 3762065. 
• Murray SS, Deaven LL, Burton DW, et al. (1987). "The gene for human chromogranin A (CgA) is located on chromosome 14". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142 (1): 141–6. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(87)90462-1. PMID 3814131. 
• Cetin Y, Aunis D, Bader MF, et al. (1993). "Chromostatin, a chromogranin A-derived bioactive peptide, is present in human pancreatic insulin (beta) cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (6): 2360–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.6.2360. PMC 46086. PMID 8096340. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=46086. 
• Mouland AJ, Bevan S, White JH, Hendy GN (1994). "Human chromogranin A gene. Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and neuroendocrine cell-specific expression". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (9): 6918–26. PMID 8120054. 
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. 
• Simon-Chazottes D, Wu H, Parmer RJ, et al. (1993). "Assignment of the chromogranin A (Chga) locus to homologous regions on mouse chromosome 12 and rat chromosome 6". Genomics 17 (1): 252–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1316. PMID 8406464. 
• Mahata SK, Kozak CA, Szpirer J, et al. (1996). "Dispersion of chromogranin/secretogranin secretory protein family loci in mammalian genomes". Genomics 33 (1): 135–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0171. PMID 8617499. 
• Strub JM, Goumon Y, Lugardon K, et al. (1996). "Antibacterial activity of glycosylated and phosphorylated chromogranin A-derived peptide 173-194 from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (45): 28533–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.45.28533. PMID 8910482. 

External links

• chromogranin A antibody stains via Google Image [3]