Roald Amundsen

Infobox Person
name = Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen


image_size = 250px
caption = Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen
birth_date = birth date|1872|07|16
birth_place = Borge, Østfold, Norway
death_date = c. death date and age|1928|06|18|1872|07|16
death_place = unknown
education =
occupation = Explorer
spouse =
parents = Jens Amundsen
children =

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (IPA2|ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən), (July 16, 1872 – c. June 18, 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the first Antarctic expedition to reach the South Pole between 1910 and 1912. He was also the first person to reach both the North and South Poles. He is known as the first to traverse the Northwest Passage. He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission. With Douglas Mawson, Robert Falcon Scott, and Ernest Shackleton, Amundsen was a key expedition leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Early life

Amundsen was born to a family of Norwegian shipowners and captains in Borge, between the towns Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg. His father was Jens Amundsen. The fourth son in the family, his mother chose to keep him out of the maritime industry of the family and pressured him to be a doctor, a promise that Amundsen kept until his mother died when he was aged 21, quitting university for a life at sea.Cite book| publisher = Ayer Publishing| isbn = 0836925734| pages =pp. 196-201| last = Thomas| first = Henry| coauthors = Dana Lee Thomas| title = Living Adventures in Science| date = 1972|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FFXyKIa_-vgC&dq=roald+amundsen+story] Amundsen had hidden a lifelong desire inspired by Fridtjof Nansen's crossing of Greenland in 1888 and the doomed Franklin expedition. As a result, he decided on a life of exploration.

Polar treks

Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–99

He was a member of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–99) as first mate. This expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the "Belgica", became the first expedition to winter in Antarctica.Cite book| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Reference Books| isbn = 061825210X| pages =p. 43 1696| title = The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography| date = 2003] The "Belgica", whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70°30'S off Alexander Land, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The crew then endured a winter for which the expedition was poorly prepared. By Amundsen's own estimation, the doctor for the expedition, American Frederick Cook, probably saved the crew from scurvy by hunting for animals and feeding the crew fresh meat, an important lesson for Amundsen's future expeditions.

Northwest Passage

In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (something explorers had been attempting since the days of Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson), with six others in a 47 ton steel seal hunting vessel, "Gjøa". Amundsen had the ship outfitted with a small gas engine.Cite book| publisher = U of Minnesota Press| isbn = 0816637997|pages =p. 298|last = Derry| first = Thomas|last= Kingston|title = A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland|date = 1979] They travelled via Baffin Bay, Lancaster and Peel Sounds, and James Ross, Simpson and Rae Straits and spent two winters near King William Island in what is today Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, Canada.

During this time Amundsen learned from the local Netsilik people about Arctic survival skills that would later prove useful. For example, he learned to use sled dogs and to wear animal skins en lieu of heavy, woolen parkas. After a third winter trapped in the ice, Amundsen was able to navigate a passage into the Beaufort Sea after which he cleared into the Bering Strait, thus having successfully navigated the Northwest Passage. Continuing to the south of Victoria Island, the ship cleared the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on August 17 1905, but had to stop for the winter before going on to Nome on the Alaska Territory's Pacific coast. Five hundred miles (800 km) away, Eagle City, Alaska, had a telegraph station; Amundsen travelled there (and back) overland to wire a success message (collect) on December 5, 1905. Nome was reached in 1906. Due to water as shallow as convert|3|ft|m, a larger ship could never have used the route.

It was at this time that Amundsen received news that Norway had formally become independent of Sweden and had a new king. Amundsen sent the new King Haakon VII news that it "was a great achievement for Norway." He hoped to do more he said and signed it "Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen."

outh Pole expedition (1910–12)

After crossing the Northwest Passage , Amundsen made plans to go to the North Pole and explore the North Polar Basin. Amundsen had difficulty raising funds for the departure and upon hearing in 1909 that first Frederick Cook and then Robert Peary claimed the Pole, he decided to reroute to Antarctica. However, he did not make these plans known and misled both Scott and the Norwegians. Using the ship "Fram" ("Forward"), earlier used by Fridtjof Nansen, he left Norway for the south, leaving Oslo on June 3, 1910.Cite book|publisher = L. Keedick| last = Amundsen| first = Roald| title = The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition...|pages=p. 1| date = 1913] Cite book|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 0415082250|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&dq=amundsen+antarctica
last = Simpson-Housley|first = Paul| title = Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor|date = 1992|pages=pp. 24-37] At sea, Amundsen alerted his men that they would be heading to Antarctica in addition to sending a telegram to Scott notifying him simply: "BEG TO INFORM YOU FRAM PROCEEDING ANTARCTIC--AMUNDSEN." The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of Ross Ice Shelf at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales on January 14 1911 where Amundsen located his base camp and named it Framheim. Further, Amundsen eschewed the heavy wool clothing worn on earlier Antarctic attempts in favour of Eskimo-style skins.

Using skis and dog sleds for transportation Amundsen and his men created supply depots at 80°, 81° and 82° South, along a line directly south to the Pole. Amundsen also planned to kill some of his dogs on the way and use them as a source for fresh meat. After a premature attempt to set out on 8 September, 1911 the Pole team consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting and Amundsen himself departed on 19 October, 1911. They took four sledges and 52 dogs. Using a route along the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier they arrived at the edge of the Polar Plateau on November 21 after a four-day climb. On 14 December 1911, the team of five, with 16 dogs, arrived at the Pole (90°00'S). They arrived 35 days before Scott's group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, "Home on the Pole". Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VII's Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim. The team returned to Framheim on January 25, 1912 with 11 dogs. Amundsen's success was publicly announced on 7 March, 1912, when he arrived at Hobart, Australia.

Amundsen's expedition benefited from careful preparation, good equipment, appropriate clothing, a simple primary task (Amundsen did no surveying on his route south and is known to have taken only two photographs), an understanding of dogs and their handling, and the effective use of skis. In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, the Amundsen's trek proved rather smooth and uneventful.

In Amundsen's own words::"I may say that this is the greatest factor -- the way in which the expedition is equipped -- the way in which every difficulty is foreseen, and precautions taken for meeting or avoiding it. Victory awaits him who has everything in order -- luck, people call it. Defeat is certain for him who has neglected to take the necessary precautions in time; this is called bad luck." ::::--from "The South Pole," by Roald Amundsen.

Later life

In 1918 Amundsen began an expedition with a new ship "Maud", which was to last until 1925. "Maud" sailed West to East through the Northeast Passage, now called the "Northern Route" (1918-1920). Amundsen planned to freeze the "Maud" into the polar ice cap and drift towards the North Pole (as Nansen had done with the "Fram"), but in this he was not successful. However, the scientific results of the expedition, mainly the work of Harald Sverdrup, were of considerable value. Many of these carefully-collected scientific data had been lost during the ill-fated journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen, two crew members sent on a mission by Amundsen, but they were later retrieved by Russian scientist Nikolay Urvantsev as they lay abandoned on the Kara Sea shores. [William Barr, "The Last Journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen", 1919]

In 1925, accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, and three other team members, Amundsen took two aircraft, the N-24 and N-25 to 87° 44' north. It was the northernmost latitude reached by plane up to that time. The planes landed a few miles apart without radio contact, yet the crews managed to reunite. One of the aircraft, the N-24 was damaged. Amundsen and his crew worked for over three weeks to clean up an airstrip to take off from ice. They shoveled 600 tons of ice while consuming only one pound (400 g) of daily food rations. In the end, six crew members were packed into the N-25. In a remarkable feat, Riiser-Larsen took off, and they barely became airborne over the cracking ice. They returned triumphant when everyone thought they had been lost forever.

In 1926, Amundsen, Ellsworth, Riiser-Larsen, Oscar Wisting, and the Italian aeronautical engineer Umberto Nobile made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship "Norge" designed by Nobile. They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, and they landed in Alaska two days later. The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole – by Frederick Cook in 1908; Robert Peary in 1909; and Richard E. Byrd in 1926 (just a few days before the "Norge") – are all disputed, as being either of dubious accuracy or outright fraud. Some of those disputing these earlier claims therefore consider the crew of the "Norge" to be the first verified explorers to have reached the North Pole. If the "Norge" expedition was actually the first to the North Pole, Amundsen and Oscar Wisting would therefore be the first persons to attain each geographical pole, by ground or by air, as the case may be.

Disappearance and death

Amundsen disappeared on June 18, 1928 while flying on a rescue mission with Norwegian pilot Leif Dietrichson, French pilot Rene Guilbaud, and three more Frenchmen, looking for missing members of Nobile's crew, whose new airship the "Italia" had crashed while returning from the North Pole. Afterwards, a pontoon from the French Latham 47 flying-boat he was in, improvised into a life raft, was found near the Tromsø coast. It is believed that the plane crashed in fog in the Barents Sea, and that Amundsen was killed in the crash, or died shortly afterwards. His body was never found. The search for Amundsen was called off in September by the Norwegian Government. In 2003 it was suggested that the plane went down northwest of Bear Island (Norway).Fact|date=June 2008

Legacy

A number of places have been named after him:
* The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is named jointly with his rival.
* Amundsen Sea, off the coast of Antarctica.
* Amundsen Glacier in Antarctica.
* Amundsen Gulf, in the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Northwest Territories in Canada (separating Banks Island and the western parts of Victoria Island from the mainland).
* A large crater covering the Moon's south pole is named Amundsen Crater.

The following ships are named after him:
* The Canadian Coast Guard named an icebreaker CCGS "Amundsen", whose mission is to perform scientific research in the waters of the Arctic.
* The Norwegian Navy is building a class of Aegis frigates, the second of which, is the HNoMS "Roald Amundsen" (completed 2006).
* The German brig "Roald Amundsen".

Other tributes include:
*Writer Roald Dahl was named after Amundsen.
*Nobel Laureate, Chemist and Poet Roald Hoffmann was named after Amundsen.
*The Amundsen Trail, Staten Island, New York
*Amundsen High School, Chicago, Illinois

Notes

ee also

* Explorers
* Northwest Passage
* Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen
* Antarctica
* Robert Falcon Scott
* Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions
* List of Antarctica expeditions
* List of people who have disappeared

External links

* [http://www.fram.museum.no/en/ The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)]
* [http://www.fram.museum.no/en/default.asp?page=158 Map of Amundsen's and Scott's South Pole journeys] at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/arctic/ Arctic Passage] at PBS' Nova site has photographs, maps, [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/arctic/amundsen.html excerpts from Amundsen's autobiography] and [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/arctic/huntford.html an interview with Roland Huntford] .
* [http://www.south-pole.com/p0000101.htm Roald Amundsen article at south-pole.com]
* [http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-history/explorers/roaldamundsen/ 70South - information on Roald Amundsen]
* [http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/history/032005-990461/index-dok000-b-n-a.html Short biography from Norwegian Foreign Ministry]
* [http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf DIO vol.10 2000] Amundsen's unparalleled record of polar firsts, including evidence that he was 1st to each geographical pole.
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088551/ The Last Place On Earth] 1985 miniseries depicting the race between Amundsen and Scott.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=20956 Roald Amundsen At Find A Grave]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067315/ The Red Tent] Sean Connery plays Amundsen
* [http://www.villemont.ch/index.php?id=16 Villemont] Roald Amundsen Legacy at VILLEMONT

Works by Amundsen:
*
* [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/amundsen_r/southpole/ Arthur G. Chater's 1912 translation of Amundsen's "The South Pole"]
*worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-25970

Bibliography

*"Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary. The first Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic" by Hugo Decleir Bluntisham Books, Erskine Press.
*"The Last Place on Earth: Scott and Amundsen's Race to the South Pole" by Roland Huntford Modern Library (September 7, 1999)
*"The South Pole:An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the Fram, 1910 - 1912", by Roald Amundsen, John Murray, 1912. [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/amundsen/roald/southpole/ Online edition] at [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/ eBooks @ Adelaide]
*"Roald Amundsen", a full biography by Tor Bomann-Larsen, ISBN 0750943432
*Langner, Rainer-K. 'Scott and Amundsen - Duel in the Ice', Haus Publishing, London, 2007, ISBN 978905791088

Persondata
NAME=Amundsen, Roald Engelbregt Gravning
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Norwegian explorer
DATE OF BIRTH=July 16, 1872
PLACE OF BIRTH=Borge near Fredrikstad
DATE OF DEATH=June 18, 1928
PLACE OF DEATH=Barents Sea