Cato Institute

For other uses, see Cato (disambiguation).

Cato Institute
Founder(s)	Edward H. Crane
Established	1977
Mission	to increase the understanding of public policies based on the principles of limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and peace.[1]
President	Edward H. Crane
Chairman	Robert A. Levy
Executive VP	David Boaz
Faculty	46
Staff	100
Slogan	"Individual Liberty, Free Markets, and Peace"
Location	Washington, D.C., U.S.
Address	1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001-5403 United States
Website	Cato.org

Part of a series on
Libertarianism
Origins and history Classical liberalism Enlightenment era Anarchism Libertarian socialism
Theory and ideals Anti-state · Anti-war Counter-economics Crypto-anarchism Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom Egalitarianism · Free market Free-market environmentalism Free society · Free trade Free will · Freedom of association Freedom of contract Homestead principle Individualism · Laissez-faire Liberty · Limited government Methodological individualism Natural rights Night watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics · Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law · Property Private defense agency Self-governance · Self-ownership Spontaneous order Stateless society Subjective theory of value Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Worker's self management Voluntary association Voluntary society
Schools Agorism · Anarchism Autarchism · Christian Consequentalist Deontological Free market · Geolibertarianism Left-wing · Marxist · Minarchism · Mutualism Paleolibertarianism · Panarchism Propertarianism · Right-wing Socialist · Voluntaryism
People Lord Acton · Mikhail Bakunin · Frédéric Bastiat · David Bergland · Walter Block · Murray Bookchin · Harry Browne · Richard Cantillon · Kevin Carson · Gary Chartier · Frank Chodorov · Noam Chomsky · Voltairine de Cleyre · Ed Crane · Joseph Déjacque · Brian Doherty · Richard Epstein · John T. Flynn · David D. Friedman · Milton Friedman · Henry George · Nick Gillespie · William Godwin · Friedrich Hayek · Henry Hazlitt · Auberon Herbert · Karl Hess · R. C. Hoiles · Steven Horwitz · Stephan Kinsella · Samuel Edward Konkin III · Étienne de La Boétie · Rose Wilder Lane · Robert LeFevre · William Leggett · Roderick T. Long · Tibor R. Machan · Wendy McElroy · H. L. Mencken · Carl Menger · Ludwig von Mises · Jeffrey Miron · Gustave de Molinari · Stefan Molyneux · Albert Jay Nock · David Nolan · Robert Nozick · Isabel Paterson · Ron Paul · Pierre-Joseph Proudhon · Ayn Rand · Leonard Read · Sheldon Richman · Jeff Riggenbach · Lew Rockwell · Murray Rothbard · Mary Ruwart · Joseph Schumpeter · Hans Sennholz · Herbert Spencer · Lysander Spooner · John Stossel · William Graham Sumner · Linda and Morris Tannehill · Joan Kennedy Taylor · Henry David Thoreau · Leo Tolstoy · Benjamin Tucker · Josiah Warren · Thomas Woods ·
Related topics Austrian School Civil libertarianism Civil societarianism Constitutionalism Fusionism Green libertarianism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian Republican Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Marxism Libertarian transhumanism Market liberalism Public choice theory Objectivism Small government
Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal Liberalism portal
v · d · e

The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Edward H. Crane, who remains president and CEO, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate Koch Industries, Inc., the largest privately held company by revenue in the United States.^[2][3]

The Institute's stated mission is "to increase the understanding of public policies based on the principles of limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and peace. The Institute will use the most effective means to originate, advocate, promote, and disseminate applicable policy proposals that create free, open, and civil societies in the United States and throughout the world."^[4]

Cato scholars were critical of George W. Bush's Republican administration (2001–2009) on several issues, including the Iraq War,^[5] civil liberties,^[6] education,^[7] agriculture, energy policy, and excessive government spending.^[8] On other issues, most notably health care,^[9] Social Security,^[10][11] global warming,^[12] tax policy,^[13] and immigration,^{[14][15][16][17][18]} they supported Bush administration initiatives. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Cato scholars criticized both major-party candidates, John McCain^[19][20] and Barack Obama.^[21][22]

History

Cato Institute building in Washington, D.C.

The Institute was founded in San Francisco in 1977 by Edward Crane and initially funded by Charles G. Koch.^[23] Libertarian economist Murray Rothbard was a core member of Cato's founding group and coined the institute's name. Rothbard served on its board until leaving in 1981.^[24]

The Institute is named after Cato's Letters, a series of British essays penned in the early 18th century by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon expounding the political views of philosopher John Locke. The essays were named after Cato the Younger, the defender of republican institutions in Rome. Cato relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, settling first in a historic house on Capitol Hill.^[25] The Institute moved to its current location on Massachusetts Avenue in 1993.

Cato Institute was named the fifth-ranked think tank in the world for 2009 in a study of think tanks by James G. McGann, PhD of the University of Pennsylvania, based on a criterion of excellence in "producing rigorous and relevant research, publications and programs in one or more substantive areas of research".^[26]

Publications

The Cato Institute publishes numerous policy studies, briefing papers, periodicals, and books. Its periodicals include Cato's Letter, Cato Journal, Regulation, Cato Supreme Court Review, and Cato Policy Report.

The Cato Journal^[27][28] and Regulation^[29][30] are peer-reviewed academic journals.

Some of Cato's books include Social Security: The Inherent Contradiction, In Defense of Global Capitalism, Voucher Wars, You Can't Say That!: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws, Peace and Freedom: A Foreign Policy for a Constitutional Republic, and Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist Feminism Reconsidered.^[31][32] Cato scholars also write books that are published by outside publishers, such as Libertarianism: A Primer by David Boaz (Free Press), The Age of Abundance by Brink Lindsey (HarperBusiness), and Restoring the Lost Constitution by Randy Barnett (Princeton University Press).

Cato published Inquiry Magazine from 1977 to 1982 (before transferring it to the Libertarian Review Foundation), and Literature of Liberty from 1978 to 1979 (before transferring it to the Institute for Humane Studies, where it was ended in 1982). They also had a monograph series called "Cato Papers" that ran 16 volumes from 1979 to 1980.

Ideological relationships

Conservatism

In the years immediately following the Republican Revolution, the Cato Institute was often seen as a standard-bearer of the U.S. conservative political movement. Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan, credited with reshaping and rejuvenating the Republican Party, and key contributors to the late-20th century conservative movement, were heavily influenced by libertarian ideals.

However, the Cato Institute officially resists being labeled as part of the conservative movement because "conservative smacks of an unwillingness to change, of a desire to preserve the status quo".^[33]

Cato scholars were critical of the expansion of executive power under President George W. Bush^[34] and the Iraq War.^[35] In 2006 and 2007, Cato published two books critical of the Republican Party's perceived abandonment of the limited-government ideals that swept them into power in 1994.^[36][37] For their part, only a minority of Republican congressmen supported President George W. Bush's 2005 proposal to partially privatize Social Security, an idea strongly backed by the Institute. And in the 109th Congress, President Bush's immigration plan—which was based on a proposal by Cato scholar Dan Griswold^[38]—went down to defeat largely due to the eventual opposition of conservative Republican congressmen.^[39]

Cato President Ed Crane has a particular dislike for neoconservatism. In a 2003 article with Cato Chairman Emeritus William A. Niskanen, he called neoconservatism a "particular threat to liberty perhaps greater than the ideologically spent ideas of left-liberalism."^[40] As far back as 1995, Crane wrote that neoconservatives "have a fundamentally benign view of the state," which Crane considers antithetical to libertarian ideals of individual freedom.^[41] Cato's foreign policy team have frequently criticized neoconservative foreign policy.^[42]

Liberalism

Cato's scholars also advocate positions that are appealing to many on the left side of the American political spectrum, including support for civil liberties, liberal immigration policies, and equal rights for gays and lesbians.^[43] An early example of this effort was the launching of Inquiry Magazine, which was aimed at liberals who shared libertarians' skepticism about concentrated state power.

More recently, in 2006, Markos Moulitsas proposed the term libertarian Democrat to describe his liberal particular position, suggesting that libertarians should be allies of the Democratic Party. Replying, Cato vice president for research Brink Lindsey agreed that libertarians and liberals should view each other as natural ideological allies,^[44] but noted continuing differences between mainstream liberal views on economic policy and Cato's "Jeffersonian philosophy." Cato has stated on its "About Cato" page:

The Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Cato's work has increasingly come to be called "libertarianism" or "market liberalism." It combines an appreciation for entrepreneurship, the market process, and lower taxes with strict respect for civil liberties and skepticism about the benefits of both the welfare state and foreign military adventurism.^[45]

However, there remain significant differences between liberalism and libertarianism on issues such as taxes, gun ownership, and school choice. As a consequence, the Cato Institute has criticized a number of decisions made by President Obama, just as it had regularly criticized decisions made by former President Bush.

Objectivism

Main article: Libertarianism and Objectivism

Relations between the Cato Institute and Objectivist organizations have been strained. Ayn Rand scorned the nascent libertarian movement^[46] and her intellectual heir, Leonard Peikoff, has followed her lead, refusing to associate with libertarian organizations, Cato included. Other Objectivist organizations, notably The Atlas Society, have been friendlier. Ed Crane has emphasized that Objectivists and other libertarians are natural allies, and encouraged Objectivists to become more involved in the libertarian movement. Cato Institute leaders have worked for years to improve relations between Objectivists and libertarians.^[47]

Cato positions on current political issues

Following its mission statement, Cato scholars advocate policies that advance "individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace". They are libertarian in their policy positions, typically advocating diminished government intervention in domestic, social, and economic policies and decreased military and political intervention worldwide. Specific policy proposals advanced by Cato scholars include such measures as abolishing the minimum wage,^[48] reforming policies on illegal drugs,^[49] eliminating corporate welfare and trade barriers,^[50] diminishing federal government involvement in the marketplace,^[51] and in local and state issues,^[52] enhanced school choice,^[53] abolishing affirmative action,^[54] and abolishing restrictions on discrimination by private parties.^[55]

On Social Security

The Cato Institute established its Project on Social Security Privatization in 1995, renaming it the Project on Social Security Choice in 2002. The change sought to emphasize that its proposals would allow Americans to opt in or out of the program. Like other organizations supporting the "personal healthcare savings accounts" concept, Cato scholars now avoid using the word privatization in describing such policies, due to the presently unpopular sentiments that the public associates with it.^[10]

In 2003, the Cato Institute asserted that Bush's social security privatization plan could be funded if funding for corporate welfare were reduced.^[11]

On foreign policy and civil liberties

Cato's non-interventionist foreign policy views, and strong support for civil liberties, have frequently led Cato scholars to criticize those in power, both Republican and Democratic. Cato scholars opposed President George H. W. Bush's 1991 Gulf War operations (a position which caused the organization to lose nearly $1 million in funding),^[56] President Bill Clinton's interventions in Haiti and Kosovo, and President George W. Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq. As a response to the September 11 attacks, Cato scholars supported the removal of al Qaeda and the Taliban regime from power, but are against an indefinite and open-ended military occupation of Afghanistan.^[57]

Ted Galen Carpenter, Cato's Vice President for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies, criticized many of the arguments offered to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. One of the war's earliest critics, Carpenter wrote in January 2002: "Ousting Saddam would make Washington responsible for Iraq's political future and entangle the United States in an endless nation-building mission beset by intractable problems."^[58] Carpenter also predicted: "Most notably there is the issue posed by two persistent regional secession movements: the Kurds in the north and the Shiites in the south."^[58] Cato's Director of Foreign Policy Studies, Christopher Preble, argues in The Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free, that America's position as an unrivaled superpower tempts policymakers to constantly overreach and to redefine ever more broadly the "national interest".^[59]

On other domestic issues

Cato has published strong criticisms of the 1998 settlement that many U.S. states signed with the tobacco industry.^[60] Among other laissez-faire policies, Cato scholars have argued for allowing immigrants to work in the U.S.^[14]

The Cato Institute published a study proposing a Balanced Budget Veto Amendment to the United States Constitution.^[61]

In 2003, Cato filed an amicus brief in support of the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which struck down the few remaining state laws that made private, non-commercial homosexual relations between consenting adults illegal. Cato cited the 14th Amendment, among other things, as the source of their support for the ruling. The amicus brief was cited in Justice Kennedy's majority opinion for the Court.^[62]

In 2006, Cato published a Policy Analysis criticising the Federal Marriage Amendment as unnecessary, anti-federalist, and anti-democratic.^[63] The amendment would have changed the United States Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage; the amendment failed in both houses of Congress.

Cato scholars have been sharp critics of current U.S. drug policy^[49] and the perceived growing militarization of U.S. law enforcement.^[64] Additionally, the Cato Institute opposes smoking bans^[65] and mandatory use of safety belts.^[66]

On environmental policy

Cato scholars have written extensively about the issues of the environment, including global warming, environmental regulation, and energy policy. The Cato Institute lists "Energy and the Environment" as one of its 13 major "research issues",^[67] and global warming is one of six sub-topics under this heading.^[68] The Institute has issued over two dozen studies on energy and environmental topics in recent years, which is on par with Cato's other research areas.^[69]

Some groups have criticized Cato's work on global warming.^[70] Cato has held a number of briefings on global warming with global warming skeptics as panelists. In December 2003, panelists included Patrick Michaels, Robert Balling and John Christy. Michaels, Balling and Christy agree that global warming is, in fact, related at least some degree to anthropogenic activity but that some scientists and the media have overstated the danger. The Cato Institute has also criticized political attempts to stop global warming as expensive and ineffective:

No known mechanism can stop global warming in the near term. International agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, would have no detectable effect on average temperature within any reasonable policy time frame (i.e., 50 years or so), even with full compliance.^[12]

In response to the Worldwatch Institute Report in May 2003 that linked climate change and severe weather events, Cato scholar Jerry Taylor said:

It's false. There is absolutely no evidence that extreme weather events are on the increase. None. The argument that more and more dollar damages accrue is a reflection of the greater amount of wealth we've created.

Three out of five "Doubters of Global Warming" interviewed by PBS's Frontline were funded by, or had some other institutional connection with, the Institute.^[71] Cato has often criticized Al Gore's stances on the issue of global warming and agreed with the Bush administration's skeptical attitude toward the Kyoto protocols.

Cato scholars have also been critical of the Bush administration's views on energy policy. In 2003, Cato scholars Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren blasted the Republican Energy Bill as "hundreds of pages of corporate welfare, symbolic gestures, empty promises, and pork-barrel projects".^[72] They also spoke out against the former president's calls for larger ethanol subsidies.^[73]

Funding

The Cato Institute is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization under U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The Institute performs no contract research and does not accept government funding. For revenue, the Institute is largely dependent on private contributions.

According to its annual report, the Cato Institute had fiscal year 2008 income of $24 million. The report notes that 77% of Cato's income that year came from individual contributions, 13% from foundations, 2% from corporations, and 8% from "program and other income" (e.g., publication sales, program fees).^[74]

Foundation support

In 2010, the Cato Institute has been supported by some 60 plus foundations^[75] including:

• Atlantic Philanthropies
• Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation
• Earhart Foundation
• JM Foundation, founded by businessman Jeremiah Milbank
• John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.
• Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation
• Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation
• Castle Rock Foundation (formerly known as The Coors Foundation)
• Scaife Foundations (Sarah Mellon Scaife, Carthage)
• Ford Foundation
• Ploughshares Fund
• Marijuana Policy Project

Corporate support

Like many think tanks, Cato receives support from a variety of corporations. In fiscal year 2008, corporate donations accounted for two percent of its budget.^[74]

In 2004, the Institute published a paper arguing in favor of "drug re-importation."^[76] A 2006 study attacked the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.^[77] Cato has published numerous studies criticizing what it calls "corporate welfare", the practice of public officials funneling taxpayer money, usually via targeted budgetary spending, to politically connected corporate interests.^{[78][79][80][81]}

For example, in 2002, Cato president Ed Crane and Sierra Club executive director Carl Pope co-wrote an op-ed piece in the Washington Post calling for the abandonment of the Republican energy bill, arguing that it had become little more than a gravy train for Washington, D.C. lobbyists.^[82] Again in 2005, Cato scholar Jerry Taylor teamed up with Daniel Becker of the Sierra Club to attack the Republican Energy Bill as a give-away to corporate interests.^[83]

Still, some critics have accused Cato of being too tied to corporate funders, especially during the 1990s. Such critics report that Cato received funding from Philip Morris and other tobacco companies during this period and that at one point Rupert Murdoch served on the boards of directors of both Cato and Philip Morris.^[84]

Cato received support from multiple corporations in 2010^[75] including:

• Altria Group, Inc.
• Amerisure Companies
• CME Group
• Consumer Electronics Association
• FedEx Corporation
• Google Inc.
• PMI Global Services, Inc.
• Reynolds American
• Verisign Inc.
• Volkswagen of America
• Whole Foods Market

Associates in the news

• Several Cato Institute-affiliated scholars have achieved academic distinction, including Nobel laureates F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, James M. Buchanan, and Vernon L. Smith.
• Cato senior fellow Randy Barnett argued the Gonzales v. Raich case before the Supreme Court in 2004.
• Mencken Fellow P. J. O'Rourke is the bestselling author of Parliament of Whores, All the Trouble in the World, and other books.
• Former Cato policy analyst Radley Balko was cited by Justice Breyer's dissent to the Supreme Court's 2006 Hudson v. Michigan decision, concerning "no knock" raids.^[85]
• Cato senior fellow Robert A. Levy personally funded the plaintiffs' successful Supreme Court challenge to the District of Columbia's gun ban (District of Columbia v. Heller), on the basis of the Second Amendment.^[86]
• In December 2005, Doug Bandow, a Cato fellow, admitted taking money from lobbyist Jack Abramoff in exchange for writing columns for the Copley Press favorable to Abramoff clients. The columns did not, however, deviate from Bandow's own views. Copley suspended his column. Bandow subsequently resigned from Cato on December 15, 2005. He returned to Cato in early 2009.
• In 1999, David Rall, a prominent environmental scientist, died in a car accident. Steven Milloy, at the time a Cato adjunct scholar, celebrated Rall's death on his site junkscience.com, writing: "Scratch one junk scientist who promoted the bankrupt idea that poisoning rats with a chemical predicts cancer in humans exposed to much lower levels of the chemical – a notion that, at the very least, has wasted billions and billions of public and private dollars." Cato Institute President Edward Crane called Milloy's attack an "inexcusable lapse in judgment and civility," but Milloy refused to apologize. He retained his position with Cato until the end of 2005. Following renewed controversy over the financial support Milloy received from tobacco and oil companies while writing editorial pieces favorable to them, Milloy's name was removed from the list of Cato adjunct scholars.^[87]
• In January 2008, adjunct scholar Dominick Armentano separated from the Institute after writing an op-ed piece about UFO's in the Vero Beach Press-Journal. Cato Executive Vice President David Boaz wrote that "I won't deny that this latest op-ed played a role in our decision."^[88]

Nobel Laureates at Cato

The following Nobel Prize Winners in Economics have worked with Cato:^[89]

• F. A. Hayek
• Milton Friedman
• James M. Buchanan
• Robert Mundell
• Edward C. Prescott
• Douglass C. North
• Vernon L. Smith
• Gary S. Becker
• Ronald Coase
• Thomas C. Schelling

Milton Friedman Prize

Since 2002, the Cato Institute has awarded the Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty every two years to "an individual who has made a significant contribution to advancing human freedom." The prize comes with a cash award of US$500,000.

Past Prize Winners

Year	Recipient	Nationality
2002	Peter Thomas Bauer[90]	British
2004	Hernando de Soto Polar[91]	Peruvian
2006	Mart Laar[92]	Estonian
2008	Yon Goicoechea[93]	Venezuelan
2010	Akbar Ganji[94]	Iranian

Board of directors

As of the 2007 Annual Report:^[95]

• K. Tucker Andersen, Senior consultant, Cumberland Associates LLC
• Frank Bond, Chairman, The Foundation Group
• Ed Crane, President, Cato Institute
• Richard Dennis, President, Dennis Trading Group
• Ethelmae C. Humphreys, Chair, Tamko Roofing Products, Inc.
• David H. Koch, Executive vice-president, Koch Industries, Inc.
• Robert A. Levy, Chair; Senior Fellow, Cato Institute^[96]
• John C. Malone, Chairman, Liberty Media
• William A. Niskanen, Chairman Emeritus, Cato Institute
• David H. Padden, President, Padden and Company^[97]
• Lewis E. Randall, Board member, E-Trade Financial Corporation
• Howard Rich, President, U.S. Term Limits
• Frederick W. Smith, Chairman and CEO, FedEx
• Donald G. Smith, President, Donald Smith & Co.
• Jeffrey S. Yass, Managing Director, Susquehana International Group, LLP
• Fred Young, former owner, Young Radiator Company

References

1. ^ "Cato's Mission". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/about-mission.html. Retrieved 2011-06-30. 
2. ^ null. "Forbes List". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/01/top-10-private-cargill-business-private-companies-10-largest_slide_3.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
3. ^ "25 Years at Cato". http://www.cato.org/pubs/papers/25th_annual_report.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
4. ^ "Cato's Mission". http://www.cato.org/about-mission.html. Retrieved 2011-09-02. 
5. ^ "General Strategy and U.S. Foreign Policy". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/research/subtopic_pub_list.php?topic_id=25&pub_list=1. Retrieved December 16, 2010. 
6. ^ "Civil Liberties". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/civil-liberties. Retrieved December 16, 2010. 
7. ^ McCluskey, Neal. "Feds in the Classroom". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/store/books/feds-classroom-how-big-government-corrupts-cripples-compromises-american-education-paperback. 
8. ^ "Downsizing the Federal Government". http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/. Retrieved December 16, 2010. 
9. ^ Cannon, Michael F (October 21, 2009). "Yes, Mr. President, A Free Market Can Fix Health Care". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa650.pdf. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Mike Allen, "Semantics Shape Social Security Debate: Democrats Assail 'Crisis' While GOP Gives 'Privatization' a 'Personal' Twist", Washington Post, January 23, 2005, p. A04
11. ^ ^{a b} "Cutting Corporate Welfare Could Fund a Bush Social Security Plan" by Andrew Biggs and Maya Macguineas, CATO Institute, January 6, 2003
12. ^ ^{a b} "Global Warming", Cato Handbook for Congress: Policy Recommendations for the 108th Congress, ch. 45, p. 474
13. ^ "Show Me the Money! Dividend Payouts after the Bush Tax Cut". Cato.org. October 12, 2004. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=2478. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Daniel T. Griswold, "Immigration: Beyond the Barbed Wire", Cato Institute, December 7, 2004
15. ^ "America Needs Real Immigration Reform". Cato.org. May 18, 2006. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6401. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
16. ^ Daniel Griswold (April 1, 2004). "Securing Our Borders Under a Temporary Guest Worker Program | Cato's Center for Trade Policy Studies". Freetrade.org. http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/speeches/ct-dg040104.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
17. ^ "Illegal Immigration: Will Congress Finally Solve It?". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8255. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
18. ^ "Immigration Reform Must Include a Temporary Worker Program". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8142. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
19. ^ "McCain vs. Madison". Cato.org. January 15, 2008. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8989. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
20. ^ "John McCain on Foreign Policy: Even Worse Than Bush". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9548M. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
21. ^ "Hurting the Rich Important to Obama". Cato.org. April 22, 2008. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9350. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
22. ^ "Obama's Stale New Deal". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3969. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
23. ^ Zernike, Kate (October 19, 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/20/us/politics/20koch.htm. 
24. ^ "It Usually Ends With Ed Crane", The Libertarian Forum, XIV: 1–2, January–April 1981
25. ^ Doherty, ibidem, p.446: "The Cato Institute had relocated itelf [sic] to Ronald Reagan's Washington in the early 1980s..."
26. ^ "The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 2009". University of Pennsylvania. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/irp/documents/2009GlobalGoToReportThinkTankIndex_1.31.2010.02.01.pdf. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
27. ^ Academic Search Complete: Journals & Magazines Only, EBSCO
28. ^ ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International, ProQuest
29. ^ Business Source Complete: Journals & Magazines Only, EBSCO
30. ^ ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International, ProQuest
31. ^ "Publications". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pubs/pubs.html. Retrieved November 12, 2007. 
32. ^ "Books". Cato Institute. http://www.catostore.org/. 
33. ^ "About Cato", Cato Institute
34. ^ Gene Healy and Timothy Lynch, "Power Surge: The Constitutional Record of George W. Bush", Cato Institute, May 1, 2006
35. ^ Christopher Preble, "Exiting Iraq: Why the U.S. Must End the Military Occupation and Renew the War against Al Qaeda", Cato Institute
36. ^ Stephen Slivinski, Buck Wild: How Republicans Broke the Bank and Became the Party of Big Government, August 2006
37. ^ Michael D. Tanner, Leviathan on the Right: How Big-Government Conservatism Brought Down the Republican Revolution, February 2007
38. ^ Daniel Griswold, "Willing Workers: Fixing the Problem of Illegal Mexican Migration to the United States", Cato Institute, October 15, 2002
39. ^ Jim VandeHei and Zachary A. Goldfarb, "Immigration Deal at Risk as House GOP Looks to Voters", Washington Post, May 28, 2006, p. A01
40. ^ Crane, Edward H.; and William A. Niskanen. "Upholding Liberty in America". Financial Times. June 24, 2003.
41. ^ Crane, Edward H. "The Government Habit". Cato Policy Report. November/December 1995.
42. ^ Preble, Christopher and Justin Logan. "Neocons Forced to Face Reality". July 26, 2004.
43. ^ Pilon, Roger. "Government Shouldn't Police Morals – or Sexual Practices". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3053. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
44. ^ Lindsey, Brink. "Liberaltarians". December 4, 2006.
45. ^ "Cato on "How to Label Cato"". The Cato Institute. Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20070822132227/http://www.cato.org/about/about.html. Retrieved 2008-02-29. 
46. ^ "Ayn Rand's Q & A on Libertarianism", Ayn Rand Institute,
47. ^ Robert James Bidinotto^{[dead link]}
48. ^ William Niskanen, "House Faces the Dumbest Bill of the Year (So Far): A $2.10 Increase in the Minimum Wage", Cato@Libery, 2006-06-14
49. ^ ^{a b} "Drug War". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/current/drug-war/index.html. 
50. ^ "Budget and Taxes: Corporate Welfare", Cato Institute
51. ^ "Regulatory Studies", Cato Institute
52. ^ ""Constitutional Issues: Federalism"". Cato.org. http://www.cato.org/ccs/federalism.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
53. ^ "Education and Child Policy: School Choice". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/research/education/choice.html. 
54. ^ Gryphon, Marie. "The Affirmative Action Myth". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3722. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
55. ^ "Civil Rights", Cato Institute
56. ^ Doherty, Brian. Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement, pg. 454
57. ^ Malou Innocent and Ted Galen Carpenter (September 14, 2009). "Escaping the "Graveyard of Empires": A Strategy to Exit Afghanistan". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10533. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
58. ^ ^{a b} Carpenter, Ted Galen. "Overthrow Saddam? Be Careful What You Wish For". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3369. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
59. ^ Lozada, Carlos (May 3, 2009). "The Big Idea – The Power Problem". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/01/AR2009050101830.html. Retrieved April 28, 2010. 
60. ^ Thomas C. O'Brien, "Constitutional and Antitrust Violations of the Multistate Tobacco Settlement", Policy Analysis no. 371, Cato Institute, May 18, 2000
61. ^ Anthony Hawks, "The Balanced Budget Veto: A New Mechanism to Limit Federal Spending", Policy Analysis no. 487, Cato Institute, September 4, 2003
62. ^ "539 U.S. 558 LAWRENCE et al. v. TEXAS No. 02-102. Supreme Court of United". bulk.resource.org. http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/539/539.US.558.02-102.html. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
63. ^ Carpenter, Dale (June 1, 2006). "The Federal Marriage Amendment: Unnecessary, Anti-Federalist, and Anti-Democratic". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6379. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
64. ^ Radley Balko (July 17, 2006). "Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6476. 
65. ^ Lambert, Thomas A. "The Case Against Smoking Bans". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv29n4/v29n4-4.pdf. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
66. ^ Yale Brozen: The High Cost of Government Regulation, in: Toward Liberty: The Idea that is Changing the World, ed. by David Boaz, Cato Institute, 2002, p. 131
67. ^ "The Cato Institute Page on Energy and the Environment". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/researcharea.php?display=4. Retrieved January 31, 2008. 
68. ^ "The Cato Institute Official web site page on Global Warming". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/subtopic_display_new.php?topic_id=27&ra_id=4. Retrieved January 31, 2008. 
69. ^ "Energy and Environment". Cato Institute (2008). http://www.cato.org/researcharea.php?display=4. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
70. ^ On The Big Story, Cato Institute fellow falsely asserted that IPCC findings contradict Gore's "beyond shrill" claim, found at Media Matter Official web site. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
71. ^ "The Doubters of Global Warming". Frontline. Accessed January 31, 2008.
72. ^ Taylor, Jerry; Peter Van Doren (2003-11-19). "Mighty Porking Power Rangers: Scanning the energy bill". National Review Online. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/taylor-vandoren200311190857.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-27. 
73. ^ Taylor, Jerry; Peter Van Doren (2007-01-27). "Ethanol Makes Gasoline Costlier, Dirtier". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=7308. 
74. ^ ^{a b} Cato Institute 2007 Annual Report, p. 46 (Figures are for fiscal year ending March 31, 2008.)
75. ^ ^{a b} 2010 Cato Fndn Annual Report p. 37. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
76. ^ "Drug Reimportation: The Free Market Solution", Policy Analysis no. 521, Cato Institute, August 4, 2004
77. ^ Gigi Sohn, "A Welcome Voice on the Right", Public Knowledge, March 21, 2006
78. ^ James Bovard, "Archer Daniels Midland: A Case Study In Corporate Welfare", Policy Analysis no. 241, September 26, 1995
79. ^ Stephen Moore and Dean Stansel, "Ending Corporate Welfare As We Know It", Policy Analysis no. 225, May 12, 1995
80. ^ Stephen Slivinski, "The Corporate Welfare Budget: Bigger Than Ever", Policy Analysis no. 415, October 10, 2001
81. ^ Stephen Slivinski, "The Corporate Welfare State: How the Federal Government Subsidizes U.S. Businesses", Policy Analysis no. 592, May 14, 2007
82. ^ Edward H. Crane and Carl Pope, "Fueled by Pork", July 30, 2002
83. ^ Jerry Taylor and Daniel Becker, "Energy Bill Blues", July 2, 2005
84. ^ Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, August 2004
85. ^ "Hudson v. Michigan: Cato Expert Says Court is Wrong on "No-Knock" Police Raids", Cato Institute press release, June 15, 2006
86. ^ Greenhouse, Linda (November 12, 2007). "Supreme Court May Take Gun Case – New York Times". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/12/washington/13scotus.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011. 
87. ^ Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, "The Ideas Industry", Washington Post, October 12, 1999, p. A17
88. ^ Herald Tibune article. Accessed February 14, 2008.
89. ^ "Nobel Laureates at Cato". http://www.cato.org/people/nobel-index.html. 
90. ^ "Peter Bauer, 86; Economist Fought Foreign Aid", Los Angeles Times, May 19, 2002, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/may/19/local/me-bauer19, retrieved December 23, 2010 
91. ^ Konrad, Rachel (May 6, 2004), Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto receives Friedman Prize, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-94317529.html, retrieved December 23, 2010 
92. ^ "Mart Laar Receives Milton Friedman Prize". Cato Policy Report (Cato Institute). July/August 2006. http://www.cato.org/research/articles/cpr28n4-3.html. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
93. ^ "Student wins $500,000 for challenging Chavez". Associated Press. MSNBC. April 23, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24282927/. 
94. ^ "Iranian writer Akbar Ganji wins Milton Friedman Prize". Arabianbusiness.com. April 13, 2010. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/585897-iranian-writer-akbar-ganji-wins-milton-friedman-prize. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
95. ^ 2007 Cato Inst Annual Report p. 49 (unnumbered). Retrieved 5/9/09.
96. ^ "Robert A. Levy". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/people/robert-levy. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 
97. ^ "?". prcfund.org. http://www.prcfund.org/PRCBoard/PRCBoardPadden.html. Retrieved November 20, 2010. 

External links

• Cato Institute official website
• "The Cato Institute or Anarchism seen through the Multinationals' Eyes", Voltaire Network
• Center for Trade Policy Studies
• Project on Social Security Choice
• Cato Unbound, Cato's online monthly magazine
• Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty
• Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity

Critiques

• Mike Huben, "Criticisms of the CATO Institute," in "Critiques Of Libertarianism."
• Lew Rockwell's Editorial on the Bandow/Abramoff controversy
• John Fonte, "Dogmatic Libertarians: Over the edge", National Review Online, May 9, 2002
• Dana Milbank, "At Conservative Forum on Bush, Everybody's a Critic", Washington Post, March 8, 2006, p. A02
• "The Promise of Freedom: Is America on Course?" a debate with the Cato Institute's Executive Vice President David Boaz
• Cato Institute profile at SourceWatch.org