- New Netherland settlements
-
New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications: • Fort Nassau (North)
• Fort Orange
• Fort Nassau (South)
• Fort Goede Hoop
• De Wal
• Fort Wilhelmus
• Fort Beversreede
• Fort Nya Korsholm
• De Rondout
Settlements: • Rensselaerswyck
• Beverwijck
• Wiltwyck
• Bergen
• Pavonia
• Vriessendael
• Achter Col
• Heemstede
• Rustdorp
• Midwout
• Boswyck
• Swaanendael
The Patroon System Directors of New Netherland: Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620-25)
Willem Verhulst (1625-26)
Peter Minuit (1626-32)
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632-33)
Wouter van Twiller (1633-38)
Willem Kieft (1638-47)
Peter Stuyvesant (1647-64)
People of New Netherland Flushing Remonstrance New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on northeastern coast of North America. The claimed territory were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Cape Cod. Settled areas are now part of Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Its capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on the Upper New York Bay.
Initially explored in 1609 by Henry Hudson, sailing on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company, the region was later surveyed and charted, and in 1614 given its name. The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the Zuyd Rivier or South River, the Noort Rivier or North River, and the Versche Rivier or Fresh River, and intended to use them to gain access to the interior, the indigenous population, and the lucrative fur trade.
International law required not only discovery and charting but also settlement to perfect a territorial claim. Large scale settlement was rejected in favor of formula that was working in Asia, namely establishing factorijen (trading posts with a military presence and a small support community). Despite never-ending wars on the European continent, it was also the time known as the Dutch Golden Age, and it was difficult to recruit people willing to leave the economic boom and cultural vibrancy of Europe. Mismanagement and underfunding by the Dutch West India Company, and misunderstandings and armed conflict with indigenous population hindered early settlement. Liberalization of trade, a degree of self-rule, and the loss of Dutch Brazil led to expontial growth in the 1650s. Transfers of power from the Netherlands to England, the last formalized in 1674, were peaceful in the province.
Contents
Forts and Factorijen
Main article: Forts of New NetherlandDuring the first decade the first of two Fort Nassaus was built in Mahican territory, and factorijen, or small trading post went up (at Schenectady, Schoharie, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw,[1] Ninigret, Totoket [2] and elsewhere), where commerce could be conducted with Native American population. Trapper Jan Rodrigues is believed to be the first recorded non-Native American to winter on the island of Manhattan in 1611.
Nut Island
In 1621, the States General, the government of the Dutch Republic, awarded the newly formed Dutch West India Company a trade monopoly for the region, and in 1624 New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic. Initially the South River, believed to have better climate, was chosen as site of the capital, but summer humidity and mosquitos, and winter freezing, made North River, more appealing. A number of ships broughts settlers to the New World, at first to Noten Island, and soon thereafter at the tip of Manhattan, construction was started of Fort Amsterdam, around which would grow the heart of the colony. Some of the early arrivals were dispersed upstream to Fort Orange, to the south Fort Wilhelmus, or to the Fresh River. Among those who made the crossing were many Walloons and some Africans (as company-owned slaves).
Patroonships
In 1629, the company introduced inducements known as the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, commonly known as the "patroon system". Invested members who were willing to fulfill certain conditions, including the transport and settlement of at least 50 persons, would receive vasts land patents and manorial rights, not dissimilar than that of a feudal lord. A number of attempts were made, the only one of substantial success being the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. Pavonia, across the river from New Amsterdam, was returned to WIC and became a company managed holding. In 1640 company policy was changed and allowed land purchases by individuals in good standing.[1]
South River
See also: New AmstelAnother patroon patent, Zwaanendael Colony, was site of first Dutch colonial settlement on the Zuyd Rivier but was soon plundered after its founding in 1631.[3] After 1638, settlement was mostly by those built in officially "unrecognized" New Sweden and were brought under New Netherland control in 1655, when Fort Casimir was built. In 1663, Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted to create a "utopian" settlement in the region but it soon expired under English rule.[4]
Fresh River
Shortly after constructing their first settlement on the island of Manhattan, the Dutch established a short-lived factorij trading post at Kievits Hoek, or Plover's Corner (present day Old Saybrook). It was soon abandoned as the Dutch began to focus more on their new trading post on the Fresh River. Fort Huis de Goed Hoop was completed in 1633. Soon after, some miles upriver, a town was established by settlers from the English Massachusetts Colony who, in 1639, formed the colony of the Plantacons of the Connecticott River.[5] The New Haven Colony soon followed. In 1650, Petrus Stuyvesant attempted to contain further incursion to the area and, in the Treaty of Hartford, agreed to a border 50 miles west of the river. This did some not stem the flow of New Englanders to Long Island or the mainland along its sound.
North River
See also: History of Brooklyn, History of Albany, New York, Rondout, New York, and Bergen, New NetherlandAt the mouth of the North River grew the port called, in the vernacular of the day, The Manhattans. The capital of the province, New Amsterdam received its municipal charter in 1652, and included the isle of Manhattan, Staaten Eylandt, Pavonia, and the Lange Eylandt towns, including Gravesend, Breuckelen, and Nieuw Amersfoort
In the same year a municipal charter was also granted to Beverwijck which had grown from a trading post to a bustling town in the midst of Rensselaerswyck.[6] In 1657, the homesteads scattered along the west bank of the river valley in Esopus country were required to build a garrison that became the province's third largest town, Wiltwijk.
The Dutch Belt
It was after the final transfer of power to the English (with the Treaty of Westminster) that settlers to New Netherland and their descendents spread across the region and established many of the towns and cities which exist today.[7] The Dutch Reformed Church played an important role this expansion.[8] Following the course of the Hudson River in the north via New York Harbor to the Raritan River in the south, settlement and population grew along what George Washington called the "Dutch Belt".[9]
Demographics
Population estimates do not include Native Americans.
Settlement pre-1674
- Fort Nassau (1614) on Castle Eylandt in the North River, now Westerlo Island
- Fort Nassau (1621) on the Zuyd River, dismantled and relocated in (1651), now Gloucester City
- Noten Eylant (1624) at the mouth of the North River, now Governors Island
- Fort Orange (1624) to replace Fort Nassau on the North River, now Albany
- New Amsterdam (1624), now Lower Manhattan
- Fort Wilhelmus (1624), on the Zuyd Rivier[13]
- Roduins or Rodenbergh (1620s?),[14] now New Haven
- Kievets Hoek (1620s), now Old Saybrook
- Fort Amsterdam (1625), at the tip of the isle of Manhattan
- Rensselaerswyck (1630), patroonship Kiliaen van Rensselaer on the North River, now Capital District
- Pavonia (1630) on the North River,[15] attempted patroonship of Michael Pauw, now Hudson County
- Zwaanendael (1631), on the Zuyd Rivier, soon after plundered by the local population.,[16] now Lewes
- Fort Huis de Goed Hoop (1633) near the Fresh River,[17] now Hartford
- Communipaw (1634), as Jan de Lacher's Hoeck,[18] now Liberty State Park
- Noortwijk (1630s), now Greenwich Village
- Connecticut Colony (1636), by New Englanders near Fort Huis de Goed Hoop
- Quetenesse (1636), now Dutch Island
- Nieuwe Haarlem (1637) and (1652) municipal charter
- Pelham (1637), a New Englander's homestead
- New Haven Colony (1638) New Englander towns found at mouth of Quinnipiac River
- Fort Christina (1638), first of Swedish settlements on the Zuyd Rivier, Fort Altena in 1655, now Wilmington
- Broncks (1639)[19] now The Bronx, settled by Jonas Bronck
- Paulus Hoeck (1639), a patent at Pavonia
- Staaten Eylandt (1639), an attempted patroonship of Cornelius Meyln [20]]
- Southhold (1640)
- Achter Col (1641), an attempted patroonship on the Hackensack River
- Vriessendael (1640), homestead of David Pietersen de Vries, now Edgewater
- Greenwich (1642), English manor under Dutch jurisdiction
- Vriedelandt (1642), Englishman John Throckmorton settles, now Throg's Neck [21]
- Maspat (1642), under a charter granted to Rev. Francis Doughty,[22] now Maspeth [23]
- Beverwijck (1640s) a trading post surrounded by Rensselaerswyck, (1652) municipal charter [6]
- Peekskill (possibly early 1640s, formalized in 1684)
- Hemsteede (1643), New England settlement on Lange Eylandt[24]
- Hoboken (1643), a lease at Pavonia
- Eastchester (1643) homestead of Anne Hutchinson's family and followers
- Gravesend (1645) settled under Dutch patent by EnglishAnabaptist Lady Deborah Moody and followers
- Vlissingen (1645) under Dutch patent, mostly English colonists, many of them Quakers, now Flushing
- Breuckelen (1646), now Brooklyn Heights
- Colen Donck (1646), homestead of Jonkheer Adriaen van der Donck, now Yonkers
- Constable Hook (1646) patent
- Nieuw Amersfoort (1647), now Flatlands
- Minkakwa (1647), now Caven Point
- Weehawken (1647), a land patent
- Fort Beversreede (1648) on the Schuylkill River
- De Bouwerij (1649) homestead of Petrus Stuyvesant
- Fort Casimir (1651) now New Castle[25]
- Midwout (1652),[26] now Midwood
- Esopus (1652) now Ulster County [27]
- Nieuw Utrecht (1652), or New Utrecht
- Oester Baai (1653), at the 1650 border between New England and New Netherland, now Oyster Bay
- Pelham Manor (1654), Englishman's Thomas Pell's purchase New Netherland/Siwanoy territory[28]
- Pamrapo (1654) Achter Col patents, now Bayonne[29]
- Nieuw Amstel (1655), now New Castle
- Rustdorp (1656) land patent, now Jamaica
- Wiltwyk [27] (1657), now Kingston
- Poughkeepsie (1650s), by Barent Baltus
- Bergen (1660), now Hudson County
- Rye (1660), land purchase by English settlers [30]
- Oude Dorpe (1661), now Old Town on Staten Island[31]
- Boswijck (1661), now Bushwick
- Schenectady (1661) [9]
- Claverack (1662), now Hudson
- Plockhoy Zwaanendael (1663), by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy
- English Neighborhood (1668), eastern Bergen County
- Rotterdam (1670), as Woestina [9]
- Nieuw Dorp (1671), now New Dorp
Reformed Congregations pre-1776 (selection)
- 1683 - New Paltz [32] (Huguenot)
- 1684 - Sleepy Hollow
- 1686 - Hackensack [33]
- 1693 - Acquackanonk [34] in Passaic
- 1694 - Tappan [35]
- 1699 - Brick in Marlboro [36]
- 1700 - Second River [37] in Belleville
- 1703 - Six Mile Run [38]
- 1710 - Ponds [39] in Oakland
- 1716 - Claverack
- 1716 - Fishkill [40]
- 1716 - Poughkeepsie [40]
- 1717 - New Brunswick [41]
- 1717 - Schaghticoke [42]
- 1720 - Fairfield[43]
- 1723 - Herkimer [44] (German Palatines)
- 1724 - Schraalenburgh now Dumont
- 1725 - Paramus[45]
- 1725 - Stone Arabia in Palatine (German Palatines)[46]
- 1727 - Harlingen [47]
- 1731 - Rhinebeck [48]
- 1736 - Pompton Plains [49]
- 1740 - Ramapo in Mahwah
- 1750 - Canajoharie [50]
- 1750 - Clarkstown [51]
- 1755 - Totowa [34][52] in Paterson
- 1756 - Schodack
- 1756 - Montivlle [53]
- 1758 - Caughnawaga now Fonda [54]
- 1758 - New Hackensack [55] in Wappingers Fall
- 1758 - Bedminster [56]
- 1763 - Betlehem
- 1765 - Ghent
- 1770 - English Neighborhood, now Ridgefield [57][58][59]
- 1774 - Kakiat now West New Hempstead[60][61]
- 1776 - Hillsdale [62]
See also
- Toponymy of New Netherland
- New Netherlander
- Reformed Church in America
- New Brunswick Theological Seminary
- Forts of New Netherland
- Huguenot Street Historic District
- German Palatines
- History of Brooklyn
References
- ^ a b McKinley, The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland
- ^ The Dutch set up a trading post at the mouth of the Branford River in the 1600s, the source of the name "Dutch Wharf." [1] Branford Chamber of Commerce
- ^ The Zwaanendael Museum
- ^ Bart Plantegna. (April 2001) "The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans". Mennonite Historical Bulletin.
- ^ Suckiaug
- ^ a b Beverwyck
- ^ From Revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: The United States of America and the Netherlands: Index
- ^ [2] Schaff, Philip; The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedeia of Religious Knowledge
- ^ a b c *Lucas Litchenberg, De Nieuwe Wereld van Peter Stuyvesant: Nederlandse voetsporen in de Verenigde Staten, ISBN 90 5018 426 X, NUGI 470, Uitgeverij Balans, 1999
- ^ Joan Blaeu, Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova
- ^ New York: History - Islands Draw Native American, Dutch, and English Settlement
- ^ A brief outline of Dutch history and the province of New Netherland
- ^ Bert van Steeg,Walen in de Wildernis :http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/steegessay.htm, soon after abondoned Bij aankomst in de kolonie werden de kolonisten opgesplitst in vier groepen en werden er op een aantal plaatsen kleine vestigingen gesticht, vooral in de buurt van de al bestaande handelsposten. Een aantal families werden gevestigd aan de Delaware. Hier werd fort Wilhelmus gesticht. Twee families en zes mannen werden naar de Connecticut rivier gestuurd. Ook op Governors’ eiland werden een aantal kolonisten geplaatst om een fort te bouwen. Het grootste aantal kolonisten, onder wie Catalina Rapalje, werd echter net ten zuiden van het huidige Albany geplaatst. May liet hier een klein fort bouwen dat de naam Fort Orange kreeg. Hier verbleven ongeveer achttien families.[30]Brodhead, J.R., History of the state of New York (New York 1871), 150-191
- ^ Connecticut River Section - Rodenburg (New Haven)
- ^
- ^ Rabushka, Alwina Taxation in Colonial America
- ^ name="ruttenber910746">Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)
- ^ Communipaw
- ^ Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx... Its History & Perspective
- ^ O’Callaghan, Edmund B, Bertold Fernow ed., Documents relative to the colonial history of the state of New York (Albany 1856-1887) Book II, Chapter II, PartIV [3]
- ^ Land Grants 1630-1664, N - U
- ^ Long Island Section - Maspeth
- ^ Maspeth, Queens County, New York
- ^ History of Hempstead Village
- ^ Site Of Fort Casimir
- ^ BROOKLYN NEIGHBORHOODS.. Present & Past. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
- ^ a b Dutch Colonization
- ^ http://www.pelhamny.com/history/index2.html
- ^ The Old Dutch Reformed Church
- ^ http://www.ryehistoricalsociety.org/knapp_house.htm
- ^ Staff. "HUGUENOTS WILL STAGE STATEN ISLAND FETE; Will Celebrate Today Settlement of Old Town in 1661-- Gov. Roosevelt Invited.", The New York Times, June 28, 1931. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ New Paltz Reformed Church - Church History
- ^ Hackensack First Reformed
- ^ a b New Jersey Historical Society
- ^ Tappan: A Walk Through History
- ^ http://www.oldbrickchurch.org/history.html
- ^ Bellevile Second Reformed
- ^ Our Historic Church - Six Mile Run Reformed Church
- ^ Home
- ^ a b "Our History". Frishkill Reformed Church. http://www.fishkillreformed.org/Our%20History.html. Retrieved 2011-07-27. "By 1716 they wanted their own Dutch Reformed church so they would not have to cross the river to Kingston or New Paltz to worship. In that year two congregations were established on October 10th: one in Poughkeepsie and one in Fishkill. Poughkeepsie's church building was finished in 1723"
- ^ First Reformed Church — New Brunswick, New Jersey
- ^ Schaghticoke
- ^ "A Brief History of Fairfield Reformed Church". http://churches.rca.org/fairfield/history.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ Old Fort Herkimer Church, First Settlers
- ^ "Paramus Reformed Church". New Jersey Churchscape. http://www.njchurchscape.com/Ridgewood%20Old%20Paramus%20Reformed.html. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ http://www.fortklock.com/StoneArabia.htm
- ^ Harlingen Church
- ^ Rhinebeck Reformed Church
- ^ Pompton Plains Reformed
- ^ The Story of Old Fort Plain
- ^ Dutch Reformed Church Records Clarkstown New York
- ^ The Reformed Dutch Churches of Paterson, NJ (1930) - Passaic County Historical Society
- ^ http://mrcchurch.org/id11.html
- ^ http://www.fondareformedchurch.org/history.htm
- ^ New Hackensack Reformed Church
- ^ Bedminster Reformed
- ^ Ridgefield English NeighborhoodReformed
- ^ Beck, Henry Charleton, Rtales and Towns of Northern New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-18135-1019-8-90000
- ^ Tales and Towns of Northern New Jersey - Google Boeken
- ^ Marriage Records of the Reformed Dutch Church of Kakiat West New Hempstead New York 1774-1898
- ^ http://maddiesancestorsearch.blogspot.com/2011/01/kakiat-rockland-co-ny-dutch-reformed.html
- ^ The Reformed Dutch Church Of Hillsdale
Sources
- Dutch Reformed Church Records
- History of Dutch Reformed Church
- Colonial Maps
- Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. ISBN 9004129065. http://books.google.com/books?id=Uex2budtSOUC&pg=RA1-PA136&dq.
- NNL chronolgy
Dutch Empire Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (1602-1798) GovernoratesAmbon · Banda · Batavia · Cape Colony · Ceylon · Coromandel · Formosa · Northeast coast of Java · Makassar · Malacca · MoluccasDirectoratesCommandmentsResidenciesColonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company (1621-1792) Colonies in the AmericasAcadia · Berbice† · Cayenne · Curaçao and Dependencies · Demerara · Essequibo · Brazil · New Netherland · Pomeroon · Sint Eustatius and Dependencies · Suriname‡ · Tobago · Virgin IslandsTrading posts in Africa† Governed by the Society of Berbice · ‡ Governed by the Society of Suriname Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie (1614-1642) SettlementsColonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1962) Until 1825Until 1853Until 1872Until 1945Until 1954Until 1962† Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Suriname gained full independence in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles, which was eventually dissolved in 2010. Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954-Present) Constituent countriesCategories:- Colonial settlements in North America
- New Netherland
- Colonial United States (Dutch)
- History of the Netherlands
- History of the Thirteen Colonies
- Former Dutch colonies
- 1614 establishments
- 1674 disestablishments
- Populated places established in the 17th century
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.