Operation Highjump

USS Sennet (SS-408) participating in Operation Highjump

Operation Highjump (OpHjp), officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946-1947, was a United States Navy operation organized by RADM Richard E. Byrd Jr. USN, (Ret), Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by RADM Richard H. Cruzen, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation Highjump commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and multiple aircraft. The primary mission of Operation Highjump was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV.^[1][2]

Highjump’s objectives, according to the US Navy report of the operation^{[citation needed]}, were:

1. training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions;
2. consolidating and extending United States sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the Antarctic continent (This was publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended);
3. determining the feasibility of establishing, maintaining and utilising bases in the Antarctic and investigating possible base sites;
4. developing techniques for establishing, maintaining and utilising air bases on ice, with particular attention to later applicability of such techniques to operations in interior Greenland, where conditions are comparable to those in the Antarctic;
5. amplifying existing stores of knowledge of hydrographic, geographic, geological, meteorological and electro-magnetic propagation conditions in the area;
6. supplementary objectives of the Nanook expedition. (The Nanook operation was a smaller equivalent conducted off eastern Greenland.)^[3]

Timeline

Antarctic expeditions
International agreements
1932–33  International Polar Year 1957–58  International Geophysical Year 1959        Antarctic Treaty System
British Empire / Commonwealth
1901–04  Scott's first expedition 1907–09  Shackleton's first expedition 1910–13  Scott's second expedition 1911–14  Mawson's first expedition 1914–17  Shackleton's second expedition 1921–22  Shackleton's third expedition 1929–31  Mawson's second expedition 1934–37  Graham Land expedition 1943–45  Operation Tabarin 1955–58  Trans-Antarctic Expedition
France
1903–05  Charcot's first expedition 1908–10  Charcot's second expedition
Germany
1901–03  Drygalski (Gauss) expedition 1911–12  Filchner expedition 1938–39  New Swabia expedition
Japan
1910–12  Japanese Antarctic Expedition
Norway
1910–12  Amundsen expedition
Sweden
1901–04  Swedish Antarctic Expedition
United States
1928–30  Byrd's first expedition 1946–47  Operation Highjump 1947–48  Operation Windmill 1947–48  Ronne expedition 1955–56  Operation Deep Freeze
v · d · e

The Western Group of ships reached the Marquesas Islands on December 12, 1946, whereupon the Henderson and Cacapon set up weather monitoring stations. By the 24th, the Currituck had begun launching aircraft on reconnaissance missions.

The Eastern Group of ships reached Peter I Island in late December 1946.

On January 1, 1947, LCDR Thompson and Chief Petty Officer Dixon utilized "Jack Browne" masks and DESCO Oxygen rebreathers to log the first dive by Americans under the Antarctic.^[4] Paul Allman Siple, PhD was the senior U.S. War Department representative on the expedition. Dr. Siple was the same Eagle Scout who accompanied Admiral Byrd on the previous Byrd Antarctic expeditions.

Human losses

On December 30, 1946, aviation radiomen Wendell K. Hendersin, Fredrick W. Williams, and Ensign Maxwell A. Lopez were killed when their PBM Mariner George 1 crashed during a blizzard. The surviving six crewmembers, including Aviation Radioman James H. Robbins and co-pilot William Kearns, were rescued 13 days later. A plaque was later erected at the McMurdo Station research base, honoring the three killed crewmen.

In December 2004, an attempt was made to locate the remains of the plane.^[5] There are ongoing efforts to repatriate the bodies of the three men killed in the crash ^[6] Killed airman Maxwell A. Lopez had a mountain named in his honour after his death, Mount Lopez on Thurston Island.

Additionally, Vance N. Woodall died during a "ship unloading accident" sometime after December 30, 1946. In a crew profile, deckman Edward Beardsley described his worst memory as "when Seaman Vance Woodall died on the Ross Ice Shelf under a piece of roller equipment designed to "pave" the ice to build an airstrip."

Afterwards

Father William Menster served as chaplain during the expedition. He became the first member of the clergy to visit the continent, and in a service in 1947 he consecrated Antarctica.

The Central Group of ships reached the Bay of Whales on January 15, 1947, where they constructed temporary runways along the glaciers, in a base dubbed Little America IV.

Naval ships and personnel were withdrawn back to the United States in late February 1947 and the expedition was terminated, due to the early approach of winter and worsening weather conditions (Summerhayes & Beeching, 2007, p. 15-16).

Admiral Byrd in an interview with Lee van Atta of International News Service aboard the expeditions command ship, the USS Mount Olympus, discussed the lessons learned from the operation. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947 edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part as follows: ‘Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. Talking about the recently completed expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking – recalled the admiral – is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.’ ^[7][8]

After the operation ended, a follow-up Operation Windmill returned to the area, in order to provide ground-truthing to the aerial photography of Highjump. Finn Ronne also financed a private operation to the same territory, until 1948.

As with other U.S. Antarctic expeditions, interested persons were allowed to send letters with enclosed envelopes to the base. Here commemorative cachets were added to their enclosures which were then returned to the senders. These souvenir philatelic covers are readily available at low cost.

Participating units

Eastern Group (Task Group 68.3)^[9]

CAPT George J. Dufek, USN, Commanding.

• Seaplane Tender USS Pine Island. CAPT Henry H. Caldwell, USN, Commanding.
• Destroyer USS Brownson. CDR H.M.S. Gimber, USN, Commanding.
• Tanker USS Canisteo. CAPT Edward K. Walker, USN, Commanding.

Western Group (Task Group 68.1)

CAPT Charles A. Bond, USN, Commanding.

• Seaplane Tender USS Currituck. CAPT John E. Clark, USN, Commanding.
• Destroyer USS Henderson. CAPT C.F. Bailey, USN, Commanding.
• Tanker USS Cacapon. CAPT R.A. Mitchell, USN, Commanding.

Central Group (Task Group 68.2)

RADM Richard H. Cruzen, USN , Commanding Officer.

• Communications and Flaship USS Mount Olympus. CAPT R.R. Moore, USN, Commanding.
• Supplyship USS Yancey. CAPT J.E. Cohn, USN, Commanding.
• Supplyship USS Merrick. CAPT John J. Hourihan, USN, Commanding.
• Submarine USS Sennet. CDR Joseph B. Icenhower, USN, Commanding.
• Icebreaker USS Burton Island. CDR Gerald L. Ketchum, USN, Commanding.
• Icebreaker USCGC Northwind. CAPT Charles W. Thomas, USCG, Commanding.

Carrier Group (Task Group 68.4)

RADM Richard E. Byrd Jr. USN, (Ret), Officer in Charge.

• Aircraft carrier and Flagship USS Philippine Sea. CAPT Delbert S. Cornwell, USN, Commanding.

Base Group (Task Group 68.5)

CAPT Clifford M. Campbell, USN, Commanding.

• Base Little America IV.

See also

• List of Antarctic expeditions
• Military activity in the Antarctic
• New Swabia

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard.

1. ^ Kearns, David A. (2005). "Operation Highjump: Task Force 68". Where Hell Freezes Over: A Story of Amazing Bravery and Survival. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 304. ISBN 0312342055. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZuMUEkB53zwC&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-05-31. 
2. ^ Summerhayes & Beeching 2007, pp. 15 and 16
3. ^ Summerhayes, C. & Beeching, P. "Hitler’s Antarctic base: the myth and the reality", Polar Record 43 (224):1–21 (2007) doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X, p.14
4. ^ Lang, Michael A and Robbins Ron (2009). "Scientific Diving Under Ice: A 40-Year Bipolar Research Tool.". In: Krupnik, I; Lang, MA; Miller, SE (eds). 2009. Smithsonian at the Poles: contributions to international Polar Year science.: 241–52. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8965. Retrieved 2011-01-01. 
5. ^ News Archives from Antarctica - An at www.antarcticconnection.com
6. ^ George One Operation Highjump Crew Recovery
7. ^ "A bordo del Monte Olimpo en Alta Mar" (in Spanish). El Mercurio (Santiago). March 5, 1947. 
8. ^ Summerhayes & Beeching 2007, p.17
9. ^ Kearns, David A. (2005). "Operation Highjump: Task Force 68". Where Hell Freezes Over: A Story of Amazing Bravery and Survival. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 304. ISBN 0312342055. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZuMUEkB53zwC&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-07. 

• Navy Proudly Ends Its Antarctic Mission; Air National Guard Assumes 160-Year Task. Chicago Tribune; February 22, 1998.
• Antarctic Mayday: The Crash of the George One Read the story of one of the survivors - James Haskin(Robbie) Robbins
• Operation Highjump: A Tragedy on Ice
• Where Hell Freezes Over by David A. Kearns (son of one of the survivors of the George One crash); Published 2005

External links

• The Secret Land, 1948 documentary film about Operation Highjump
• Article discussing enigma of operation highjump
• Photos from Operation Highjump
• George One Recovery Information
• Families Urge Navy to Bring Sailors Home
• Should Navy Recover Bodies of Sailors
• Ship cover site with good history
• Colin, Summerhayes; Beeching, Peter (2007). "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality" (full text). Polar Record 43 (1): 1. doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X.