Globe

A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth (terrestrial globe) or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon. It may also refer to a spherical representation of the celestial sphere, showing the apparent positions of the stars in the sky (celestial globe.)

The word "globe" comes from the Latin word "globus", meaning round mass or sphere.

Terrestrial and planetary globes

A globe is the only geographical representation that has negligible distortion over large areas; all flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A typical scale for a terrestrial globe is roughly 1:40 million.

Sometimes a globe has relief, showing topography; in the case of a globe of the Earth the elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians so that one can (if only approximately due to scale) tell where a specific point on the surface of the planet is located.

Celestial globes

Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated.

A potential issue arises regarding the "handedness" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the "inside" of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the "outside". For this reason, celestial globes may be produced in mirror image, so that at least the constellations appear the "right way round". Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed "through" the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere, as it is from Earth.

History

The earliest known globe was constructed by the scholar Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey) around 150 BCE. An ancient celestial globe that still exists was made about 150 CE as part of a sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas, in the Naples Museum, Naples, Italy.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003.]

The first terrestrial globe of the Old World was constructed in the Muslim world during the Middle Ages, [Mark Silverberg, [http://www.jfednepa.org/mark%20silverberg/origins.html Origins of Islamic Intolerence] Verify credibility|date=July 2008] by Muslim geographers and astronomers working under the Abbasid caliph, Al-Ma'mun, in the 9th century.citation|first=Richard|last=Covington|journal=Saudi Aramco World, May-June 2007|year=2007|pages=17-21|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm|accessdate=2008-07-06] The oldest existing terrestrial globe was made by Martin Behaim in Nürnberg, Germany, in 1474. A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons." Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Istanbul observatory of al-Din during the 1570s.citation|first=Svat|last=Soucek|title=Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries|journal=Studia Islamica|volume=79|year=1994|pages=121-142 [123 & 134-6] ]

Manufacture

Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the North Pole and the .

A globe is usually mounted at an angle on bearings. In addition to making it easy to use this mounting also represents the angle of the planet in relation to its sun and the spin of the planet. This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.

Notable large globes

* The Unisphere in Queens, New York, at 120 feet in diameter, is the world's largest global structure.
* Eartha, currently the world's largest rotating globe (41 feet in diameter), at the Delorme headquarters in Yarmouth, Maine
* The Mapparium, 30 foot walk-in globe at the Christian Science complex in Boston, intended to be viewed from within.
* The Babson globe in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a 26-foot diameter globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons
* The giant globe in the lobby of The News Building in New York City.
* The Hitler Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler's lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of Abyssinia to Italian East Africa). These globes were "enormous" and very costly. According to the New York Times, "the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a Volkswagen and, at the time, more expensive." Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the Märkisches Museum, and another at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in Munich has an American bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler's globe was mocked by Charlie Chaplin in "The Great Dictator", a film released in 1940. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/arts/design/18globe.html "The Mystery of Hitler’s Globe Goes Round and Round] ", by Michael Kimmelman, September 18, 2007. Accessed September 18, 2007.]

References

ee also

*Armillary sphere
*Dymaxion map
*Emery Molyneux
*Johannes Schöner globe
*Virtual globe
**Google Earth
**NASA World Wind

External links

* [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppmglobe.html ppmglobe - generate strips to glue onto a sphere]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org//e-notes/VRML/Globe/Globe.htm 3D VRML globe]
* [http://www.professores.uff.br/hjbortol/arquivo/2006.1/applets/earth_en.html 3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.]
* [http://www.phogle.com/en/photos/2780.html Photo of a pocket terrestrial and celestial globe] from the [http://www.beyer-chronometrie.ch/english/museum/praesentation.asp Beyer chronometrie clock and watch museum]
* [http://www.korthalsaltes.com/globe.html Paper model (net) of a globe] Globe with meridians and circles of latitudes
* [http://www.onb.ac.at/ev/collections/globe-museum/index.htm Globe-Museum/Austrian National Library]
* [http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/311.html Martin Waldseemueller 1507 globe]
* [http://science.discovery.com/video/index.html?playerId=1391584921&titleId=1243635980] How It's Made video on globes
* [http://www.homemade-atlas.org/ Homemade Atlas of the World]
* [http://www.ultimateglobes.com/UltimateGlobes-com-How-Old-Is-Your-World-Globe-s/224.htm] How old is your globe? Chart for Dating the Age of Your Globe