Voice (phonetics)

"Voiced" redirects here. For the organization, see VOICED.

Voiced
◌̬
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Voiceless
◌̥

Phonation
Glottal states
From open to closed:
Voicelessness (full airstream)
Breathy voice (murmur)
Slack voice
Modal voice (maximum vibration)
Stiff voice
Creaky voice (restricted airstream)
Glottalized (blocked airstream)
Supra-glottal phonation
Faucalized voice ("hollow")
Harsh voice ("pressed")
Strident (harsh trilled)
Non-phonemic phonation
Whisper
Falsetto
This box: view · phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless (unvoiced) or voiced. The term, however, is used to refer to two separate concepts. Voicing can refer to the articulatory process in which the vocal cords vibrate. This is its primary use in phonetics to describe phones, which are particular speech sounds. It can also refer to a classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration but need not actually be voiced at the articulatory level. This is the term's primary use in phonology when describing phonemes, or in phonetics when describing phones. At the articulatory level, a voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless sound is one in which they do not. Voicing is the difference between the pairs of sounds that are associated with the English letters "s" and "z". The two sounds are symbolically written [s] and [z] to distinguish them from the English letters, which have several possible pronunciations depending on context. If one places the fingers on the voice box (i.e. the location of the Adam's apple in the upper throat), one can feel a vibration when one pronounces zzzz, but not when one pronounces ssss. (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see modal voice and phonation.) In most European languages, with a notable exception being Icelandic, vowels and other sonorants (consonants such as m, n, l, and r) are modally voiced. When used to classify speech sounds, voiced and unvoiced are merely labels used to group phones and phonemes together for the purposes of classification. We return to this below. Notation The International Phonetic Alphabet has distinct letters for many voiceless and voiced pairs of consonants (the obstruents), such as [p b], [t d], [k ɡ], [q ɢ]. In addition, there is a diacritic for voicedness, [ ̬ ] (U+032C  ̬ combining caron below).[1] Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiceless sounds. English examples The distinction between the articulatory use of voice and the phonological use rests on the distinction between phone and phoneme. The difference is best illustrated by a rough example. Words are composed of phonemes. The English word "pods" is made up of a sequence of phonemes, represented symbolically as /pɒdz/, or the sequence of /p/, /ɒ/, /d/, and /z/. Each letter is an abstract symbol for a phoneme. This is a part of our grammatical knowledge. Consonant phonemes are classified as either voiced or voiceless. Some voiced phonemes of English are /b, d, ɡ, v, z/. Each of these obstruents has an unvoiced counterpart, /p, t, k, f, s/. The classification is useful for describing phonological processes such as vowel lengthening that occurs before voiced consonants but not before unvoiced consonants or vowel quality changes (i.e. the sound of the vowel) in some dialects of English that occur before unvoiced but not voiced consonants. However, phonemes are not sounds. Rather, phonemes are, in turn, converted to phones before being spoken. The /z/ phoneme, for instance, can actually be pronounced as the [s] phone or the [z] phone because /z/ is frequently devoiced in fluent speech, especially at the end of an utterance. And so the sequence of phones for "pods" might be [pɒds] or [pɒdz]. The different type of brackets indicates that these are symbols for phones now. As described above, while the [z] phone has articulatory voicing, the [s] phone does not. English has four pairs of fricative phones which can be divided into a table by place of articulation and voicing. The voiced fricatives can readily be felt to have voicing throughout the duration of the phone. Voicing contrast in English fricatives Articulation Voiceless Voiced Pronounced with the lip against the teeth: [f] (fan) [v] (van) Pronounced with the tongue against the teeth: [θ] (thin, thigh) [ð] (then, thy) Pronounced with the tongue near the gums: [s] (sip) [z] (zip) Pronounced with the tongue bunched up: [ʃ] (pressure) [ʒ] (pleasure) However, in a class of consonants called plosives or stops, such as /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ/, the contrast is more complicated and can vary from language to language. Articulatory voicing does not generally occur throughout the sound since airflow is blocked by the tongue in the pronunciation of the consonant ("closure"). The difference between the unvoiced plosive phonemes and the voiced plosive phonemes is not just a matter of whether (articulatory) voicing is present or not. Rather, it includes when voicing starts (if at all), the presence of aspiration (airflow burst following the release of the closure), and the duration of the closure and of the aspiration. English voiceless plosives are generally aspirated or have longer aspiration than their voiced counterparts, do not have any voicing until after the aspiration (this is really the voicing of the following sound), and have a longer closure duration than their voiced counterparts. The voiced plosives can have voicing during closure, though often do not. The phone symbols are sometimes strictly considered to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, in addition with aspiration represented as a separate symbol (a superscript h), though these symbols may informally represent something more useful for the language at hand. Voicing contrast in English plosives Articulation Unvoiced Voiced Pronounced with the lips closed: [p] (pin) [b] (bin) Pronounced with the tongue near the gums: [t] (ten) [d] (den) Pronounced with the back of the tongue against the palate: [k] (con) [ɡ] (gone) When these consonants come at the end of a syllable, however, such as at the end of a word, in many English dialects there is often little or no aspiration. The closure is not released, making it sometimes difficult to hear the difference between these pairs of word-final consonants. However, other auditory cues remain, such as what has been described above, e.g. the length of the preceding vowel. Finally, there is a class of consonants called affricates which combines the properties of plosive and fricative: Voicing contrast in English affricates Articulation Aspirated Partially voiced Pronounced with the tongue bunched up: [tʃ] (chin) [dʒ] (gin) Other English sounds, the vowels, nasals, and liquids (called sonorants), are normally fully voiced. However, these consonants and unstressed vowels may be devoiced in certain positions, especially after aspirated consonants, as in police, tree, and play, where the voicing is delayed to the extent of missing the sonorant altogether. Beside the pairs of voiceless and voiced 'obstruent' consonants given above, other voiced sounds in English are the nasals, i.e. /m, n, ŋ/; the approximants, i.e. /l, r, w, j/ (the last spelled as the English letter ⟨y⟩); and the vowels. These sounds are called sonorants. Degrees of voicing Voice onset time + Aspirated 0 Tenuis − Voiced There are two variables to degrees of voicing: intensity (discussed under phonation), and duration (discussed under voice onset time). When a sound is described as "half voiced" or "partially voiced", it is not always clear whether that means that the voicing is weak (low intensity), or if the voicing only occurs during part of the sound (short duration). In the case of English, it is the latter. Voice and tenseness There are languages with two sets of contrasting obstruents that are labelled /p t k f s x …/ vs. /b d ɡ v z ɣ …/ even though there is no involvement of voice (or voice onset time) in that contrast. This happens for instance in several Southern German dialects such as Alsatian or Swiss German. Since voice is not involved, this is explained as a contrast in tenseness, called a fortis and lenis contrast. There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants, a relation based on sound perception as well as on sound production, where consonant voice, tenseness and length are but different manifestations of a common sound feature. See also Phonation Voice onset time Manner of articulation Place of articulation Dyscravia References ^ The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode, UCL Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm  Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.  Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР Houston Stewart Chamberlain Renal medulla Look at other dictionaries: Voice (disambiguation) — Voice may refer to: * Human voice * Voice control or voice activation * Writer s voice * Voice acting * Voice vote * Voice message * Voice (film), a 2005 South Korean film * The Voice (newspaper) * The Voice, a talent used by the Bene Gesserit, a …   Wikipedia voice — voicer, n. /voys/, n., v., voiced, voicing, adj. n. 1. the sound or sounds uttered through the mouth of living creatures, esp. of human beings in speaking, shouting, singing, etc. 2. the faculty or power of uttering sounds through the mouth by… …   Universalium Phonetics — (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê ) sound or voice ) is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception,… …   Wikipedia Voice therapy (trans) — Voice therapy or voice training refers to any non surgical technique used to improve or modify the human voice. Because voice is a gender cue , transsexual women frequently undertake voice therapy as a part of gender transition in order to make… …   Wikipedia Voice procedure — includes various techniques used to clarify, simplify and standardize spoken communications over two way radios, in use by the military, in civil aviation, police and fire dispatching systems, citizens band radio (CB), etc. Voice procedure… …   Wikipedia voice´less|ness — voice|less «VOYS lihs», adjective. 1. having no voice; lacking the power of speech; dumb; silent. 2. not expressed or uttered; unspoken: »voiceless indignation. 3. lacking any voice or singing ability. 4. having no voice or vote, as in the… …   Useful english dictionary voice´less|ly — voice|less «VOYS lihs», adjective. 1. having no voice; lacking the power of speech; dumb; silent. 2. not expressed or uttered; unspoken: »voiceless indignation. 3. lacking any voice or singing ability. 4. having no voice or vote, as in the… …   Useful english dictionary voice|less — «VOYS lihs», adjective. 1. having no voice; lacking the power of speech; dumb; silent. 2. not expressed or uttered; unspoken: »voiceless indignation. 3. lacking any voice or singing ability. 4. having no voice or vote, as in the control of… …   Useful english dictionary Phonetics — Pho*net ics, n. 1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology. [1913 Webster] 2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English voice — ► NOUN 1) the sound produced in a person s larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song. 2) the ability to speak or sing. 3) Music the range of pitch or type of tone with which a person sings. 4) Music a vocal part in a composition. 5) …   English terms dictionary 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”