Sable

For other uses, see Sable (disambiguation).

Sable
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Mustelidae
Genus:	Martes
Species:	M. zibellina
Binomial name
Martes zibellina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sable range (green - extant, black - extinct)

The sable (Martes zibellina) is a species of marten which inhabits forest environments, primarily in Russia from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, in northern Mongolia and China and on Hokkaidō in Japan.^[2] Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia.^[3] It has historically been harvested for its highly valued fur, which remains a luxury good to this day. While hunting of wild animals is still common in Russia, most fur in the market is now commercially farmed.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

The name sable appears to be of Slavic origin and to have entered most Western European via the early medieval fur trade.^[4] Thus the Russian соболь (sobol) and Polish soból became the German Zobel, Dutch Sabel; the French zibelline Spanish cibelina, cebellina, Finnish soopeli and Mediaeval Latin zibellina derive from the Italian form (zibellino). The English and Medieval Latin word sabellum comes from the Old French sable or saible.

The term has become a generic description for some black-furred animal breeds, such as sable cats or rabbits, and for the colour black in heraldry.

Description

Sables are sexually dimorphic: males measure 38–56 cm in body length, with a tail measuring 9–12 cm, and weighing 880–1800 grams. Females have a body length of 35–51 cm, with a tail length of 7.2–11.5 cm.^[5] The winter pelage is longer and more luxurious than the summer coat.^[3] Different subspecies display geographic variation in fur colour: fur color ranges from light to dark brown, with individual fur color being lighter ventrally and darker on the back and legs.^[6] Japanese sables (known locally as クロテン or kuroten)^[7] in particular are marked with black on their legs and feet.^[8] Individuals also display a light patch of fur on their throat which may be gray, white, or a pale yellow.^[3] The fur is softer and silkier than that of American martens.^[9] Sables greatly resemble pine martens in size appearance, but have more elongated heads, longer ears and proportionately shorter tails.^[10] Their skulls are similar to those of pine martens, but are larger and more robust with more arched zygomatic arches.^[11]

Behaviour

Sables inhabit dense forests dominated by spruce, pine, larch, cedar, and birch in both lowland and mountainous terrain. They defend home territories that may be anything from 4 to 30 square kilometres (1.5 to 12 sq mi) in size, depending on the local terrain and availability of food. However, when resources are scarce they may move considerable distances in search of food, with travel rates of 6 to 12 kilometres (3.7 to 7.5 mi) per day having been recorded.^[12]

Sables live in burrows near riverbanks and in the thickest parts of woods. These burrows are commonly made more secure by being dug among tree roots.^[8] They are good climbers of cliffs and trees.^[13] They are primarily crepuscular, hunting during the hours of twilight, but become more active in the day during the mating season. Their dens are well hidden, and lined by grass and shed fur, but may be temporary, especially during the winter, when the animal travels more widely in search of prey.^[12]

Sables are omnivores, and their diet varies seasonally. In the summer, they eat large numbers of hares and other small mammals. In winter, when they are confined in their retreats by frost and snow, they feed on wild berries, rodents, hares, and even small musk deer.^[12] They also hunt ermine, small weasels and birds. Sometimes, sables follow the tracks of wolves and bears and feed on the remains of their kills.^[8] They eat molluscs such as slugs, which they rub on the ground in order to remove the mucus. Sables also occasionally eat fish, which they catch with their front paws.^[13]

They hunt primarily by sound and scent, and they have an acute sense of hearing. Sables mark their territory with scent produced in glands on the abdomen.^[12] Predators on the sable include a number of larger carnivores, such as wolves, foxes, wolverines, tigers, lynxes, eagles and large owls.^[12]

Reproduction

Mating generally occurs between June–August 15, though the date varies geographically.^[3][6] When courting, sables run, jump and "rumble" like cats. Males dig metre long shallow grooves in the snow, frequently accompanied with urination.^[14] Males fight violently with each other for females.^[3] Females enter estrus in spring. Mating can last as long as eight hours. After insemination, the blastocyst does not implant into the uterine wall of the female. Instead, implantation occurs eight months later; although gestation lasts 245 to 298 days, embryonic development requires only 25–30 days.^[6] Sables birth in tree hollows, where they build nests composed of moss, leaves, and dried grass.^[8] Litters number one to seven young, although litters of two or three are most common. Males assist females by defending their territories and providing food.^[14]

Sables are born with eyes closed and skin covered in a very thin layer of hair. Newborn cubs weigh between 25 and 35 grams (0.88 and 1.2 oz) and average 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in) in length.^[3][6][12] They open their eyes after 30 to 36 days, and leave the nest shortly afterwards.^[5][6] At seven weeks old, the young are weaned and given regurgitated food.^[3] They reach sexual maturity at the age of two years.^[5] They have been reported to live for up to twenty two years on fur farms, and up to eighteen years in the wild.^[12]

Sables can interbreed with pine martens. This has been observed in the wild, where the two species overlap in the Ural Mountains, and is sometimes deliberately encouraged on fur farms. The resulting hybrid, referred to as a kidus, is slightly smaller than a pure sable, with coarser fur, but otherwise similar markings, and a long bushy tail. Kiduses are typically sterile, although there has been one recorded instance of a female kidus successfully breeding with a male pine marten.^[12]

Distribution

A Japanese sable, as illustrated in The Illustrated Natural History, 1865

A Russian sable, as illustrated in The Trapper's Guide, 1867. Russian sables are the most valued geographical variation for their fur^[9]

In Russia, the sable's distribution is largely the result of mass reintroductions involving 19,000 animals from 1940–1965. Their range extends northward to the limit of trees, and extends southward to 55–60° latitude in western Siberia, and 42° in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia. Their western distribution encompasses the Ural mountains, where they are sympatric with European pine martens. They are also found on Sakhalin.^[2]

In Mongolia, sables occur in the Altai Mountains and in the surrounding forests of Lake Hovsgol, the latter being contiguous with the Trans-Baikal boreal forest region from where the most valuable sable pelts come from.^[2] In China, sables occur in a limited area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In northeastern China, sables are now limited to the Daxinganling Mountains. In eastern Heilongjiang, the persistence of sables is suspected in the Xiaoxinganling Mountains.^[2] Sables also occur in Hokkaido and on the Korean peninsula.^[2]

Because of the variable appearance of the sable in different geographic localities, there has been some debate over the exact number of subspecies that can be clearly identified. Mammal Species of the World recognises seventeen different subspecies,^[15] but other recent scholarly sources have identified anything from seven to thirty.^[12]

History of fur use and status

Sable fur-skins in Milan. The price corresponds with the upper coat's abundance of glossy blackness^[9]

Marie Antoinette de Lorraine-Hasbourg and Her Children by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1787)
Versailles, Musée national du Château et des Trianons

The Queen is shown wearing a dress and a pouf trimmed with sable.

Sable fur has been a highly valued item in the fur trade since the early Middle Ages, and is generally considered to have the most beautiful and richly tinted pelt among martens. Sable fur is unique because it retains its smoothness in every direction it is stroked. The fur of other animals feels rough stroked opposite the grain.^[16] A wealthy 17th century Russian diplomat once described the sable as "A beast full marvelous and prolific ... a beast that the Ancient Greeks and Romans called the Golden Fleece."^[17] Russian sables would typically be skinned over the mouth with no incision being made on the body. The feet would be retained, so as to keep as much fur as possible. Byzantine priests would wear sable for their rituals.^[18]

In England, sable fur was held with great estimation. Henry I was presented with a wreath of black sable by the Bishop of Lincoln, for no less than £100, a considerable sum at the time.^[9] Sable fur was a favourite of Henry VIII, who once received five sets of sable fur worth £400 from Emperor Charles V.^[18] Henry later decreed that sable fur was to be worn only by nobles exceeding the rank of viscount.^[19] The Russian conquest of Siberia was largely spurred by the availability of sables there. Ivan Grozny once demanded an annual tribute of 30,000 sable pelts from the newly conquered Kazan Tatars, though they never sent more than a thousand, as Russia at the time was unable to enforce the tribute due to wars with Sweden and Poland.^[17] The best skins were obtained in Irkutsk, Kamchatka, and Lapland.

According to Atkinson's Travels in Asiatic Russia, Barguzin, on Lake Baikal, was famed for its sables. The fur of this population is a deep jet black with white tipped hair. $80–90 were sometimes demanded by hunters for a single skin.^[8] Sable fur would continue to be the most favoured fur in Russia, until the discovery of sea otters in the Kamchatka peninsula, whose fur was considered even more valuable.^[17] Sable furs were coveted by the nobility of the Russian Empire, with very few skins ever being found outside the country during that period. Some however would be privately obtained by Jewish traders and brought annually to the Leipzig fair.^[8] Sometimes, sable hunting was a job given to convicts exiled to Siberia.^[10]

Imperial Russian fur companies produced 25,000 skins annually, while the Hudson's Bay Company produced 125,000 sable pelts annually, with nearly nine tenths of the produce being exported to France and Germany. The civic robes of the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London, which were worn on State occasions, were trimmed with sable.^[9] As with minks and martens, sables were commonly caught in steel traps.^[8] Intensified hunting in Russia in the 19th and early 20th century caused a severe enough decline in numbers that a five year ban on hunting was instituted in 1935, followed by a winter-limited licensed hunt. These restrictions together with the development of sable farms have allowed the species to recolonize much of its former range and attain healthy numbers.^[6]

The Soviet Union allowed Old Believer communities to continue their traditional way of life on the condition that they hand over all sable skins they produced.^[20] The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to an increase of hunting and poaching in the 1990s, in part because wild caught Russian furs are considered the most luxurious and demand the highest prices on the international market.^[21] Currently, the species has no special conservation status according to the IUCN, though the isolated Japanese subspecies M. zibellina brachyurus is listed as "data-deficient".^[1]

Because of its great expense, sable fur is typically integrated into various clothes fashions: to decorate collars, sleeves, hems and hats (see, for example the shtreimel). The so-called Kolinsky sable-hair brushes used for watercolor or oil painting are not manufactured from sable hair, but from that of the siberian weasel.

See also

• Sable (heraldry)

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Abramov, A. & Wozencraft, C. (2008). Martes zibellina. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Harrison, D. J. (editor) (2004). Martens and Fishers (Martes) in Human-Altered Environments: An International Perspective. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387225803. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Ognev, S. (1962). Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
4. ^ “sable, n., etymology of” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. http://dictionary.oed.com/. Accessed: 11-2-2008
5. ^ ^{a b c} Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 1, Ronald M. Nowak, published by JHU Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} (1990) Grizimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals Volume 3. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. ^ WILD WATCH: SABLES AND THEIR ILK, Cuteness belies killers' true nature By MARK BRAZIL
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} The trapper's guide: a manual of instructions for capturing all kinds of fur-bearing animals, and curing their skins; with observations on the fur-trade, hints on life in the woods, and narratives of trapping and hunting excursions by Sewell Newhouse, edited by John Humphrey Noyes, published by Oneida Community, 1867
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal, Volume 32, 1859
10. ^ ^{a b} General zoology, or, Systematic natural history, by G. Shaw, 1800
11. ^ Catalogue of the contents of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, Volume 7. Printed by R. Taylor, 1853
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Monakhov, V.G. (2011). "Martes zibellina (Carnivora: Mustelidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1644/876.1. 
13. ^ ^{a b} The Fur Bearing Mammals of the Soviet Union, produced by London's Hudson Bay, in association with v/o sojuzpushnina
14. ^ ^{a b} Tarasov, P. 1975. Intraspecific Relations in Sable and Ermine. Pp. 45-54 in C. King, ed. Mustelids: Some Soviet research. Boston Spa: British Library Lending Division.
15. ^ Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001258. 
16. ^ A Natural History of Animals by John Bigland, published by Grigg, Elliot & Co., 1844
17. ^ ^{a b c} The conquest of a continent: Siberia and the Russians by W. Bruce Lincoln, published by Cornell University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8014-8922-9
18. ^ ^{a b} Furs and Fur Garments by Richard Davey, published by READ BOOKS, 2008, ISBN 1-4097-1942-1
19. ^ A Cyclopedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation by Isaac Smith Homans, published by Harper & Brothers, 1859
20. ^ Lost and Found in Russia: Encounters in a Deep Heartland by Susan Richards, published by I B Tauris & Co Ltd (13 May 2009), ISBN 1848850239
21. ^ Tyler, P. E. (2000-12-27). "Behind the $100,000 Sable Coat, a Siberian Hunter". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E6DA1038F934A15751C1A9669C8B63. 

External links

• Martes zibellina on U. M. Animal Diversity Web