James Whale

Infobox Actor
bgcolour = silver
name = James Whale


imagesize = 203px
birthdate = July 22, 1889
location = Dudley, Worcestershire, England
deathdate = death date and age|1957|5|29|1889|7|22
deathplace = Hollywood, California
yearsactive = 1930 - 1949

James Whale (July 22, 1889 – May 29, 1957) was a British born film director, best known for his work in the horror movie genre, making such pictures as "Frankenstein", "Bride of Frankenstein", and "The Invisible Man."cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=James Whale Falls Into Pool. Directed 'Frankenstein'. |url= |quote= |publisher=New York Times |date=May 30, 1957, Thursday |accessdate=2007-08-21 ]

Early life

Whale was born in Dudley, England, the sixth of the seven children of a blast furnaceman and a nurse. He was thought not strong enough to follow his brothers into the local heavy industries and started work as a cobbler. He realized some talent for signwriting and used his additional income to pay for evening classes at the Dudley School of Arts and Crafts. [cite book
last =Curtis
first =James
authorlink =
coauthors =
title =James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters
publisher =Faber and Faber
date =1998
location =Boston
pages =12
url =
doi =
id =
isbn =0571192858 ]

In October 1915, with World War I underway, he enlisted in the Army and was commissioned into the Worcestershire Regiment in July 1916. He was taken a prisoner of war in August 1917 and, while imprisoned, he continued his love of drawing and sketching but discovered a talent for staging theatrical productions.

Beginnings in the theatre

After the armistice he returned to Birmingham and embarked on a professional stage career. In 1928 he was offered the opportunity to direct two fringe performances of R. C. Sherriff's then unknown play "Journey's End" starring the young, and hardly better known, Laurence Olivier. The play was a remarkable success and transferred to the West End (now with a young Colin Clive in the lead role) where it played for 600 performances. Whale also directed the Broadway stage version and a Hollywood film adaptation of the play. Clive reprised his role in the film.

Hollywood career

Whale was best known for his work in the horror genre, making such momentous and iconic pictures as "Frankenstein" (1931), "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935) and "The Invisible Man" (1933). [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=James Whale and "Frankenstein". Mr. Clive's Tenacity. Not for Children. |url= |quote=It was because he wished to dabble in the macabre that James Whale, the director, decided that he wanted to make a film of Mrs. Shelley's "Frankenstein." |publisher=New York Times |date=December 20, 1931, Sunday |accessdate=2007-08-21 ]

He was one of the first directors ever to move the camera through the shot (the German silent cinema, and especially the films of F. W. Murnau, have been mentioned as possible influences on Whale in their use of the fluidly moving camera. [Curtis p. 150] ) Universal Pictures owed its stellar success in the 1930s much in part to the huge box-office receipts of these three blockbusters. Further, these pictures established the screen careers of Gloria Stuart, Colin Clive, Elsa Lanchester, Boris Karloff and Claude Rains, to name just a few, most of whom Whale had known previously in England and had personally selected for their roles in his films. Whale was also responsible for such major films as the original "Waterloo Bridge" (1931), "The Old Dark House" (1932), the 1936 "Show Boat" (all for producer Carl Laemmle, Jr.), and "The Man in the Iron Mask", which he made for independent producer Edward Small.

For Universal, Whale directed "The Road Back" in 1937, after the removal of Carl Laemmle and Laemmle Jr., starring Richard Cromwell and Noah Beery, Jr. It was the ill-fated sequel to "All Quiet on the Western Front". Over Whale's protest, "The Road Back" was re-cut and shortened to the studio's liking before it was released, reportedly to appease the Nazi regime in Germany, and then when it (not surprisingly) fared poorly at the box-office, Whale was relegated to B-movies at Universal. In 1937, he made "The Great Garrick" at Warner Brothers - his only film there. A fictional comedy about Shakespearean actor David Garrick in the manner of "Shakespeare in Love", it featured an astoundingly detailed reconstruction of the eighteenth century, but was another flop. So was "Port of Seven Seas", his only film at MGM, a somewhat disguised film version in English of Marcel Pagnol's "Fanny" trilogy, and "Wives Under Suspicion", his next to last film at Universal, a remake of his earlier success "The Kiss Before the Mirror". Whale made only one more successful film - "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1939) , starring Louis Hayward and Joan Bennett. He then made "Green Hell" at Universal, an ordinary jungle adventure starring Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Joan Bennett, and Vincent Price, his last full-length film. In the 1940's he made a featurette, an adaptation of William Saroyan's one-act play, "Hello-out there!", which was never released, and never made another film after that.

He lived with producer David Lewis who released Whale's suicide note shortly before his own death in 1987. Whale is the subject of the novel "Father of Frankenstein" by Christopher Bram which was the basis for the biopic "Gods and Monsters" (1998). The film, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, starred Ian McKellen as Whale. Biographies of Whale have been written by Mark Gatiss ("James Whale: A Biography" or "James Whale: the Would-Be Gentleman") and James Curtis ("James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters").

uicide

In his later days, Whale experienced difficulty with his memory due to a debilitating stroke. He became lonely and suffered from depression and had difficulty putting the war behind him. He committed suicide by drowning himself in his swimming pool on May 29, 1957 at the age of 67. As his suicide note was originally withheld (and first published in James Curtis's biography of the director), circumstances of his death were not known until years later. His suicide note read, "The future is just old age and illness and pain... I must have peace and this is the only way."

Legacy

James Whale was openly gay during his time in Hollywood. The fictionalized film "Gods and Monsters", with Ian McKellen as Whale, featured this aspect of his personality, his amateur painting, his medical condition, his mental health, and his emotional condition.

A memorial statue was erected for Whale in 2002 in the grounds of a new multiplex cinema of his home town, Dudley, England. The statue depicts a roll of film with the face of Frankenstein's monster engraved into the cells and the names of his most famous films etched into the film-tin shaped base-stone.

Filmography

*"Journey's End" (1930)
*"Waterloo Bridge" (1931)
*"Frankenstein" (1931)
*"Impatient Maiden" (1932)
*"The Old Dark House" (1932)
*"The Kiss Before the Mirror" (1933)
*"The Invisible Man" (1933)
*"By Candlelight" (1933)
*"One More River" (1934)
*"Bride of Frankenstein" (1935)
*"Remember Last Night?" (1935)
*"Show Boat" (1936)
*"The Road Back" (1937)
*"The Great Garrick" (1937)
*"Sinners in Paradise" (1938)
*"Wives Under Suspicion" (1938)
*"Port of Seven Seas" (1938)
*"The Man in the Iron Mask" (1939)
*"Green Hell" (1940)
*"They Dare Not Love" (1941)
*"Hello-out there!" (1949) [short film intended for anthology movie, not shown publicly until 1967]

References

External links

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Persondata
NAME= Whale, James
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= Film director
DATE OF BIRTH= July 22, 1889
PLACE OF BIRTH= Dudley, Worcestershire, England
DATE OF DEATH= May 29, 1957
PLACE OF DEATH= Hollywood, California