Richard Evelyn Byrd

Infobox Military Person
name= Richard Evelyn Byrd
born= Birth date|1888|10|25
died= death date and age|1957|3|11|1888|10|25
placeofbirth= Winchester, Virginia
placeofdeath=
placeofburial= Arlington National Cemetery


caption=
nickname=
allegiance= United States of America
branch=United States Navy
serviceyears= 1912-1927 1940-1947
rank= Rear Admiral
commands=
unit=
battles=World War II
awards= Medal of Honor Navy Cross Navy Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Flying Cross Legion of Merit
laterwork=
Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, USN (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was a pioneering American polar explorer, aviator and a recipient of the Medal of Honor.

Claimed North Pole flight, 1926

On May 9, 1926, Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F-VII Tri-motor called the "Josephine Ford". This flight went from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and back to its take-off airfield. Byrd claimed to have reached the Pole. This trip earned Byrd widespread acclaim, including being awarded the Medal of Honor (back when this medal was awarded for things other than superior valor in battle), and enabled him to secure funding for subsequent attempts to fly over the South Pole.

From 1926 until 1996, there were doubts, defenses, and heated controversy about whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958 Norwegian-American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's claim based on his extensive personal knowledge of the airplane's speed. In 1971 Balchen speculated that Byrd had simply circled aimlessly while out of sight of land. [cite book
title=Oceans, Poles, and Airmen
author=Montague, Richard
publisher=Random House
date=1971
pages=48]

The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926 flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ with Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later official typescript reports the same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18°18'18". [cite book
author=Goerler, Raimund E.
title=To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd, 1925-1927
publisher=Ohio State University Press
date=1998
pages=pp 84-85, compare to p 154] On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and courageously flew about 80% of the distance to the Pole before turning back due to an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his claim of reaching the pole. ["New York Times", May 9, 1996, page 1;cite journal
title=Byrd's Heroic North Pole Failure
author=Rawlins, Dennis
date=January, 2000
journal=Polar Record (Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge)
pages=25–50; see pages 33–34
volume=36cite journal
accessdate=2007-07-13|url=http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf|format=PDF
title=Byrd’s Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last Leg
author=Rawlins, Dennis
date=January, 2000
journal=DIO: The International Journal of Scientific History
volume=10
pages=2–106; see page 40]

Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward groundspeeds greater than the flight's 85 mph airspeed, a remaining Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anti-cyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's groundspeed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance claimed to be covered in the time claimed. (The theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data.) [cite web
url=http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm
accessdate=
author=Portney, Joseph
date=2000
publisher=Litton Systems, Inc.
title=The Polar Fl
See also cite journal
journal=J.Inst.Nav
author=Portney, Joseph
year=1973 |volume=20 |issue=3
pages=pp 208–218
title=The Polar Fl
and cite journal
journal=J.Inst.Nav
author=Portney, Joseph
year=1992 |volume=39 |issue=2
pages=pp 255–264 |title=History of Aerial Polar Navigation] This suggestion has been refuted by Dennis Rawlins [cite journal
accessdate=2007-07-13|url=http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf|format=PDF
title=Byrd’s Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last Leg
author=Rawlins, Dennis
date=January, 2000
journal=DIO: The International Journal of Scientific History
volume=10
pages=2–106; see pages 69–76; also pages 54, 84–88, 99, 105] who adds ["Ibid" pp.39-41] that the sextant data in the long unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1", a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc).

Some sources claim that Floyd Bennett and Byrd later revealed, in private conversations, that they did not reach the pole. One source claims that Floyd Bennett later told a fellow pilot that they did not reach the pole.cite book
title=The Last Explorer|author=Nash, Simon
publisher=Hodder
date=2005
pages=149] It is also claimed that Byrd confessed his failure to reach the North Pole during a long walk with Dr. Isaiah Bowman in 1930. [cite book
title=Polar Extremism: the world of Lincoln Ellsworth
author=Fairbanks
publisher=University of Alaska Press)
date=2002
pages=Chapter 4]

Considering that Byrd and Bennett probably didn't reach the North Pole, it is extremely likely that the first flight over the Pole was the flight of the airship Norge in May 1926 with its crew of Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile, Oscar Wisting, and others. This flight went from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop, so there is little doubt that they went over the North Pole. Amundsen and Wisting had both been members of the first expedition to the South Pole, December 1911.

Trans-Atlantic flight, 1927

Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France. His flight was sponsored by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker, an early visionary of Trans-Atlantic commercial flight. Once again Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with support from Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and George Noville. During a practice takeoff with Bennett alone at the controls, the Fokker Trimotor airplane, "America", crashed, severely injuring Bennett. As the plane was being repaired, Charles Lindbergh won the prize. But Byrd continued with his quest, naming Balchen to replace Bennett as chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field East Garden City, New York on June 29, 1927. Arriving over France, cloud cover prevented a landing in Paris; they returned to the coast of Normandy, crash-landing near the beach without fatalities on July 1, 1927. [ [http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm Check-Six.com - The Ditching of the "America"] ]

First Antarctic expedition, 1928-1930

In 1928, Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships, and three airplanes: a Ford Trimotor called the "Floyd Bennett" (named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions); a Fokker called "The Stars and Stripes"; a Fairchild called the "Virginia" (Byrd's birth state). A base camp named "Little America" was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf and scientific expeditions by dog-sled, snowmobile, and airplane began. Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 29, 1929, the famous flight to the South Pole and back was launched. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Ford Trimotor to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, in order to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau. However, the flight was successful, and it entered Byrd into the history books. After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. A 19 year-old American Boy Scout, Paul Allman Siple, was chosen from to accompany the expedition. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society.

Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for a time as Honorary National President (1931-1935) of Pi Gamma Mu, the international honor society in the social sciences. In 1928, he carried the Society's flag during a historic expedition to the Antarctic to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences.

Byrd's later Antarctic expeditions

Byrd undertook four more expeditions to Antarctica from 1933–35, 1939–40, 1946–47 and 1955–56.

As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd, performed national defense service during World War II (1941-45), mostly as a consultant to the U.S.N. high commanders.

On his second expedition, in 1934, Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly-ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm the men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and mechanical troubles. Finally, Dr. Thomas Poulter, E.J. Demas, and Amory Waite arrived at advanced base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The men remained at advanced base until October 12 when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of the men returned to base camp with the tractor. This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography "Alone". It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued at the time, and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd's base at Little America, which was powered by a Jacobs Wind 2.5 KW. Later a souvenir sheet was also issued. All of this philatelic material is readily available at modest prices. [ [http://www.south-pole.com/p0000142.htm Paul Skowron, "A Philatelic Introduction to B.A.E. II: The Stamps"] ]

In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg and was invited to participate in the 1938/1939 German "Neuschwabenland" Antarctic Expedition, but declined.

Byrd's third expedition was his first one on which he had the official backing of the U.S. government. The project included extensive studies of geology, biology, meteorology and exploration. Within a few months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him. From 1942 to 1945 he headed important missions to the Pacific, including surveys of remote islands for airfields. On one assignment he visited the fighting front in Europe. He was repeatedly cited for meritorious service and was present at the Japanese surrender.

The fourth culminating expedition, Operation Highjump, was the largest Antarctic expedition to date. Conspiracy theorists specializing in alleged Aryan or Nazi activities in Antarctica have extensively speculated about this mission. In 1946, US Navy Secretary James Forrestal assembled a huge amphibious naval force for an Antarctic Expedition expected to last six to eight months. Besides the flagship "Mount Olympus" and the aircraft carrier "Philippine Sea", there were thirteen US Navy support ships, six helicopters, six flying boats, two seaplane tenders and fifteen other aircraft. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000. The armada arrived in the Ross Sea on 31 December 1946, and made aerial explorations of an area half the size of the United States, recording ten new mountain ranges. The major area covered was the eastern coastline of Antarctica from 150 degrees east to the Greenwich meridian. The expedition was terminated abruptly at the end of February 1947, six months early, the entire remaining armada returning immediately to the United States. The early termination of the mission was never explained.

As part of the multinational collaboration for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957–58, Byrd commanded the U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze I in 1955-56, which established permanent Antarctic bases at McMurdo Sound, the Bay of Whales, and the South Pole.

Death

Richard Byrd died on March 12 1957 in his sleep at his Brimmer Street home in Boston. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Admiral Byrd Dies at 68. Made 5 Polar Expeditions. Admiral Flew Over Both Poles and Helped Establish Antarctic as a Continent. Byrd Dies at 68. Polar Explorer. 5 Arctic and Antarctic Trips Provided Groundwork for U.S. Defense Concepts Frigid Testing Ground First Trip in 1928-1929. Born in Virginia. Polar Flight Eclipsed Work Under Federal Auspices. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B14FC3D5D167B93C0A81788D85F438585F9&scp=7&sq=Richard+Evelyn+Byrd&st=p |quote=Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N., retired, the first man to fly over the North and South Poles, died in his sleep tonight at his Brimmer Street home. He was 68 years old.|publisher=New York Times |date=March 12 1957 |accessdate=2008-05-23 ] Admiral Byrd was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. [ [http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rebyrd.htm Admiral Richard E. Byrd-Arlington National Cemetery] ]

Awards, decorations, honors

By the time he died, he had amassed twenty-two citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. In addition, he was awarded the Medal of Honor, the Congressional Life Saving Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Navy Cross, and had three ticker-tape parades. He preferred to dwell on the substance of his global adventures, and the stories of those that had gone awry as "lessons learned".

In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an "Honorary Scout", a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". The other eighteen who were awarded this distinction were: Roy Chapman Andrews; Robert Bartlett; Frederick Russell Burnham; George Kruck Cherrie; James L. Clark; Merian C. Cooper; Lincoln Ellsworth; Louis Agassiz Fuertes; George Bird Grinnell; Charles A. Lindbergh; Donald Baxter MacMillan; Clifford H. Pope; George P. Putnam; Kermit Roosevelt; Carl Rungius; Stewart Edward White; Orville Wright.cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1927 |month=August 29 |title=Around the World |journal=Time (magazine) |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |accessdate= 2007-10-24 |quote=] Also in 1927, the City of Richmond dedicated the Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field, now Richmond International Airport, in Henrico County, Virginia. Byrd's Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, "Stars And Stripes" is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

Mount Byrd on Ross Island, Antarctica and Lunar crater Byrd are named after him, as was the United States Navy dry cargo ship USNS "Richard E. Byrd" (T-AKE-4) and the now decommissioned "Charles F. Adams"-class guided missile destroyer USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23)

In Glen Rock, New Jersey there is Richard E. Byrd school which was dedicated in 1931. The Polar Research Center at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio was named in honor of Admiral Byrd in 1984.

Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School, located in Frederick County, Va, was opened in 2005. The school is decorated with pictures and letters from Byrd's life and career. There is also a Richard E. Byrd Middle school in Sun Valley, California and a Richard E. Byrd Middle School in Elk Grove Village, Illinois.

Medal of Honor Citation

Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy. Born: 25 October 1888, Winchester, Va. Appointed from: Virginia. Other Navy awards: Navy Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with gold star, Distinguished Flying Cross.

Citation:

:For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life, in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth over the North Pole and return.

Family

Admiral Byrd was married (20 January 1915) to the former Marie Donaldson Ames [he named a region of Antarctic land he discovered “Marie Byrd Land”] and had four children - Richard Evelyn Jr., (grandchildren Richard Byrd, Leverett S. Byrd, Ames Byrd, and Harry Flood Byrd II); Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke (grandchildren Evelyn Byrd Clarke, Marie Ames Clarke, Eleanor Clarke, and Richard Byrd Clarke); Catherine Agnes Byrd Breyer (grandchildren Robert Byrd Breyer and Katherine Ames Breyer); and Helen Byrd Stabler (grandchildren David Stabler and Ann Blanchard Stabler).

ee also

*List of Antarctica expeditions
*List of Medal of Honor recipients
*List of Medal of Honor recipients during Peacetime
*Laurence McKinley Gould

Notes

References

*Time (magazine); Monday, November 8, 1926. Born. To Mrs. Marie Ames Byrd, of Winchester, Virginia, and Boston, a daughter. Mrs. Byrd is the wife of Lieut. Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd, U.S.N., who flew to the North Pole and back from Spitsbergen last spring. Lieutenant Byrd's brother, Harry F. Byrd, is Governor of Virginia.

*cite book
last = Rodgers
first = Eugene
title = Beyond the Barrier: The Story of Byrd's First Expedition to Antarctica
publisher = United States Naval Institute
year = 1997
month = March
isbn = 978-1557507136

External links

*cite web
accessdate=2007-07-14
url=http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php
title=The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy
publisher=Polar Archival Program, Ohio State University
date=2007
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.70south.com/resources/history/explorers/byrd
title=70South - information on Richard E. Byrd
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf
title=Richard E. Byrd's 1926 Flight Towards the North Pole
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?/books/book%20pages/goerler%20to.htm
title="To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd", 1925–1927
publisher=
date=2008-02-15
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm
title=The Flight of the 'America' - 1927
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.south-pole.com/p0000107.htm
title=Richard E. Byrd 1888-1957
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://home.acadia.net/userpages/kikut/BBMainText.htm
title=Did Richard Byrd get to the North Pole in 1926?
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm
title=A navigation expert's look at how Byrd's claim is one possible interpretation of his diary.
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.ast.leeds.ac.uk/haverah/spaseman/bookalone.shtml
title="Alone"] Byrd's 1938 account of his 1934 winter at Advance Base
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.ussrichardebyrd.com
title=The Guided Missile Destroyer USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23)
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/byrd/byrd.htm
title=Papers of Admiral Richard E. Byrd
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/
title=The Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*cite web
accessdate=
url=http://www.reversespins.com/byrd.html
title=- allegedly contains a part of Byrd's "missing" diary, describing the "mysterious events" of his Arctic flight
publisher=
date=2007-10-25
*findagrave|156 Retrieved on 2007-10-25