Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge

Veterans Memorial Bridge Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge
Looking west over the Susquehanna River
Official name	Veterans Memorial Bridge
Carries	2 lanes of PA 462
Crosses	Susquehanna River
Locale	Wrightsville, Pennsylvania and Columbia, Pennsylvania
Maintained by	PennDOT
ID number	360462001000000
Design	concrete deck arch bridge
Total length	2029.1 m (6657.2 ft)
Width	14.6 m (47.9 ft)
Longest span	56.4 m (185 ft)
Opened	September 30, 1930
Toll	was $.25 for cars when opened; toll no longer collected
Daily traffic	10,350 (2004)
Coordinates	40°01′44″N 76°31′01″W / 40.029°N 76.517°W / 40.029; -76.517

The Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge, officially the Veterans Memorial Bridge^{[citation needed]}, spanning the Susquehanna River between Columbia and Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, is commonly associated with the name “Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge,” (Because Veterans Memorial Bridge is ambiguous) although five other former and present-day bridges share this distinction. (See below.) The bridge is located

Construction of the Veterans Memorial Bridge (once called the Lancaster-York Intercounty Bridge), began in 1929, and the bridge opened September 30, 1930, with the two lanes that exist today. On Armistice Day (Veterans Day) 1980, it was dedicated as yet another Veterans Memorial Bridge.

Designed by James B. Long and built by Glen Wiley and Glenway Maxon (Wiley-Maxon Construction Company), it cost $2,484,000 (equal to $32,679,504 today) plus $56,400 (equal to $741,998 today) paid as an early completion bonus. Constructed of reinforced concrete, the 5,183-foot (1,580 m)-long bridge (7,374 feet including spans over land) has 27 river piers, 22 approach piers, a 38-foot (12 m)-wide roadway, and a 6-foot (1.8 m)-wide sidewalk. 100,000 cubic yards (76,000 m³) of concrete and 8 million pounds of steel reinforcing rods were used, and coffer dams were built to aid in construction. Each span consists of three separate concrete ribs connected at five points by horizontal concrete struts, with the longest span measuring 185 feet (56 m).

In nominating the present Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge as an engineering landmark, the Pennsylvania section of the American Society of Civil Engineers noted that it is "a splendid example of the graceful multiple-span, reinforced-concrete arched form popular in early 20th Century highway bridges in the United States." The bridge is designated State Route 462 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is also a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. Instead of being replaced by a name such as the Old Lincoln Highway, its name is a kept part of the historic Lincoln Highway in local naming, (meaning it'd previously carried U.S. Highway 30 which as a modern four lane highway parallel's this older earlier road and lead to the two lane stretch being renamed Route 462 as it is today), the nation's first transcontinental highway, connecting a series of local highways and stretching from New York City to San Francisco. The opening in 1940 of the cross-state Pennsylvania Turnpike, a part of Interstate 76, subsequently provided faster passage.

Tolls of 25 cents per vehicle (equal to $3.29 today) were charged when the bridge first opened and ended on January 31, 1943, when the bond issue was retired. Some time after World War II, the original bridge lights were replaced with newer lighting. Two of the original bronze light fixtures can still be seen on the front lawn of the Frank Sahd Salvage Center along Route 462 in Columbia.

In the 1970s, the state considered closing the bridge permanently due to the recently constructed Wright's Ferry Bridge nearby, but local residents objected. In the mid-1970s, it was given a major overhaul instead, and was closed only temporarily. A few years later, the bridge was once again closed briefly so that a weather-resistant coating could be applied to the roadway. Today the bridge is maintained by PennDOT and is still considered the world’s longest concrete multiple-arch bridge. Its annual average daily traffic (AADT) was 10,350 as of 2004. It is the fifth bridge to span the river at this general location.

The other present-day Columbia-Wrightsville bridge is the Wright's Ferry Bridge, the sixth bridge to cross the river between the two towns. Also known as the Route 30 bridge, it stands about half a mile north of the Veterans Memorial Bridge. (Wright's Ferry was one of the original names of Columbia.) G.A. & F.C. Wagman, Inc. began its construction in March 1969, and the bridge opened on November 21, 1972. It was commissioned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the 1960s to relocate Route 30 and bypass the river towns of Wrightsville and Columbia. Costing $12 million (equal to $62,997,606 today), it is constructed of reinforced concrete and steel and has 46 equal sections on 45 piers. U.S. Route 30 crosses it as a divided two-lane roadway, and there is no walkway. Tolls were never collected on this bridge. About a year after its opening, the bridge was shut down briefly so that an experimental weather-resistant coating could be applied to its roadway.

History

First bridge

Construction of the first Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge was begun in 1812 and completed December 5, 1814, by J. Wolcott, H. Slaymaker, S. Slaymaker at a total cost of $231,771 (equal to $2,419,984 today), which was underwritten by the newly formed Columbia Bank and Bridge Company. The bridge was 5,690 feet (1,730 m) long and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and had 54 piers and twin carriageways. Constructed of wood and stone, the covered bridge also included a wooden roof, a whitewashed interior and openings in its wooden sides to view the river and surrounding areas. It stood immediately south of the present-day Wright’s Ferry Bridge along Route 30. Tolls were $1.50 for a wagon and six horses (equal to $17.94 today), and six cents for pedestrians (equal to $0.72 today). It was considered the longest covered bridge in the world at the time. The bridge accommodated east-west traffic across the Susquehanna River for 14 years before being destroyed by ice, high water and severe weather on February 5, 1832.

Second bridge

Construction of the second Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge, another covered bridge, started mid-1832 and was completed in 1834 (opening on July 8, 1834) by James Moore and John Evans at a cost of $157,300 (equal to $3,449,065 today). It was 5,620 feet (1,710 m) long and 28 feet (8.5 m) wide and also enjoyed the distinction of being the world’s longest covered bridge. The wood and stone structure had 27 piers, a carriageway, walkway, and two towpaths to guide canal traffic across the river. Tolls were $1.00 for a wagon and 6 horses (equal to $21.93 today), and 6 cents per pedestrian (equal to $1.316 today). Much of the mostly oak timber used in its construction was salvaged from the previous bridge. Its roof was covered with shingles, its sides with weatherboard, and its interior was whitewashed.

The structure was modified in 1840 by the Canal Company at a cost of $40,000 (equal to $877,067 today) concurrent with the construction of the Wrightsville Dam. Towpaths of different levels and with sidewalls were added to prevent horses from falling into river, as happened several times when the river flooded. The roof of the lower path formed the floor of upper path. In this way, canal boats were towed across the river from the Pennsylvania Canal on the Columbia side to the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal at Wrightsville.

Sometime after 1846, a double-track railway was added, linking the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad to the Northern Central Railway. Due to fear of fire caused by locomotives, rail cars were pulled across the bridge by teams of mules or horses.

The second bridge's role during the Civil War

To prevent the advance of Confederate troops across the river from the Wrightsville (York County) side during the Civil War, the bridge was burned by Union militia under Maj. Granville O. Haller and Col. Jacob G. Frick on June 28, 1863. Civilian volunteers from Columbia had mined the bridge at the fourth span from the Wrightsville side, originally hoping to drop the whole 200-foot (61 m) span into the river, but when the charges were detonated, only small portions of the support arch splintered, leaving the span passable. As Confederates advanced onto the bridge, Union forces set fire to it near the Wrightsville side. Earlier they had saturated the structure with crude oil from a Columbia refinery.

The entire structure soon caught fire and completely burned in six hours. Confederate generals Jubal A. Early and John B. Gordon had originally planned to save the bridge despite orders from General Robert E. Lee to burn it, and Union forces under the command of Colonel Jacob G. Frick had burned the bridge, originally hoping to defend and save it. Afterwards, the Columbia Bank and Bridge Company appealed to the federal government for reimbursement for damages incurred from the bridge burning, but none were ever paid. Conservative estimates put the cost of damages with interest today at well over $170 million.

In 1864, the bank sold all interest in the bridge and bridge piers to the Pennsylvania Railroad for $57,000 (equal to $797,757 today). The bank eventually went out of business, although the original building is now being renovated into a museum at Second and Locust Streets.

Third bridge

Construction of the third Columbia-Wrightsville bridge was started in 1868 by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The covered bridge (5,390 feet long) was completed later that year at a cost of $400,000 (equal to $6,578,000 today). Built of stone, wood, and steel, it included 27 piers, a carriageway, railway, and walkway. It was destroyed September 30, 1896 by a hurricane.

Fourth bridge

Construction of the fourth Columbia-Wrightsville bridge, known as the Pennsylvania Railroad “Iron Bridge,” started April 16, 1897, and was completed May 11, and was considered the fastest bridge-building job in the world at the time. A steel truss bridge made of 200-foot (61 m) long prefabricated sections, it was designed to be resistant to fire, ice, water and wind, elements that had destroyed previous wooden structures. Like the previous bridges, tolls were collected to recover a portion of the half-million dollar investment, equal to $13,156,000 today. Built on the same 27 piers as the previous two bridges, it opened June 7, 1897. The iron and prefabricated steel structure had a railway to carry rail traffic for the York Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and twin carriageways that were shared with pedestrians. Tolls were 20 cents (equal to $5.26 today) for vehicles and four cents per passenger (equal to $1.05 today), and three cents for pedestrians (equal to $0.79 today).

The bridge remained uncompleted because a planned upper deck was never built. With the completion of the Lincoln Highway in 1925, vehicular traffic routinely jammed in the late 1920s when vehicles had to wait for trains to pass before crossing the bridge, since the bridge was shared with rail traffic. A fifth bridge (Veterans’ Memorial Bridge) was planned and erected to accommodate vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The “Iron Bridge” carried passenger trains until 1954 and freight traffic until March 13, 1958, and was dismantled for scrap starting in 1963 and ending in November 1964. Its stone piers, dating to pre-Civil War times, still stand today, running parallel to the north side of the Veterans’ Memorial Bridge.

See also

• List of crossings of the Susquehanna River

References

• Jackson, Donald C. (1984). Great American Bridges and Dams. John Wiley & Sons, New York (USA). ISBN 0-471-14385-5. 
• "Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge". ASCE History and Heritage of Civil Engineering. http://www.asce.org/history/brdg_colwright.html. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 

• East of Gettysburg, A Gray Shadow Crosses York County, PA, James McClure. 2003, York Daily Record/York County Heritage Trust ISBN 0-9710416-4-4.

• Fire on the River, The Defense of the World’s Longest Covered Bridge and How It Changed the Battle of Gettysburg, George Sheldon, 2006, Quaker Hills Press, Inc. ISBN 0-9779315-0-1, 978-0-9779315-0-7.

• Town Historical markers and Plaques provided by Columbia Borough and Rivertownes PA USA.

External links

• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. PA-473, "Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge"
• Veteran's Memorial Bridge at Structurae
• http://www.columbiapa.net/about.html
• http://www.columbiapaonline.com/
• http://www.rivertownes.org/Features/Crossings/Crossings.htm
• http://www.rivertownes.org/Features/Burning/storm_fw2b.htm
• http://www.civilwaralbum.com/misc6/columbia_wrightsville_bridge1.htm
• http://www.rivertownes.org/townes.htm
• Vital statistics, fifth bridge: http://www.yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/2005/11/columbiawrightsville-bridge-ce.html