Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī

"Arzachel" redirects here. For other uses, see Arzachel (disambiguation).

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī, Al-Zarqali, Ibn Zarqala (1029–1087), Latinized as Arzachel, was an instrument maker and one of the leading theoretical and practical astronomers of his time. Although his name is conventionally given as al-Zarqālī, it is probable that the correct form was al-Zarqālluh.^[1] He lived in Toledo in Castile, Al-Andalus (now Spain), moving to Córdoba later in his life. His works inspired a generation of Islamic astronomers in Andalusia.

The crater Arzachel on the Moon is named after him.

Early life

Al-Zarqālī was born to a family of Visigoth converts to Islam in a village near the outskirts of Toledo, then a famous capital of the Taifa of Toledo, known for its co-existence between Muslims and Christians.

Muladi art from Toledo in Al-Andalus depicting the Alcázar in the year 976.AD

He was trained as a metalsmith and due to his skills he was nicknamed Al-Nekkach (in Andalusian Arabic "the engraver of metals"). According to the historians of Al-Andalus he was a mechanic and metal-craftsman very crafty with his hands.^{[citation needed]}

He was particularly talented in Geometry and Astronomy. He is known to have taught and visited Córdoba on various occasions his extensive experience and knowledge eventually made him the foremost foremost astronomer of his time. Al-Zarqālī was not only just a Theoretical scientist but an inventor as well. His inventions and works put Toledo at the intellectual center of Al-Andalus.

In the year 1085 Toledo was sacked by Alfonso VI of Castile Al-Zarqālī like his colleagues such as al‐Waqqashi (1017–1095) of Toledo had to flee for his life. It is unknown whether the aged Al-Zarqālī fled to Cordoba or died in a Moorish refuge camp.

His works profoundly influenced the works of: Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), Ibn Rushd (Averroës), Ibn al-Kammad, Ibn al‐Haim al‐Ishbili and Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi (Alpetragius).

In the 12th century, Gerard of Cremona translated al-Zarqali’s works into Latin. Ragio Montanous wrote a book in the 15th century on the advantages of the Sahifah al-Zarqalia. In 1530, the German scholar Jacob Ziegler wrote a commentary on al-Zarqali’s book. In his "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" in the year 1530, Nicolaus Copernicus quotes the works of al-Zarqali and Al-Battani.^[2]

Science

Instruments

Al-Zarqālī wrote two works on the construction of an instrument (an equatorium) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the Ptolemaic model. These works were translated into Spanish in the 13th century by order of King Alfonso X in a section of the Libros del Saber de Astronomia entitled the "Libros de las laminas de los vii planetas".

He also invented a perfected kind of astrolabe known as "the tablet of the al-Zarqālī" (al-ṣafīḥā al-zarqāliyya), which was famous in Europe under the name Saphaea.^[3][4]

There is a record of an al-Zarqālī who built a water clock, capable of determining the hours of the day and night and indicating the days of the lunar months.^[5] According to a report found in al-Zuhrī's Kitāb al-Juʿrāfīyya, his name is given as Abū al-Qāsim bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, also known as al-Zarqālī, which made some historians think that this is a different person.^[1]

Theory

Al-Zarqali corrected geographical data from Ptolemy and Al-Khwarizmi. Specifically, he corrected Ptolmey’s estimate of the length of the Mediterranean sea from 62 degrees to the correct value of 42 degrees^[6] In his treatise on the solar year, which survives only in a Hebrew translation, he was the first to demonstrate the motion of the solar apogee relative to the fixed background of the stars. He measured its rate of motion as 12.9 seconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern calculation of 11.6 seconds.^[7] Al-Zarqālī's model for the motion of the Sun, in which the center of the Sun's deferent moved on a small, slowly-rotating circle to reproduce the observed motion of the solar apogee, was discussed in the thirteenth century by Bernard of Verdun^[8] and in the fifteenth century by Regiomontanus and Peurbach. In the sixteenth century Copernicus employed this model, modified to heliocentric form, in his De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.^[9]

Tables of Toledo

Al-Zarqālī also contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo, an adaptation of earlier astronomical data to the location of Toledo along with the addition of some new material.^[1] Al-Zarqālī was famous as well for his own Book of Tables. Many "books of tables" had been compiled, but his almanac contained tables which allowed one to find the days on which the Coptic, Roman, lunar, and Persian months begin, other tables which give the position of planets at any given time, and still others facilitating the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.

He also compiled an almanac that directly provided "the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation". The work provided the true daily positions of the sun for four Julian years from 1088 to 1092, the true positions of the five planets every 5 or 10 days over a period of 8 years for Venus, 79 years for Mars, and so forth, as well as other related tables.^[10][11]

His Zij and Almanac were translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and contributed to the rebirth of a mathematically-based astronomy in Christian Europe and were later incorporated into the Tables of Toledo in the 12th century and the Alfonsine tables in the 13th century.^[10]

In designing an instrument to deal with Ptolemy's complex model for the planet Mercury, in which the center of the deferent moves on a secondary epicycle, al-Zarqālī noted that the path of the center of the primary epicycle is not a circle, as it is for the other planets. Instead it is approximately oval and similar to the shape of a pignon.^[12] Some writers have misinterpreted al-Zarqālī's description of an earth-centered oval path for the center of the planet's epicycle as an anticipation of Johannes Kepler's sun-centered elliptical paths for the planets.^[13] Although this may be the first suggestion that a conic section could play a role in astronomy, al-Zarqālī did not apply the ellipse to astronomical theory and neither he nor his Iberian or Maghrebi contemporaries used an elliptical deferent in their astronomical calculations.^[14]

Works

Major Works and publications :

• 1-"Al Amal bi Assahifa Az-Zijia";
• 2-"Attadbir";
• 3-"Al Madkhal fi Ilm Annoujoum";
• 4-"Rissalat fi Tarikat Istikhdam as-Safiha al-Moushtarakah li Jamiâ al-ouroud";
• 5-"Almanac Arzarchel";

See also

• Islamic astronomy
• Islamic scholars
• List of Arab scientists and scholars
• Al-Muradi

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} s.v. "al-Zarqālī", Julio Samsó, Encyclopaedia of Islam, New edition, vol. 11, 2002.
2. ^ http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/publications/Architects/P24.php
3. ^ M. T. Houtsma and E. van Donzel (1993), "ASṬURLĀB", E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004082654
4. ^ Hartner, W. (1960). "ASṬURLĀB". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 726. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. "It is, therefore, really al-Zarḳālī who must be credited with the invention of this new type of an astrolabe. Through the Libros del Saber (Vol. 3, Madrid 1864, 135-237: Libro de le acafeha) the instrument became known and famous under the name Saphaea. It is practically identical with Gemma Frisius's Astrolabum ..." 
5. ^ John David North, Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 218 "He was a trained artisan who entered the service of Qadi Said as a maker of instruments and water-clocks."
6. ^ http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/publications/Architects/P24.php
7. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors", Centaurus 14 (1): 306–36, Bibcode 1969Cent...14..306T, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x , at pp. 314–17.
8. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1987), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: An Epilogue", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500: 513–519, Bibcode 1987NYASA.500..513T, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37222.x .
9. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors", Centaurus 14 (1): 306–336, Bibcode 1969Cent...14..306T, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x , at pp. 308–10.
10. ^ ^{a b} Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, p. 30, ISBN 0415969301 
11. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors", Centaurus 14 (1): 306–336, Bibcode 1969Cent...14..306T, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x , at p. 314.
12. ^ Willy Hartner, "The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice", Vistas in Astronomy, 1 (1955): 84–138, at pp. 118–122.
13. ^ Asghar Qadir (1989). Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory, pp. 5–10. World Scientific. ISBN 9971506122.
14. ^ Samsó, Julio; Mielgo, Honorino (1994), "Ibn al-Zarqalluh on Mercury", Journal for the History of Astronomy 25: 292, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JHA....25..289S 

Further reading

• E. S. Kennedy. A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables, (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2.) Philadelphia, 1956.
• "Zarqālī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1970–80. ISBN 0684101149. 

External links

• Vernet, J. (2008) [1970–80]. "Al-Zarqālī (or Azarquiel), Abū Isḥāqibrāhīm Ibn Yaḥyā Al-Naqqāsh". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904769.html. 
• Muslim Scientists Before the Renaissance: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
• 'Transmission of Muslim astronomy to Europe'
• 'An Extensive biography'

Persondata
Name	Zarqali, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1029
Place of birth
Date of death	1087
Place of death