Commandant's Quarters (Dearborn, Michigan)

Commandant's Quarters, Dearborn Arsenal
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Michigan State Historic Site
Location:	21950 Michigan Ave., Dearborn, Michigan
Coordinates:	42°18′23″N 83°14′38″W / 42.30639°N 83.24389°W / 42.30639; -83.24389Coordinates: 42°18′23″N 83°14′38″W / 42.30639°N 83.24389°W / 42.30639; -83.24389
Area:	0.4 acres (0.16 ha)
Built:	1833
Architect:	Jeremiah Moors
Architectural style:	Federal
Governing body:	Local
NRHP Reference#:	70000286[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP:	October 15, 1970
Designated MSHS:	August 23, 1956[2]

The Commandant's Quarters at the Dearborn Arsenal is a military structure located at 21950 Michigan Avenue in Dearborn, Michigan. It is the oldest building in Dearborn still located on its original site, and is considered to be one of the seven most significant buildings in Michigan.^[3] It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1956^[2] and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.^[1]

The building is part of the Dearborn Historical Museum, which also includes the 1831 Richard Gardner House and the McFadden-Ross House (originally the 1839 powder magazine).

History

In the early 19th century, the Detroit Arsenal was located in the city of Detroit.^[3] The arsenal's main purpose was to serve as a supply depot for the army; storing, maintaining, and repairing arms and ammunition.^[3] However, by the 1830s, the population of the city had grown such that there was fear of the stored explosives endangering the city's population.^[3] The US Congress authorized the construction of a new arsenal west of Detroit in the village of Dearbornville.^[3]

Construction

In July 1832, a site for the new Arsenal was selected^[4] located near the Rouge River on the strategically important "Chicago Road" (now Michigan Avenue) that linked Detroit to Chicago. Approximately 235 acres (0.95 km²) was set aside for a "military reservation."^[4] In July 1833,^[4] work was begun on eleven buildings comprising what was at the time called the "Detroit Arsenal at Dearbornville"^[2][5] The construction of the arsenal lasted from 1833 to 1837.^[2] The first commandant of the arsenal, Colonel Joshua Hand, proposed naming the surrounding area after Major General Henry Dearborn, a New Hampshire physician and hero of the war of Independence.

The eleven buildings of the Arsenal were spaced around a walled square, 360 feet (110 m) on a side;^[6] the ten-foot-high masonry wall was thirty inches thick^[4] and completely enclosed the square.^[3] These eleven buildings were:^[6]

1. The Armory, which was the largest of the buildings and used as both a storehouse and social center.^[3]
2. The Sutler's Shop, where tobacco and personal articles were sold to the soldiers.^[3]
3. The Guard House
4. The Enlisted Men's Barracks
5. The Surgeon's Quarters
6. The Carpenter Shop, which around 1865 was converted into a chapel.^[3]
7. The Smith's Shop
8. The Saddler's Shop, where equipment for horses was made and repaired.^[3]
9. The Gun Carriage Shed
10. The Arsenal Office
11. The Commandant's Quarters

The Arsenal Proper (with powder magazine) was located outside the walled square.

After 1877

The arsenal was eventually judged to be no longer useful, and in 1877 the buildings were publicly auctioned off by the US government.^[6] The only building remaining of the original eleven still in its original location and form is the commandant's quarters.^[6]

After 1877, the armory became a civic center named the "Liberty Hall," hosting events such as dancing, lodge meetings, and roller skating.^[3] In 1899, the armory was converted into a woolen mill; in 1910 the mill was destroyed in a fire.^[6] The bricks from the building were used to build new homes, some of which still stand in the area.^[3]

The guard house, enlisted men's barracks the surgeon's quarters were used as residences. In 1893, all three were demolished to build a school.^[6] The sutler's shop was remodeled and used for, among other things, a doctor's office.^[6] The carpenter shop and the smith's shop were combined into one two-story, three-unit building. The structure was used as a lumber mill and later by the Detroit-Dearborn Motor Car Company and by a paint shop.^[3][6] The saddler's shop was used as a residence, and in the 1920s was converted into the Dearborn Town Hall and used for meetings until 1928.^[3] It was sold to S. S. Kresge and removed from the property,^[3] and was destroyed in 1946.^[6]

The gun carriage shed was converted into a two-story structure in 1906 for use by the Masonic Temple. It was later used by Pride Cleaners; only a portion of the building remains.^[6] The arsenal office was used as a residence, and later as a commercial store. It was demolished in the early 20th century.^[6] The arsenal proper was converted into a private residence in 1883 by Nathaniel Ross.^[3] The structure was donated to the city of Dearborn in 1950.^[3] Currently located at 915 Brady Street, it was renamed the McFadden-Ross House, and is used as a museum.^[6]

The last remaining structure of the original eleven, the commandant's quarters, served as a social and cultural in Dearborn until 1875. The building was later used as a library, American Legion hall, a town hall, police station, school, and a newspaper office.^[2][3][6] In 1949, the commandant's quarters were purchased by the Dearborn Historical Commission for use as a museum.^[2][6] The building was restored in 1959, and in 1970 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[1] As of 2010 it houses the Dearborn Historical Museum.^[2]

Description of the Commandant's Quarters

The Commandant's Quarters is a square, red brick building on a brick foundation.^[2] The hipped roof is covered with slate, and has gabled dormers and a balustrade.^[2] A two-story verandah with square columns extends around the front and side of the building.^[2] The wrought iron railing near the front entrance is hand-made.^[4]

Much of the interior of the Commandant's Quarters has been restored to resemble the original makeup of the building. The wall and sliding doors between the Commandant's office and dining room on the first floor has been replaced, and the second floor partitions, removed in the 1930s, have also been re-installed.^[4]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Commandant's Quarters, Dearborn Arsenal from the state of Michigan, retrieved 1/5/10
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Craig Hutchison, Kimberly Rising, Dearborn Historical Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, Arcadia Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0738523070, p. 15-22
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Floyd L. Haight, "History of the Dearborn Historical Museum," The Dearborn Historian, Volume 1 No, 1, January 1961, pp. 3-11
5. ^ Commandant’s Quarters of the Detroit Arsenal/Dearborn Historical Museum from detroit1701.org, retrieved 1/5/10
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} The Dearborn Arsenal from Wayne County History, retrieved 1/5/10

External links

• Dearborn Historical Museum