Brendan

Infobox Saint
name=Saint Brendan of Clonfert
birth_date=c. 484
death_date=c. 577
feast_day=May 16
venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion


imagesize=200px
caption=St Brendan and the whale from a 15th century manuscript
birth_place=Ciarraighe Luachra near Tralee, County Kerry, Munster, Ireland
death_place=Anach Cuain (Annaghdown), County Galway, Connacht, Ireland
titles=Abbot
beatified_date=
beatified_place=
beatified_by=
canonized_date=
canonized_place=
canonized_by=
attributes=whale; priest celebrating Mass on board ship while fish gather to listen; one of a group of monks in a small boat [http://saints.sqpn.com/saintb21.htm Patron Saints Index: Saint Brendan the Navigator ] ]
patronage=boatmen; mariners; sailors; travellers; whales; diocese of Clonfert; diocese of Kerry
major_shrine=Clonfert
suppressed_date=
issues=
prayer=
prayer_attrib=

Saint Brendan of Clonfert or Bréanainn of Clonfert (c. 484 – c. 577) called "the Navigator", "the Voyager", or "the Bold" is one of the early Irish monastic saints whose legends reflect their history. He is chiefly renowned for his legendary quest to the Isle of the Blessed. The "Voyage of St. Brendan" could be called an "immram" (Irish voyage story). He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01632a.htm The Twelve Apostles of Erin] ]

Saint Brendan's feast day is celebrated on May 16 in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church and within the Anglican Communion.

Early life

In 484 Saint Brendan was born in Ciarraighe Luachra near the port of Tralee, in County Kerry, in the province of Munster, in the south west of Ireland. [cite book |title=North American Exploration: A New World Disclosed. Volume: 1 |author=Allen, John Logan |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1997 |pages=p. 18] He was baptized at Tubrid, near Ardfert, by Saint Erc. For five years he was educated under Saint Ita, "the Brigid of Munster", and he completed his studies under Saint Erc, who ordained him priest in 512. Between the years 512 and 530 St Brendan built monastic cells at Ardfert, and, at the foot of Mount Brandon, Shanakeel— "Seana Cill", usually translated as "the old church"— also called Baalynevinoorach. It was from here that he set out on his famous seven years voyage for the Land of Delight. The old Irish Calendars assigned a special feast for the "Egressio familiae S. Brendani", on March 22; and St Aengus the Culdee, in his Litany composed at the close of the eighth century, invokes "the sixty who accompanied St. Brendan in his quest for the Land of Promise".

Legendary journey

St Brendan is chiefly renowned for his legendary journey to The Isle of the Blessed (also called Tír na nÓg) as described in the ninth century "Voyage of St Brendan the Navigator". Many versions exist, that tell of how he set out onto the Atlantic Ocean with sixty pilgrims [One of these companions is said to have been Saint Malo, the namesake of Saint-Malo.] (other versions have fourteen, plus three unbelievers who join at the last minute), searching for the Garden of Eden. If it happened, this would have occurred in around 512-530 AD, before his travel to the island of Great Britain. On his trip, Brendan is supposed to have seen a blessed island covered with vegetation. He also encountered a sea monster, an adventure he shared with his contemporary St. Columba. The most commonly illustrated adventure is his landing on an island which turns out to be a giant sea monster called Jasconius or Jascon. This too, has its parallels in other stories, not only in Irish mythology but in other traditions, from Sinbad the Sailor to Pinocchio.

Early Dutch version

One of the earliest preserved written versions of the legend is in Dutch "Des Reis van Sint Brandaen" (Dutch for "The Voyage of Saint Brendan"), written in the 12th century. Scholars believe it derived from a now lost middle High German text combined with Celtic elements from Ireland and combines Christian and fairy tale elements. "Des Reis van Sint Brandaen" describes "Brandaen," a monk from Galway, and his voyage around the world for nine years. The journey was begun as a punishment by an angel who had seen Brendan not to believe the truth of a book on the miracles of creation and saw Brandaen throw it into the fire. The angel tells him that truth has been destroyed. On his journeys Brandaen encounters the wonders and horrors of the world, such as Judas frozen on one side and burning on the other, people with swine heads, dog legs and wolf teeth carrying bows and arrows, and an enormous fish that encircles the ship by holding its tail in its mouth. The English poem "Life of Saint Brandan" is a later English derivative of the Dutch version. [Meijer 1971:9-10.]

Effects

Naturally, the story of the seven years voyage was carried about, and soon crowds of pilgrims and students flocked to Ardfert. Thus, in a few years, many religious houses were formed - at Gallerus, Kilmalchedor, Brandon Hill, and the Blasket Islands - in order to meet the wants of those who came for spiritual guidance to Saint Brendan. Saint Brendan is the Patron Saint of sailors and travelers. At the United States Naval Academy in, Annapolis, Maryland, a large stained glass window commemorates Brendan's achievements. At Fenit Harbour, Tralee, a substantial bronze sculpture with a small horn has been erected to the memory of Brendan.

Context

While it is generally assumed that the story is a religious allegory, there has been considerable ink spilled over the question of whether the legends are based on actual events, and whether the Isle of the Blessed that Brendan reached was actually America. There is a St. Brendan Society that celebrates the belief that Brendan was the first to discover America. Tim Severin demonstrated it is possible that a leather-clad boat such as the one described in the "Navigatio" could have potentially reached North America. [Severin, Tim. "The Brendan Voyage: A Leather Boat Tracks the Discovery of America by the Irish Sailor Saints". McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1978. ISBN 0-07-056335-7.] [(1964, Robert Reily) "Irish Saints" page:37, Wing Books, New Jersey, ISBN 0-517-36833-1] Some have alleged that Christopher Columbus relied on the manuscript "Navigatio sancti Brendani abbatis" that told of St. Brendan's travels across the Atlantic. [Chapman, Paul H. "The Man Who Led Columbus to America." Judson Press. 1973. ISBN 0914032011.] Some propose St Brendan as an ancient visitor to the Americas.

As a genre, The Voyage of St. Brendan (in Latin, the "Navigatio Sancti Brendani") fits in with a then-popular form of literature, peculiar to Ireland, called an immram, that describes a hero's series of adventures in a boat. For example, there appear to be similarities with "The Voyage of Bran" written much earlier. In the Navigatio, this style of storytelling meshed with a religious ascetic tradition where Irish monks would travel alone in boats, the same way their desert brothers used to isolate themselves in caves.

Further travels

Later, he travelled to Wales and the holy island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland; returning to Ireland, he founded a bishopric at Annaghdown, where he spent the rest of his days. Centuries later this diocese was merged into the Archdiocese of Tuam. He was recognised as a saint by the Irish Church, and his feast day was celebrated on May 16. Having established the bishopric of Ardfert, St Brendan proceeded to Thomond, and founded a monastery at Inis-da-druim (now Coney Island), in the present parish of Killadysert, County Clare, about the year 550. He then journeyed to Wales, and thence to Iona, for he is said to have left traces of his apostolic zeal at Kil-"brandon" (near Oban) and Kil-"brennan" Sound. After a three years' mission in Britain he returned to Ireland, and did more proselytizing in various parts of Leinster, especially at Dysart (County Kilkenny), Killiney (Tubberboe), and Brandon Hill. He established churches at Inchiquin, County Galway and at Inishglora, County Mayo.

Saint Brendan's most celebrated foundation was Clonfert Cathedral, in the year 563, over which he appointed St. Moinenn as Prior and Head Master. St Brendan was interred in Clonfert.

Modern re-enactment

In 1976, Irish explorer Tim Severin built an ox leather curragh and over two summers sailed her from Ireland via the Hebrides, Faroe Islands and Iceland to Newfoundland to demonstrate that the saint's purported voyage was feasible. On his voyage, he encountered various sights such as icebergs and sea animals such as whales and porpoises which he suggests are factual counterparts to the fantastic sights from the legends of Brendan. See "The Brendan Voyage", ISBN 0-349-10707-6.

Appearances in popular culture

* The Brendan Voyage is an orchestral suite for Uilleann pipes, written by Irish composer Shaun Davey in 1983 and based on Tim Severin's book of the same name.

* Novelist Patricia Kennealy-Morrison features St. Brendan in her book "The Deers Cry", retelling his story with a science fiction twist.

* Novelist Frederick Buechner retold the story of Brendan's travels in his 1987 novel Brendan.

* The Celtic band Iona made an entire recording inspired by the voyage of Saint Brendan called Beyond These Shores, now available as part of the recording The River Flows.

* Singer songwriter Sarana VerLin wrote an instrumental song titled "St. Brendan's Reel" that appears on several albums including "Amadon Crest".

* In the 2005 film Beowulf & Grendel, a travelling monk named Brendan the Celt sails to Denmark circa 521 A.D.

* The cream liqueur "Saint Brendan's" is named after him.

* The Irish rock band The Elders have a song on their album "Racing the Tide" called "Saint Brendan Had a Boat"

List of Places Associated with St. Brendan and their General Location

* Ardfert, County Kerry
* Fenit Island, Tralee Bay, County Kerry
* Brandon Creek on the Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry.
* Mount Brandon, County Kerry
* Brandon Hill, County Kilkenny
* Faroe Islands
* Bristol, Gloucestershire.
* Iona Island, Scotland
* Gallarus Oratory , County Kerry
* Clonfert
* Killadysert, County Clare
* Dysart, County Kilkenny
* Killbrandon, near Oban, Scotland
* Kilbrennan Sound
* Killiney
* Inchiquin, County Galway
* Inishglora, County Mayo
* Hebrides
* Iceland
* Newfoundland
* Canary Islands
* Jan Mayen, which some claim he was the first person to sight

Curiosity

In the Sicilian town of Bronte there is a Church dedicated to Saint Brendan, whose name in the local dialect is "San Brandanu". Since 1574, the "Chiesa di San Blandano"( or "Church of Saint Brendan") replaced a homonymous Chapel that existed previously in the same location. The real devotional reasons of such entitlement are still unknown and untraceable. In 1799 the countryside surrounding Brontë became the British "Duchy of Horatio Nelson". The town of Drogheda is twinned with Brontë. [ [http://www.bronteinsieme.it/1mo/ch_4a.html Bronte Insieme/Monumenti - Chiesa di San Blandano ] ] [ [http://www.bronteinsieme.it/2st/Nelson_Bronte.htm Bronte Insieme/Storia - Il nome delle sorelle Brontë ] ]

References

* Donnchadha, Gearóid Ó. "St Brendan of Kerry, the Navigator. His Life & Voyages." OPEN AIR ISBN 1-85182-871-0
* Meijer, Reinder. "Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium." New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971.Annandale, NSW, Australia.

Bibliography

"Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis" (Latin):
* Transl. J.F. Webb in "The Age of Bede", ed. D. H. Farmer (Harmondsworth, 1983)
* "Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis", ed. Carl Selmer (South Bend, IN, 1959)
* Transl. John O‟Meara and Jonathan Wooding, in "The Voyage of Saint Brendan: Representative Versions of the Legend in English Translation", ed. W.R.J. Barron and Glyn S. Burgess (Exeter, 2002)

"Voyage of St Brendan" (Anglo-Norman)
* "The Anglo-Norman Voyage of St Brendan", ed. Brian Merrilees and Ian Short (Manchester, 1979)
* "The Anglo-Norman Voyage of St Brendan by Benedeit", ed. E.G. Waters (Oxford, 1928)
* "Benedeit – Le Voyage de Saint Brandan", ed. and transl. into German Ernstpeter Ruhe (München, 1977)
* Transl. in "The Voyage of Saint Brendan: Representative Versions of the Legend in English Translation", ed. W.R.J. Barron and Glyn S. Burgess (Exeter, 2002)

Further reading
* Bray, Dorothy, "Allegory in the "Navigatio Sancti Brendani", "Viator 26" (1995), 1-10.
* Burgess, Glyn S, and Clara Strijbosch, "The Legend of St Brendan: A Critical Bibliography" (Dublin, 2000)
* Dumville, David, "Two Approaches to the Dating of "Nauigatio Sancti Brendani", "Studi medievali", third s. 29 (1988), 87-102
* Esposito, M., "An Apocryphal Book of Enoch and Elias as a Possible Source for the "Navigatio Sancti Brendani", "Celtica" 5 (1960), 192-206
* Illingworth, Robin N., "The Structure of the Anglo-Norman "Voyage of St Brendan" by Benedeit," "Medium Aevum" 55:2 (1986), 217-29
* Jones, Robin F., "The Mechanics of Meaning in the Anglo-Norman "Voyage of Saint Brendan",‟ "Romanic Review" 71:2 (1980), 105-13
* Mackley, Jude, "Legend of Brendan: A Comparative Study of the Latin and Anglo-Norman Versions" (Leiden: Brill, 2008)
* Moult, D. Pochin, "St Brendan: Celtic Vision and Romance,‟ in "Ireland of the Saints" (London, 1953), pp. 153-70
* Ritchie, R. L. G., "The Date of "The Voyage of St Brendan"‟, "Medium Aevum" 19 (1950), 64-6
* Sobecki, Sebastian, "From the désert liquide to the Sea of Romance – Benedeit's "Voyage de saint Brandan" and the Irish "immrama", "Neophilologus" 87:2 (2003), 193-207
* Sobecki, Sebastian, "The Sea and Medieval English Literature" (Cambridge: 2008)
* Wooding, Jonathan, "St Brendan's Boat: Dead Hides and the Living Sea in Columban and Related Hagiography‟, in "Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars", eds John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (Dublin, 2001), pp. 77-92
* Wooding, Jonathan, "The Otherworld Voyage in Early Irish Literature" (Dublin, 2000)

ee also

* List of people on stamps of Ireland
* Saint Amaro, a semi-legendary Spanish navigator and saint
* Timeline of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
* St. Brendan's Island, a phantom island said to have been discovered by St. Brendan on his voyage

External links

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02758c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Brendan"]
* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=87 Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"]
* [http://www.irelandseye.com/irish/people/saints/brendan.shtm Biography from "A Little Book of Celtic Saints:" "Saint Brendan the Navigator"]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost10/Brendanus/bre_navi.html "Navigatio sancti Brendani abbatis"] in (Latin)
* [http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/262/the_voyage_of_beyond_the_sea.html "The Voyage of Beyond the Sea"] Simon Young writes about St Brendan's journey in Fortean Times
* [http://www.opinionjournal.com/taste/?id=110006405 Wall Street Journal: "Of Sainted Memory"]
* [http://www.faroestamps.fo/?side=b6d3d096d981070acabd94f279a86586 Faroestamps.fo - Faroese stamp edition] (English, German, French, Danish, Faroese)
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17343/17343-h/17343-h.htm Brendan's Fabulous Voyage] - 1893 lecture by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, available from Project Gutenberg

Persondata
NAME=Brendan of Clonfert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Brendan, Saint Brendan of Clonfert,Bréanainn of Clonfert
SHORT DESCRIPTION=The Navigator
DATE OF BIRTH=484
PLACE OF BIRTH=Fenit, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
DATE OF DEATH=577
PLACE OF DEATH=