George Cukor

George Cukor
Cukor in 1973
Born	George Dewey Cukor July 7, 1899(1899-07-07) New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	January 24, 1983(1983-01-24) (aged 83) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Interred: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
Occupation	Director
Years active	1930–81

George Dewey Cukor ( /ˈkjuːkər/; July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American film director.^[1] He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations. His career flourished at RKO and later MGM, where he directed What Price Hollywood? (1932), A Bill of Divorcement (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Little Women (1933), David Copperfield (1935), Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Camille (1936).

He was replaced as the director of Gone with the Wind (1939), but he went on to direct The Philadelphia Story (1940), Adam's Rib (1949), Born Yesterday (1950), A Star Is Born (1954) and My Fair Lady (1964). He continued to work into the 1980s.

Early life

Cukor was born on the Lower East Side of New York City, the younger child and only son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants Victor, an assistant district attorney, and Helen Ilona (née Gross) Cukor. His parents selected his middle name in honor of Spanish–American War hero George Dewey. The family was not particularly religious; Yiddish was not spoken in the home, pork was a staple on the dinner table, and when he started attending temple as a boy, Cukor learned Hebrew phonetically, with no real understanding of the meaning of the words or what they represented. As a result, he was ambivalent about his faith and dismissive of old world traditions from childhood, and as an adult he embraced Anglophilia to remove himself even further from his roots.^[2]

As a child, Cukor appeared in several amateur plays and took dance lessons, and at the age of seven he performed in a recital with David O. Selznick, who in later years would become a mentor and friend.^[3] As a teenager, Cukor frequently was taken to the New York Hippodrome by his uncle. Infatuated with theatre, he often cut classes at DeWitt Clinton High School to attend afternoon matinees.^[4][5] During his senior year, he worked as a supernumerary with the Metropolitan Opera, earning 50¢ per appearance, and $1 if he was required to perform in blackface.^[6]

Following his graduation in 1917, Cukor was expected to follow in his father's footsteps and pursue a career in law. He halfheartedly enrolled in the City College of New York, where he entered the Students Army Training Corps in October 1918. His military experience was limited; Germany surrendered in early November, and Cukor's duty ended after only two months. Shortly after, he left school.^[7]

Cukor obtained a job as an assistant stage manager and bit player with a touring production of The Better 'Ole, a popular British musical based on Old Bill, a cartoon character created by Bruce Bairnsfather.^[8] In 1920, he became the stage manager for the Knickerbocker Players, a troupe that shuttled between Syracuse and Rochester, New York, and the following year he was hired as general manager of the newly formed Lyceum Players, an upstate summer stock company. In 1925 he formed the C.F. and Z. Production Company with Walter Folmer and John Zwicki, which gave him his first opportunity to direct.^[9][10] Following their first season, he made his Broadway directorial debut with Antonia by Hungarian playwright Melchior Lengyel, then returned to Rochester, where C.F. and Z. evolved into the Cukor-Kondolf Stock Company, a troupe that included Louis Calhern, Ilka Chase, Phyllis Povah, Frank Morgan, Reginald Owen, Elizabeth Patterson and Douglass Montgomery, all of whom would work with Cukor in later years in Hollywood.^[11] Lasting only one season with the company was Bette Davis. Cukor later recalled, "Her talent was apparent, but she did buck at direction. She had her own ideas, and though she only did bits and ingenue roles, she didn't hesitate to express them." For the next several decades, Davis claimed she was fired, and although Cukor never understood why she placed so much importance on an incident he considered so minor, he never worked with her again.^[12]

For the next few years, Cukor alternated between Rochester in the summer months and Broadway in the winter. His direction of a 1926 stage adaptation of The Great Gatsby by Owen Davis brought him to the attention of the New York critics. Writing in the Brooklyn Eagle, drama critic Arthur Pollock called it "an unusual piece of work by a director not nearly so well-known as he should be."^[13] Cukor directed six more Broadway productions before departing for Hollywood in 1929.

Early Hollywood career

When Hollywood began to recruit New York theater talent for sound films, Cukor immediately answered the call. In December 1928, Paramount Pictures signed him to a contract that reimbursed him for his airfare and initially paid him $600 per week with no screen credit during a six-month apprenticeship. He arrived in Hollywood in February 1929, and his first assignment was to coach the cast of River of Romance to speak with an acceptable Southern accent.^[14] In October, the studio lent him to Universal Pictures to conduct the screen tests and work as a dialogue director for All Quiet on the Western Front. In 1930, he co-directed three films at Paramount, and his weekly salary was increased to $1500.^[15] In 1931, he made his solo directorial debut with Tarnished Lady starring Tallulah Bankhead.

Cukor was then assigned to One Hour With You (1932), an operetta with Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald, when original director Ernst Lubitsch opted to concentrate on producing the film instead. At first the two men worked well together, but two weeks into filming Lubitsch began arriving on the set on a regular basis, and he soon began directing scenes with Cukor's consent. Upon the film's completion, Lubitsch approached Paramount general manager B. P. Schulberg and threatened to leave the studio if Cukor's name wasn't removed from the credits. When Schulberg asked him to cooperate, Cukor filed suit. He eventually settled for being billed as assistant director and then left Paramount to work with David O. Selznick at RKO Studios.^[16]

Cukor quickly earned a reputation as a director who could coax great performances from actresses and he became known as a 'woman's director', a title he resented. Despite this reputation, during his career, he oversaw more performances honored with the Academy Award for Best Actor than any other director: James Stewart in The Philadelphia Story (1940), Ronald Colman in A Double Life (1947), and Rex Harrison in My Fair Lady (1964). One of Cukor's first ingenues was actress Katharine Hepburn, who debuted in A Bill of Divorcement and whose looks and personality left RKO officials at a loss as to how to use her. Cukor directed her in several films, both successful (Little Women, 1933) and disastrous (Sylvia Scarlett, 1935), and they became close friends off the set.

Cukor was hired to direct Gone with the Wind by Selznick in 1936, even before the book was published.^[17] He spent the next two years involved with pre-production duties, including supervision of the numerous screen tests of actresses anxious to portray Scarlett O'Hara. Cukor favored Hepburn for the role, but Selznick, concerned about her reputation as 'box office poison', would not consider her without a screen test, and the actress refused to film one. Of those who did, Cukor preferred Paulette Goddard, but her supposedly illicit relationship with Charlie Chaplin (they were, in fact, secretly married) concerned Selznick.^[18]

Between his Wind chores, the director assisted with other projects. He filmed the cave scene for The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)^[19] and, following the firing of its original director Richard Thorpe, Cukor spent a week on the set of The Wizard of Oz (1939). Although he filmed no footage, he made crucial changes to the look of Dorothy by eliminating Judy Garland's blonde wig and adjusting her makeup and costume, encouraging her to act in a more natural manner that greatly contributed to the success of the final film.^[20][21] Additionally, Cukor softened the Scarecrow's makeup and gave Margaret Hamilton's Wicked Witch of the West a different hairstyle, as well as altering her makeup and other facial features.

Cukor spent many hours coaching Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland prior to the start of filming Wind, but Clark Gable resisted his efforts to get him to master a Southern accent. However, despite rumors about Gable being uncomfortable with Cukor on the set, nothing in the internal memos of David O. Selznick indicates or suggests that Clark Gable played any role in Cukor's dismissal from the film. Rather, they show Selznick's mounting dissatisfaction with Cukor's slow pace and quality of work. From a private letter from journalist Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939: "George [Cukor] finally told me all about it. He hated [leaving the production] very much he said but he could not do otherwise. In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he cannot do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right. For days, he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing... the things did not click as it should. Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the [Sidney] Howard script back... he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture... And bull-headed David said 'OK get out!'"^[22]

Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ("a very expensive luxury") for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments, even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937; and in a confidential memo written in September 1938, four months before principal photography began, Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. "I think the biggest black mark against our management to date is the Cukor situation and we can no longer be sentimental about it.... We are a business concern and not patrons of the arts..." Cukor was relieved of his duties, but he continued to work with Leigh and De Havilland off the set. Various rumors about the reasons behind his dismissal circulated throughout Hollywood. Selznick's friendship with Cukor had crumbled slightly when the director refused other assignments, including A Star is Born (1937) and Intermezzo (1939).^[23] Given that Gable and Cukor had worked together before, in Manhattan Melodrama and Gable had no objection to working with him then, and given Selznick's desperation to get Gable for Rhett Butler, if Gable had any objections to Cukor, certainly they would have been expressed before he signed his contract for the film.^[24]

Cukor's dismissal from Wind freed him to direct The Women (1939), notable for its all-female cast, followed by The Philadelphia Story (1940), starring Katharine Hepburn. He also directed another of his favorite actresses, Greta Garbo, in Two-Faced Woman (1941), her last film before she retired from the screen.

In 1942, at the age of forty-three, Cukor enlisted in the Signal Corps. Following basic training at Fort Monmouth, he was assigned to the old Paramount studios in Astoria, Queens (where he had directed three films in the early 1930s), although he was permitted to lodge at the St. Regis Hotel in Manhattan. Working with Irwin Shaw, John Cheever and William Saroyan, among others, Cukor produced training and instructional films for army personnel. Because he lacked an officer's commission, he found it difficult to give orders and directions to his superiors. Despite his efforts to rise above the rank of private—he even called upon Frank Capra to intercede on his behalf—he never achieved officer's status or any commendations during his six months of service. In later years Cukor suspected his homosexuality impeded him from receiving any advances or honors,^[25] although rumors to that effect could not be confirmed.^[26]

The remainder of the decade was a series of hits and misses for Cukor. Both Two Faced Woman and Her Cardboard Lover (1942) were commercial failures. More successful were A Woman's Face (1941) with Joan Crawford and Gaslight (1944) with Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer. During this era, Cukor forged an alliance with screenwriters Garson Kanin and Ruth Gordon, who had met in Cukor's home in 1939 and married three years later. Over the course of seven years, the trio collaborated on seven films, including Adam's Rib (1949), Born Yesterday (1950), The Marrying Kind (1952), and It Should Happen to You (1954), all starring another Cukor favorite, Judy Holliday, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Born Yesterday.

Later Hollywood career

In December 1952, Cukor was approached by Sid Luft, who proposed the director helm a musical remake of the 1937 film A Star is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role. Cukor had declined to direct the earlier film because it was too similar to his 1932 What Price Hollywood?, but the opportunity to direct his first Technicolor film, first musical, and work with screenwriter Moss Hart and especially Garland appealed to him, and he accepted.^[27] Getting the updated A Star Is Born to the screen proved to be a challenge. Cukor wanted Cary Grant for the male lead and went so far as to read the entire script with him, but Grant, while agreeing it was the role of a lifetime, steadfastly refused to do it, and Cukor never forgave him. The director then suggested either Humphrey Bogart or Frank Sinatra tackle the part, but Jack Warner rejected both. Stewart Granger was the front runner for a period of time, but he backed out when he was unable to adjust to Cukor's habit of acting out scenes as a form of direction.^[28] James Mason ultimately was signed, and filming began on October 12, 1953. As the months passed, Cukor was forced to deal not only with constant script changes but a very unstable leading lady, who was plagued by chemical and alcohol dependencies, extreme weight fluctuations, and real and imagined illnesses. In March 1954, a rough cut still missing several musical numbers was assembled, and Cukor had mixed feelings about it. When the last scene finally was filmed in the early morning hours of July 28, 1954, Cukor already had departed the production and was unwinding in Europe.^[29] The first preview the following month ran 210 minutes and, despite ecstatic feedback from the audience, Cukor and editor Folmar Blangsted trimmed it to 182 minutes for its New York premiere in October. The reviews were the best of Cukor's career, but Warner executives, concerned the running time would limit the number of daily showings, made drastic cuts without Cukor, who had departed for India to scout locations for Bhowani Junction. At its final running time of 154 minutes, the film had lost musical numbers and crucial dramatic scenes, and Cukor called it "very painful."^[30] He was not included in the film's six Oscar nominations, all of which were lost.

Over the next ten years, Cukor directed a handful of films with varying success. Les Girls (1957) won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and Wild Is the Wind (1957) earned Oscar nominations for Anna Magnani and Anthony Quinn, but neither Heller in Pink Tights nor Let's Make Love (both 1960) were box office hits. His most notable project during this period was the ill-fated Something's Got to Give, an updated remake of the 1940 screwball comedy My Favorite Wife. Cukor liked leading lady Marilyn Monroe but found it difficult to deal with her erratic work habits, frequent absences from the set, and the constant presence of her acting coach, Paula Strasberg. After thirty-two days of shooting, the director had only 7½ minutes of usable film.^[31] Then Monroe travelled to New York to appear at a birthday celebration for John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden, where she famously serenaded the President. Studio documents released after Monroe's death confirmed that her appearance at the political fundraising event was approved by Fox executives. The production came to a halt when Cukor had filmed every scene not involving Monroe and the actress remained unavailable. 20th Century Fox executive Peter Levathes fired her and hired Lee Remick to replace her, prompting co-star Dean Martin to quit, since his contract guaranteed he would be playing opposite Monroe.^[32] With the production already $2 million over budget^[31] and everyone back at the starting gate, the studio pulled the plug on the project. Less than two months later, Monroe was found dead in her home.

Two years later, Cukor achieved one of his greatest successes with My Fair Lady. Throughout filming there were mounting tensions between the director and designer Cecil Beaton, but Cukor was thrilled with leading lady Audrey Hepburn, although the crew was less enchanted with her diva-like demands.^[33] Although several reviews were critical of the film – Pauline Kael said it "staggers along" and Stanley Kauffmann thought Cukor's direction was like "a rich gravy poured over everything, not remotely as delicately rich as in the Asquith-Howard 1937 Pygmalion" —^[34] the film was a box office hit which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the Directors Guild of America Award after having been nominated for each several times.

Following My Fair Lady, Cukor became less active. He directed Maggie Smith in Travels with My Aunt in 1972 and helmed the critical and commercial flop The Blue Bird, the first joint Soviet-American production, in 1976. He reunited twice with Katharine Hepburn for the television movies Love Among the Ruins (1975) and The Corn Is Green (1979). He directed his final film, Rich and Famous (1981) with Jacqueline Bisset and Candice Bergen, at the age of eighty-two.

Personal life

It was an open secret in Hollywood that Cukor was homosexual, although he was discreet about his sexual orientation and "never carried it as a pin on his lapel", as producer Joseph L. Mankiewicz put it.^[35] He was a celebrated bon vivant whose luxurious home was the site of weekly Sunday afternoon parties attended by closeted celebrities and the attractive young men they met in bars and gyms and brought with them.^[36] At least once, in the midst of his reign at MGM, he was arrested on vice charges, but studio executives managed to get the charges dropped and all records of it expunged, and the incident never was publicized by the press.^[37] In the late 1950s, Cukor became involved with a considerably younger man named George Towers. He financed his education at the Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences and the University of Southern California, from which Towers graduated with a law degree in 1967.^[38] That fall Towers married and his relationship with Cukor evolved into one of father and son, and for the remainder of Cukor's life the two remained very close.^[39]

By the mid-1930s, Cukor was not only established as a prominent director but, socially, as an unofficial head of Hollywood's gay subculture. His home, redecorated in 1935 by actor-turned interior designer William Haines, was the scene of many gatherings for the industry's homosexuals. The close-knit group included Haines and his partner Jimmie Shields, Alan Ladd, writer Somerset Maugham, director James Vincent, screenwriter Rowland Leigh, costume designers Orry-Kelly and Robert Le Maire, and actors John Darrow, Anderson Lawler, Grady Sutton, Robert Seiter and Tom Douglas. Frank Horn, secretary to Cary Grant, was also a frequent guest.^[40]

Cukor's friends were of paramount importance to him and he kept his home filled with their photographs. Regular attendees at his famed soirées included Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy, Joan Crawford and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart, Claudette Colbert, Marlene Dietrich, Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh, actor Richard Cromwell, Stanley Holloway, Judy Garland, Gene Tierney, Noël Coward, Cole Porter, director James Whale, costume designer Edith Head, and Norma Shearer, especially after the death of her first husband, Irving Thalberg. He often entertained literary figures like Sinclair Lewis, Theodore Dreiser, Aldous Huxley, Ferenc Molnár, and close friend Somerset Maugham, as well.^[41]

Death

Cukor died of a heart attack on January 24, 1983, and was interred in an unmarked grave at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.^[42] Records in probate court indicated his net worth at the time of his death was $2,377,720.^[43]

Filmography

Year	Title	Studio	Genre	Cast	Notes
1930	Grumpy	Paramount Pictures	Drama	Cyril Maude	Co-directed with Cyril Gardner
1930	The Virtuous Sin	Paramount Pictures	Drama	Kay Francis, Walter Huston, Kenneth MacKenna	Co-directed with Louis J. Gasnier
1930	The Royal Family of Broadway	Paramount Pictures	Comedy	Fredric March, Ina Claire	Co-directed with Cyril Gardner
1931	Tarnished Lady	Paramount Pictures	Drama	Tallulah Bankhead, Clive Brook, Alexander Kirkland
1931	Girls About Town	Paramount Pictures	Comedy	Kay Francis, Lilyan Tashman, Joel McCrea
1932	One Hour With You	Paramount Pictures	Musical	Maurice Chevalier, Jeanette MacDonald	Directed part of the film when Ernst Lubitsch took ill and was credited as dialogue director
1932	Une heure près de toi	Paramount Pictures	Musical	Maurice Chevalier, Jeanette MacDonald	French version of One Hour With You / Co-directed with Ernst Lubitsch
1932	What Price Hollywood?	RKO	Drama	Constance Bennett, Lowell Sherman, Neil Hamilton
1932	A Bill of Divorcement	RKO	Drama	John Barrymore, Billie Burke, Katharine Hepburn
1932	Rockabye	RKO	Drama	Constance Bennett, Joel McCrea, Paul Lukas	David O. Selznick hired Cukor to film two weeks of retakes after the initial film by George Fitzmaurice did not meet expectations
1932	The Animal Kingdom	RKO	Drama	Leslie Howard, Ann Harding, Myrna Loy	Uncredited
1933	Our Betters	RKO	Drama	Constance Bennett
1933	Dinner At Eight	MGM	Drama	John Barrymore, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Lionel Barrymore, Billie Burke, Wallace Beery
1933	Little Women	RKO	Drama	Katharine Hepburn, Joan Bennett, Douglass Montgomery
1934	Manhattan Melodrama	MGM, Cosmopolitan Pictures	Crime	Clark Gable, William Powell, Myrna Loy	Directed additional scenes after production
1935	David Copperfield	MGM	Drama	Freddie Bartholomew, W. C. Fields, Lionel Barrymore
1935	No More Ladies	MGM	Comedy	Joan Crawford, Robert Montgomery, Franchot Tone	Completed filming when Edward H. Griffith took ill
1935	Sylvia Scarlett	RKO	Comedy	Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant, Brian Aherne
1936	Romeo and Juliet	MGM	Romance	Norma Shearer, Leslie Howard, John Barrymore, Basil Rathbone
1936	Camille	MGM	Romance	Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, Henry Daniell
1938	I Met My Love Again	Walter Wanger Productions	Romance	Joan Bennett, Henry Fonda	Assisted Joshua Logan in directing parts of the film
1938	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer	David O. Selznick	Adventure	Tommy Kelly, Jackie Moran	Shot some retakes after production completed
1938	Holiday	Columbia	Drama	Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant
1939	Zaza	Paramount	Drama	Claudette Colbert, Herbert Marshall
1939	The Women	MGM	Drama	Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell
1939	Gone With the Wind	David O. Selznick	Drama	Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia De Havilland, Leslie Howard	Fired in the early stages of production, a few of his scenes remain in the finished film
1940	Susan and God	MGM	Comedy	Joan Crawford, Fredric March
1940	The Philadelphia Story	MGM	Comedy	Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant, Jimmy Stewart
1941	A Woman's Face	MGM	Drama	Joan Crawford, Melvyn Douglas, Conrad Veidt
1941	Two-Faced Woman	MGM	Comedy	Greta Garbo, Melvyn Douglas, Constance Bennett
1942	Her Cardboard Lover	MGM	Comedy	Norma Shearer, Robert Taylor, George Sanders
1942	Keeper of the Flame	MGM	Drama	Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn
1943	Resistance and Ohm's Law	Army Signal Corps	Documentary		short film
1944	Gaslight	MGM	Drama	Ingrid Bergman, Charles Boyer, Joseph Cotten
1944	Winged Victory	20th Century Fox	War	Ensemble cast
1944	I'll Be Seeing You	David O. Selznick	Drama	Ginger Rogers, Joseph Cotten, Shirley Temple	Replaced by William Dieterle during production
1947	Desire Me	MGM	Drama	Greer Garson, Robert Mitchum	Contributed to the film along with 4 other directors
1947	A Double Life	Garson Kanin	Film noir	Ronald Colman, Signe Hasso, Shelley Winters
1949	Edward, My Son	MGM	Drama	Spencer Tracy, Deborah Kerr
1949	Adam's Rib	Loew's	Comedy	Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Judy Holliday
1950	A Life of Her Own	MGM	Drama	Lana Turner, Ray Milland
1950	Born Yesterday	Columbia	Comedy	Judy Holliday, Broderick Crawford, William Holden
1951	The Model and the Marriage Broker	20th Century Fox	Comedy	Thelma Ritter, Jeanne Crain, Scott Brady
1952	The Marrying Kind	Columbia	Comedy	Judy Holliday, Aldo Ray
1952	Pat and Mike	MGM	Comedy	Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Aldo Ray
1953	The Actress	MGM	Comedy	Spencer Tracy, Teresa Wright, Jean Simmons
1954	It Should Happen to You	Columbia	Comedy	Judy Holliday, Peter Lawford, Jack Lemmon
1954	A Star Is Born	Warner Bros., Transcona Enterprises	Drama	Judy Garland, James Mason	Partially lost film
1956	Bhowani Junction	MGM	Drama	Ava Gardner, Stewart Granger
1957	Les Girls	MGM	Musical	Gene Kelly, Mitzi Gaynor, Kay Kendall
1957	Wild Is the Wind	Paramount Pictures	Drama	Anna Magnani, Anthony Quinn
1958	Hot Spell	Paramount Pictures	Drama	Shirley Booth, Anthony Quinn, Shirley MacLaine	Uncredited
1960	Heller in Pink Tights	Paramount Pictures	Western	Sophia Loren, Anthony Quinn, Steve Forrest	The final film was disavowed by Cukor
1960	Song Without End	William Goetz	Drama	Dirk Bogarde, Capucine, Genevieve Page	Completed the film when Charles Vidor died during production
1960	Let's Make Love	The Company of Artists	Musical	Marilyn Monroe, Yves Montand, Tony Randall
1962	Something's Got to Give	20th Century Fox	Comedy	Marilyn Monroe, Dean Martin, Cyd Charisse	The film was abandoned after Monroe's death / 37 minutes of footage survives
1962	The Chapman Report	DFZ Productions	Drama	Shelley Winters, Jane Fonda, Claire Bloom, Glynis Johns
1964	My Fair Lady	Warner Bros.	Musical	Audrey Hepburn, Rex Harrison
1969	Justine	20th Century Fox	Drama	Michael York, Anouk Aimée, Dirk Bogarde	Replaced Joseph Strick shortly after production began
1972	Travels with My Aunt	MGM	Comedy	Maggie Smith, Alec McCowen, Cindy Williams
1976	The Blue Bird	20th Century Fox, Lenfilm Studio, Tower International, Wenks Films	Drama	Elizabeth Taylor, Jane Fonda, Ava Gardner
1981	Rich And Famous	MGM, Jaquet	Drama	Jacqueline Bisset, Candice Bergen

• Love Among the Ruins (1975)
• The Corn is Green (1979)

References

1. ^ Obituary Variety, January 26, 1983.
2. ^ McGilligan, Patrick, George Cukor: A Double Life. New York: St. Martin's Press 1991. ISBN 0-312-05419-X, pp. 5–6.
3. ^ McGilligan, p. 11.
4. ^ Kipen, David. "Flawed look at career of blacklisted director", San Francisco Chronicle, August 29, 2001. Accessed September 14, 2009. "The American 20th century went to high school at DeWitt Clinton High in the Bronx. Multicultural before there was a name for it – at least a polite one --Clinton nurtured such diverse and influential figures as Bill Graham, James Baldwin, George Cukor, Neil Simon and Abraham Lincoln Polonsky."
5. ^ McGilligan, p. 10.
6. ^ Levy, Emanuel, George Cukor: Master of Elegance. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc. 1994. ISBN 0-688-11246-3, pp. 26–27.
7. ^ McGilligan, p. 19.
8. ^ McGilligan, p. 21
9. ^ Levy, pp. 33–34.
10. ^ McGilligan, pp. 34–35.
11. ^ McGilligan, pp. 36–41.
12. ^ Levy, pp. 36–37.
13. ^ McGilligan, p. 53.
14. ^ McGilligan, p. 61.
15. ^ McGilligan, pp. 67–69.
16. ^ McGilligan, pp. 69–71.
17. ^ McGilligan, p. 134.
18. ^ McGilligan, pp. 137–38.
19. ^ McGilligan, pp. 139–40.
20. ^ "The Wizard of Oz at Turner Classic Movies". Tcm.com. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=852&category=Notes. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
21. ^ McGilligan, p. 145.
22. ^ Myrick, Susan White (1986) Columns in Hollywood: Reports from the Gwtw Sets Mercer University Press.
23. ^ McGilligan, p. 139.
24. ^ Hollywood Studio Magazine, "The Great Directors" September 1986.
25. ^ McGilligan, pp. 171–75.
26. ^ Levy, p. 150.
27. ^ McGilligan, 217-18.
28. ^ McGilligan, p. 219–20.
29. ^ McGilligan, pp. 224–26.
30. ^ McGilligan, pp. 236–37.
31. ^ ^{a b} Levy, p. 271.
32. ^ McGilligan, p. 272.
33. ^ Levy, p. 289.
34. ^ Levy, p. 293.
35. ^ McGilligan, p. 113.
36. ^ McGilligan, pp. 186–87.
37. ^ McGilligan, p. 133.
38. ^ McGilligan, pp. 277–78.
39. ^ McGilligan, pp. 307, 347–48.
40. ^ Mann, William J.; Wisecracker: The Life and Times of William Haines, Hollywood's first Openly Gay Star; Viking, New York, 1998; pp 253, 255, 256
41. ^ McGilligan, pp. 124–25.
42. ^ "Findagrave.com". Findagrave.com. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3718. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
43. ^ McGilligan, p. 343.

Bibliography

• Hillstrom, Laurie Collier, International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. Detroit: St. James Press 1997. ISBN 1-55862-302-7.
• Katz, Ephraim, The Film Encyclopedia. New York: HarperCollins 2001. ISBN 0-06-273755-4.
• Myrick, Susan, White Columns in Hollywood: Reports from the GWTW Sets. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press 1982 ISBN 0-86554-044-6.
• Wakeman, John, World Film Directors. New York: H.W. Wilson Company 1987. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2.

External links

Biography portal

• George Cukor at the Internet Movie Database
• George Cukor at the Internet Broadway Database
• George Cukor at the TCM Movie Database
• Cukor bibliography at UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
• Literature on George Cukor

Persondata
Name	Cukor, George
Alternative names
Short description	American film director
Date of birth	July 7, 1899(1899-07-07)
Place of birth	New York, New York, U.S.
Date of death	January 24, 1983(1983-01-24)
Place of death	Los Angeles, California, U.S.