SS Columbia

Columbia (steamer)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Columbia in apx. 1905. The tag is from Columbia's nomination to the National Register.
Location:	Detroit, Michigan [2]
Built:	1902 [2]
Architect:	Frank E. Kirby [1]
NRHP Reference#:	79001171 [1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP:	2 November 1979 [1]
Designated NHL:	6 July 1992[3]

The SS Columbia is one of two remaining turn-of-the-century excursion steamships in existence, the second being her running mate, and sister ship the SS Ste. Claire. Both were designed by Frank E. Kirby and Louis O. Keil. The Columbia was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.^[1]

History

The Columbia was constructed in Wyandotte, Michigan in 1902, and the Ste. Claire was constructed in Toledo, Ohio in 1910. The great naval architect Frank Kirby designed a new girder system for Columbia that allowed for the spans needed for a dance floor, thus Columbia was the first steamboat in the US with a proper ballroom. Columbia influenced the design of excursion steamers including Americana, Canadiana, Ste. Claire, Put-in-bay, Peter Stuyvesant, and Catalina throughout the US. Columbia and Ste. Claire were originally joined by a third, the SS Britannia, built in 1906. During their heyday, the Columbia and Ste. Claire sailed down the Detroit River from downtown Detroit to Bois Blanc Island, a Canadian island that was home to an amusement park built as a destination for the steamers. During the summer, the ship's triple decks would be filled with passengers enjoying the 90-minute, 18-mile boat ride to the island. Both ships featured music and dancing, an arcade, and a snack bar. The ships became icons on the Detroit River and were greatly loved by the people of Detroit.

Columbia became the setting for a historic Civil Rights battle in 1945 when a young African American woman named Sara Elizabeth Ray went to join her classmates for a celebratory graduation cruise aboard the ship. Officers of the Boblo Excursion company then approached Ms. Ray and told her she had to leave due to her race. when they threatened her with physical removal - she agreed to leave, but not before throwing the proffered fare refund back at them and getting their names. Ms. Ray enlisted the help of the NAACP in filing a complaint against the line for illegal discrimination. The Boblo Excursion company claimed exemption from the Michigan statutes due to their routes traversing the Canadian border - thereby claiming that they were engaged in international commerce and were not subject to state regulations. Ms. Ray won in the local courts and then in state court and ultimately in the US Supreme court. This decision, is viewed as being the first step towards Brown vs. Board of Education. Ms. Ray's courageous gesture predates Rosa Park's historic stand by 10 years but is little known today.^{[citation needed]}

Deterioration

Due to competition from nearby Cedar Point, attendance at Boblo Island declined. In 1990, the company that then operated Boblo Island said the steamers were too much to handle and were becoming a burden on the company's finances and the summer of 1991 was the last for the Columbia and Ste. Claire. In 1993, Boblo Island was closed and sold to real estate developers. The ships were docked outside the Great Lakes Steel Company in Ecorse, Michigan where they sat unprotected to the harsh Michigan winters. They were auctioned in 1996 and by 2000, both steamers were showing deterioration with chipped paint, rotting wood, and holes in the decks.

In 2004 a team led by the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy had Columbia "shrink-wrapped" (in heavy plastic tarps) to reduce further deterioration while they considered purchase and restoration. However, in early 2006, given budgetary restraints they removed themselves from consideration. Later that year, with the assistance of National Trust for Historic Preservation Columbia was awarded to a New York based non-profit group, "The S.S. Columbia Project", for restoration to active service as an educational, cultural, and Heritage tourism resource on use on the Hudson River.

The plan for the ship's restoration and re-use was based on the European model of maritime preservation where the Ship's restoration is funded through a non profit capital campaign and then the ship's operations are funded through earned revenues. Plans for the restored ship included daily excursions from the west side of Manhattan to the communities of the Hudson Valley.^[4]

See also

• Ste. Claire (passenger steamboat)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. no date specified. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ ^{a b} National Park Service. "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database". http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-10-11. 
3. ^ "COLUMBIA (Steamer)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1806&ResourceType=Structure. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
4. ^ http://www.sscolumbia.org

External links

• S.S. Columbia Project
• Historic footage of SS Columbia in 1921, bound for Boblo Island (begins at 2:10 on video)