Newlin Mill Complex

Newlin Mill Complex
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
North side of the mill building
Location:	U.S. 1 and Cheyney Road, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania
Coordinates:	39°53′25″N 75°30′22″W / 39.89028°N 75.50611°W / 39.89028; -75.50611Coordinates: 39°53′25″N 75°30′22″W / 39.89028°N 75.50611°W / 39.89028; -75.50611
Built:	1704
Governing body:	Private
NRHP Reference#:	83002240[1]
Added to NRHP:	March 9, 1983

The Newlin Mill Complex, a water powered gristmill on the west branch of Chester Creek near Concordville, Pennsylvania, USA, was built in 1704 by Nathaniel and Mary Newlin and operated commercially until 1941. During its three centuries of operation, the mill has been known as the Lower Mill, the Markham Mill, the Seventeen-O-Four Mill and the Concord Flour Mill.^[2] In 1958 the mill property was bought by E. Mortimer Newlin, restored and given to the Nicholas Newlin Foundation to use as a historical park.^[3] Water power is still used to grind corn meal which is sold on site. The park includes 5 historical buildings, which were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and 150 acres (61 ha) of natural woodland.^[4]

History

Southwest view of the mill

Nicholas Newlin, a member of the Religious Society of Friends, an Englishman who lived in the Quaker town of Mountmellick, then in Queens County, Ireland, emigrated to Pennsylvania with his family because of religious persecution. He arrived with his wife, Elizabeth, and children, Nathaniel, Rachel, and John, in May 1683 on the ship Levee from Liverpool. In October he bought land from William Penn and settled in Concord Township, about ten miles (16 km) northwest of the town of Chester. He was a prominent citizen, serving on the province's governing body, the Provincial Council in 1686 and 1687, as a Justice of the Peace, and on the Courts of Chester County.^[5][6]

His son, Nathaniel, built the present mill, the third grist mill in the township. Nathaniel also served as a Justice of the Peace, and on the Courts of Chester County, and served in the Provincial Assembly from 1698 to 1722. Through inheritance from his father and his wife's family, and by purchase of 7,750 acres (31.4 km²) that became Newlin Township, he became one of the largest landowners in Chester County.^[7]

In 1739 the grandson of Nathaniel, Nathaniel Newlin III, built a house for the head miller.^[3] In 1742 neighboring grist mill owners, William and Anne Trimble, built a house overlooking the Newlin mill.^[4] A mile to the west in the village of Concordville, Nathaniel's son Nicholas built another house in 1742; this is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1777 the Battle of Brandywine was fought within a few miles of the mill. General George Washington had ordered the removal of millstones from nearby mills to hinder the supply of British troops, but there are no records of the order’s effect on Newlin Mill.^[8][9]

The Trimble House

Southeastern Pennsylvania was the leading producer of grain in the colonial period and mills could be easily powered by the steep descent of the streams, called the fall line, in the area. By 1781 there were 127 gristmills in Chester County, which then included present-day Delaware County.^[10] The Newlin mill only served local and domestic needs and was known as a "country mill" rather than a "merchant mill" which would produce finer flour for urban and export markets.^[10][11]

The Newlin family owned the mill until 1817, selling to William Trimble, Jr. Thomas Newlin, who died in 1811, had remarried after his wife's death. Disagreements between his two sets of children resulted in a judgement of $11,326.30 against his estate, forcing the sale of the mill.^[12]

The Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad was built through the property in 1859; this allowed the mill to market its flour in Philadelphia and Baltimore.^[13] A railway station was built in 1868 and Samuel Hill bought the mill in 1869. In 1942 the mill stopped commercial production and the buildings were used temporarily as a bookstore and an antique store. In 1956 Nicholas’s eighth-generation descendant, E. Mortimer Newlin, purchased the property and later formed the Nicholas Newlin Foundation to restore and preserve the mill.^[14] Restorations were completed in 1962, and again in 1992.

Ownership of Mill Site
Ownership dates	Owner (lifespan)
September 24, 1683 -1685	Nicholas Newlin (1630–1699)	Bought 500 acres (202 ha) from William Penn
April 17, 1685 -1729	Nathaniel Newlin (1663–1729)	Given 250 acres (101 ha) as a wedding present Built mill 1704
1729–1768	Nicholas Newlin (1689–1768)	Inherited land and mill from his father
1768–1811	Thomas Newlin (1747–1811)	Inherited land and mill from his father
1811–1817	Benjamin Newlin (1784–1873)	Inherited land and mill from his father Sold land to pay for inheritance lawsuit
July 31, 1817 -1829	William Trimble (1766–1842)	Bought 26 acres (11 ha), mill and 2 houses for $9,005
1829–1835	Abraham Sharpless (1748–1835)	Bought 26 acres (11 ha), mill and 2 houses for $5,500
1835–1869	Casper Sharpless (1805–1865)	Inherited land and mill from his father Mill unsold for 4 years after his death
April 21, 1869 -1880	John H. Hill (1799–1880)	Relative of the Newlins Bought mill and land for $25,500
1880–1929	Samuel Newlin Hill (1842–1929)	Inherited land and mill from his father
1929–1942	William W. Hill (1863–1943)	Inherited land and mill from his father Active mill operation ceased 1942
October 27, 1942 -1956	Daniel I. Conlon	Intended to convert to a residence
March 2, 1956 -1960	E. Mortimer Newlin (1898–1977)	7th generation descendent of Nathaniel Newlin First purchase included mill, warehouse, miller's house and 3.5 acres (1.4 ha)
December 2, 1960 -present	Nicholas Newlin Foundation	Founded by E. Mortimer Newlin to preserve the mill
From Nicholas Sellers, Short History of Newlin Grist Mill, p. 22.[15]

Buildings

Mill

External videos
	"The Power of Water - The Newlin Gristmill" produced by Nicholas Newlin Foundation[3]

The mill measures 35 feet (11 m) wide by 70 feet (21 m) long. A date stone on an exterior wall is marked "Nathan'l Mary Newlin 1704." The dam and the half-mile mill race, which provides the water that powers the mill, were built the same year. The original grindstone was imported from France. The mill was built of fieldstone into a hillside: the north side two stories, the south side one story high. The mill wheel was originally outside the mill and was probably breastshot^[16] It was reconstructed in 1976, weighs 1,500 pounds (680 kg) and measures 16 feet (4.9 m) by 4 feet (1.2 m), with 52 buckets. The water exits underground through the tail race and travels about 150 yards (137 m) back to Chester Creek. The floors and mill machinery are supported by a hurst frame, an inner timber frame that is separated from the outer stone walls so that vibrations do not break the outer walls.^[17] The process of grinding the corn may be viewed at the mill or on video.

Sometime after 1817 William Trimble expanded the mill and enclosed the mill wheel. It ground about 60,000 bushels of corn per year at that time. Sometime before 1850 the mill was refitted according to the Oliver Evans automated mill design and began to grind wheat flour.^[18] In 1850 owner Casper Sharpless purchased 20,000 bushels of wheat for $22,000 and sold flour worth $30,000.^[19]

In 1870 the following products were produced.

1870 production
Products	Amount purchased	Purchase cost	Milled product	Amount produced	Gross revenue
wheat	25,000 bu.	$31,250	flour	5,000 bu.	$35,000
corn	25,000 bu.	$22,500	meal	750 tons	$25,000
other	1,000 bu.	$600	meal	35 tons	$1,600
plaster	225 tons	$1,575	plaster	225 tons	$2,000
From Nicholas Sellers, Short History of Newlin Grist Mill, p. 37. Data from the Federal Manufacturing Census of 1870.[15]

At that time the mill had four mill stones and two wooden overshot water wheels with a 24-foot (7.3 m) fall, producing about 20 horsepower (15 kW). A wood framed upper story was added about 1890.^[20]

Warehouse

Warehouse

The warehouse is a 2 ¹⁄₂-story stone building to the east of the lower level of the mill. It was built by Nathaniel Newlin after he built the mill to use as a dry goods store. It now serves as the Foundation's archive.^[3]

Miller's house

Miller's house

Built in 1739 of stone, it is adjacent to the south side of the mill. There are two rooms on each of the two floors, with a fireplace in each room, and a beehive oven attached to the kitchen. A third story was added about 1860 and removed during a restoration in the 1960s.^[3] This house should not be confused with the Newlin Miller's House about 12 miles (19 km) north in West Whiteland Township which was built in the early 19th century by William Newlin and listed separately in the National Register of Historic Places.^[21]

Trimble House

The old railway station

This house was built into the hill above the mill and the miller’s house in 1742, also with four rooms. It was expanded by 1765 to accommodate William Trimble’s growing family . It has nine fireplaces, a 53 foot (16 m) deep well and much of the original flooring, woodwork, doors, and hardware. The Newlin Foundation bought the house in 1998 and it is used as a private residence.^[3]

Railway station

The 1 ¹⁄₂-story Gothic-style station was originally built in 1868–1869 by Samuel Hill. It served as a post office and polling station for the community of mill workers in the area. It burned down in 1890 and was rebuilt the next year, serving as a railway station until the 1930s. It is used now as the park office.^[4]

Park

The five original buildings form the core of a 150 acres (61 ha) park, which is mostly natural woodlands. A 1710 springhouse from a local farm was moved to the park in the 1970s and a small barn was moved from northern Delaware to the area behind the miller’s house. In 1965 a log cabin was constructed, which is used for meetings, receptions, and parties. A new “18th Century” blacksmith shop replica was constructed in 1975. Tennis courts and a ball field are also included in the park.^[22]

• 

  The "Black Dam," built 1704

• 

  Spillway regulates waterflow

• 

  Mill race takes water from the dam to the mill

References

1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ Sellers, p.21
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "The Gristmill". Nicholas Newlin Foundation. http://www.newlingristmill.org/park/complex.htm. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} "National Register of Historic Places - Inventory - Nomination Form". National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H079286_01H.pdf. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
5. ^ Sellers, pp.23-24
6. ^ Launey, John Pitts (2008). First families of Chester County, PA, Volume 1. Heritage Books. pp. 176. ISBN 1585490156, 9781585490158. http://books.google.com/books?id=tiLay8Gx9UgC&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
7. ^ Sellers, pp.24-26
8. ^ Milling, the Revolutionary War, and Industrial Innovation
9. ^ Bodle, Wayne (2004). The Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. pp. 335. ISBN 0271025263, 9780271025261. http://books.google.com/books?id=-SnMfl_OPFgC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=&f=false.  p. 47
10. ^ ^{a b} "Colonial Gristmill". ExplorePAHistory.com. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=559. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
11. ^ Smith, George (1862). History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania: from the discovery of the territory included within its limit to the present time. Media, Pennsylvania: H.B. Ashmead. p. 344. http://books.google.com/books?id=_BYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
12. ^ Sellers, pp.27-28
13. ^ The railroad was later known as the Octoraro Brach of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
14. ^ Sellers, pp.32-33
15. ^ ^{a b} Place, Memory and Time, Essays Commemorating The Tricentenial of the Nathaniel Newlin Grist Mill, 1704–2004. Nicholas Newlin Press. 2004. ISBN 1-59880-143-0. 
16. ^ Wallace, p. 7
17. ^ Woodfin, H. Dabbs. "Reconstruction of an 18th Century Mill". Nicholas Newlin Foundation. http://www.newlingristmill.org/millzone/article.htm. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
18. ^ See Wallace, p.11. The date may have been 1818 with Evans participating in the installation on site.
19. ^ Sellers, p.33
20. ^ Sellers, p. 37
21. ^ "Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H064516_01D.pdf. Retrieved November 17, 2009. 
22. ^ "The Park at Newlin Grist Mill". Nicholas Newlin Foundation. http://www.newlingristmill.org/park/walk.htm. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 

Sources

Wallace, Antony F.C., The Mystique of Old Mills, Ch. 1 in Place, Memory and Time, Essays Commemorating The Tricentenial of the Nathaniel Newlin Grist Mill, 1704–2004. Nicholas Newlin Press. 2004. ISBN 1-59880-143-0. 

Sellers, Nicholas, Short History of Newlin Grist Mill, Ch. 2 in Place, Memory and Time, Essays Commemorating The Tricentenial of the Nathaniel Newlin Grist Mill, 1704–2004. Nicholas Newlin Press. 2004. ISBN 1-59880-143-0. 

External links

• Newlin Grist Mill - official site
• Mill interior structure
• Millpictures.com