Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)

Massachusetts Avenue Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
The Miller House, a contributing property to the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District
Location:	Both sides of Massachusetts Avenue between 17th Street and Observatory Circle, NW
Coordinates:	38°54′50″N 77°3′6″W / 38.91389°N 77.05167°W / 38.91389; -77.05167Coordinates: 38°54′50″N 77°3′6″W / 38.91389°N 77.05167°W / 38.91389; -77.05167
Area:	81 acres (33 ha)
Built:	1871
Architect:	Multiple
Architectural style:	Late Victorian, Beaux Arts
Governing body:	Private
NRHP Reference#:	74002166[1]
Added to NRHP:	October 22, 1974

Massachusetts Avenue is a major diagonal transverse road in Washington, D.C., and the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is a historic district that includes part of it.

Appearing in Peter Charles L'Enfant's original plan, Massachusetts Avenue is the longest thoroughfare in the capital, crossing three of its four quadrants.^[2] It intersects every major north–south street and passes numerous Washington landmarks. It is a landmark itself, long considered the northern boundary of the downtown as well as home of Washington's Embassy Row.

Massachusetts Avenue is tied with Pennsylvania Avenue as the widest road in the District, at 160 ft (50 m). The two roads run in parallel through much of the city, Massachusetts about seven blocks north of Pennsylvania. Massachusetts Avenue was long Washington's premier residential street, as Pennsylvania was once its most sought-after business address. Both streets were named after states with prominent roles in the American Revolution.

The historic district is an 81-acre (33 ha) area that includes 150 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It includes multiple properties that are individually listed on the National Register.^[1]

History

Private residences and embassies located on Massachusetts Avenue in the Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood

Residential development along Massachusetts Avenue accelerated in the 1870s, mostly around the circles located west of 9th Street NW. These brick and brownstone structures reflected the Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Château styles in vogue at the time. Later, luxurious Georgian Revival and Beaux-Arts mansions inhabited by wealthy and influential Washingtonians sprouted along the boulevard. The section between Sheridan Circle and Scott Circle became known as "Millionaires' Row".

The Great Depression forced many to relinquish their homes on Millionaires' Row. After World War II, Massachusetts Avenue was seen as less fashionable than newer areas such as upper 16th Street. Many residences were sold and demolished to make way for office buildings, particularly around Dupont Circle and to its east. Many others, however, survived as embassies and society houses; the former Millionaires' Row is today well known as Embassy Row.

Several overlapping historic districts have been created to preserve the character of the remaining neighborhoods. The Massachusetts Avenue Historic District encompasses all buildings which front the road between 17th Street and Observatory Circle NW.

Course

Massachusetts Avenue at the intersection of 3rd and H Streets, NW

The main section of Massachusetts Avenue begins at 19th Street Southeast, just to the west of the former D.C. General Hospital site and one block north of Congressional Cemetery. At elevation with respect to the hospital, Massachusetts Avenue commands a view of the Anacostia River. It proceeds in a northwesterly direction crosstown. At Lincoln Park the road enters Northeast D.C. and the neighborhood of Capitol Hill. After briefly converging with Columbus Circle as it curves around Union Station, Massachusetts enters Northwest D.C. in a rapidly-changing neighborhood which has transitioned from earlier blight and decay to in the 21st Century developing numerous high-rise apartment complexes. In the tradition of the acronym Soho, realtors sometimes give this area the moniker "NOMA" (North of Massachusetts Avenue).

It intersects with Interstate 395 (which runs underground at that point) at H Street NW, and passes over Mount Vernon Square in front of the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. Continuing northwest, Massachusetts enters an underpass below Thomas Circle at 14th and M Streets NW, before curving around Scott Circle at 16th and N Streets NW; this is considered the starting point of Embassy Row.

Intersection of 13th Street and Massachusetts Avenue, NW near Thomas Circle

Massachusetts Avenue passes through the inner ring of Dupont Circle and curves north at Sheridan Circle, paralleling Rock Creek to Belmont Road NW. On the other side, it curves around the United States Naval Observatory and Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the Vice President of the United States, which forms the southwest boundary of the Massachusetts Heights neighborhood. The Washington National Cathedral, located at the intersection of Mass and Wisconsin Avenues, is usually considered the end of Embassy Row.

At Ward Circle, Massachusetts delineates the American University Park neighborhood from Spring Valley, passing to the north of American University. It crosses the Washington-Montgomery County, Maryland border at Westmoreland Circle. In Maryland, the road continues signed as State Highway 396, meandering through residential sections of Bethesda until terminating at Goldsboro Road (Maryland State Highway 614).

Route map of Massachusetts Avenue

Another section of Massachusetts Avenue, discontinuous from the one described above, lies on the east side of the Anacostia River. That section extends from 30th Street SE near District of Columbia Route 295, to Southern Avenue SE at the border between D.C. and Prince George's County.

Other notable institutions located on Massachusetts Avenue include the Postal Square Building (which houses the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Postal Museum), the Heritage Foundation, Georgetown University Law Center, the Islamic Center of Washington, the Cato Institute, National Public Radio, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the Brookings Institution, the Peterson Institute, St. Nicholas Cathedral, and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Numerous embassies and residences are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation makes its home on Massachusetts Avenue.

Transit service

While no Washington Metro lines run along Massachusetts Avenue, the Metrobus N routes serve upper Northwest while a patchwork of routes serve Downtown, Northeast, and Southeast.

Metrobus

The following Metrobus routes travel along the street (listed from west to east):

• N3, N4 (Dupont Circle to Westmoreland Circle)
• N6 (Dupont Circle to Westmoreland Circle, making a clockwise-only loop each direction between Idaho Ave. westbound/Cathedral Ave. eastbound and Ward Circle)
• N2 (Dupont Circle to Idaho Ave. westbound/Cathedral Ave. eastbound, crossing again at Ward Circle)
• 80 (North Capitol St. to 2nd St. NW westbound/H St. NW eastbound)
• D6 (Stanton Park to North Capitol St.)
• X8 (Stanton Park to Columbus Circle)
• 96 (D.C. General Hospital to Lincoln Park)
• M6 (Alabama Ave to Southern Ave)

DC Circulator

The DC Circulator travels along the street:

• East-West line (Columbus Circle to Mount Vernon Square)

Far western and eastern ends

Ride On Route 29 serves Massachusetts Avenue in Maryland from Westmoreland Circle to the avenue's terminus at Goldsboro Road.

The M6 (which travels from the Potomac Avenue Metro station to Fairfax Village) runs along Massachusetts Avenue between Alabama Avenue and Southern Avenue.

Metrorail

The following Metrorail stations have stops located near Massachusetts Avenue:

• Dupont Circle
    Red Line
• Mount Vernon Square
    Green Line
    Yellow Line
• Union Station
    Red Line
• Stadium-Armory
    Blue Line
    Orange Line

Commuter rail

Union Station lies on Massachusetts Avenue at Columbus Circle, and it is served by Amtrak, MARC, and Virginia Railway Express trains.

• Amtrak:
    Acela Express
    Capitol Limited
    Cardinal
    Carolinian
    Crescent
    Northeast Regional
    Palmetto
    Silver Meteor
    Silver Star
    Vermonter
• MARC:
    Brunswick Line
    Camden Line
    Penn Line
• VRE:
    Fredericksburg Line
    Manassas Line

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. 3309: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as Major Peter Charles L'Enfant and as Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant on its website.

External links

• Washington Places: Massachusetts Avenue, a project at the University of Virginia School of Architecture
• National Park Service: Massachusetts Avenue Historic District
• Embassy.org Embassy Row Tour