Raccoon Dog

Taxobox
name = Raccoon DogMSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id = 14000825]
status = LC
status_system = iucn2.3
status_ref = IUCN2007|assessors=Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Hoffmann, M.|year=2004|id=14925|title=Nyctereutes procyonoides|downloaded=06 May 2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern]
trend = stable

---

regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Carnivora
familia = Canidae
genus = "Nyctereutes"
species = "N. procyonoides"
binomial = "Nyctereutes procyonoides"
binomial_authority = (Gray, 1834)

The Raccoon Dog ("Nyctereutes procyonoides", from the Greek words "nycto-", "night"; "ereutes", "wanderer"; "procyon", "raccoon"; and the suffix "-oid") is a member of the canid family (which includes dogs, wolves, and foxes) and is indigenous to east Asia. It is not a true dog, and is the only extant species in its genus "Nyctereutes". It is named for its superficial resemblance to the non-canid raccoon, although individuals living in the Arctic have fur that changes to white so they can blend in with their surroundings.

The Raccoon Dog is native to China, Korea, Japan, and southeastern Siberia. Average adult head and body length is about 65 cm (2 ft) and weight ranges from 4 to 10 kg (9 to 22 lb). Average litters are large, up to 15 or more pups. Longevity is 3–4 years in the wild and up to 11 years in captivity. It is found in both plains and mountainous regions and is especially common in woodlands. The Raccoon Dog is commonly seen near villages and in rural areas.

Native East Asia Raccoon Dog populations have declined in recent years due to hunting, fur trade and fur trapping, urbanization, an increase of animals associated with human civilization such as pets and abandoned animals, and diseases that may be transmitted between them.Fact|date=February 2007

ubspecies

The six recognized subspecies of the Raccoon Dog are:
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis" (Mori, 1922) found in Korea
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes" (Thomas, 1923) found in Yunnan (China)
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis" (Matschie, 1907) found in South Siberia (Russia)
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides albus" (Hokkaido Raccoon Dog) (Beard, 1904) found in Hokkaido, Japan
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus" (Japanese Raccoon Dog) (Temminck, 1838) found in the rest of Japan
*"Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides" (Temminck, 1838) found in the rest of Asia

There is some debate in the scientific community regarding speciation between the Siberian subspecies ("N. p. ussuriensis"), Chinese subspecies ("N. p. procyonoides") and the Japanese raccoon dog subspecies ("N. p. viverrinus") in that due to chromosome, behavioral and weight differences, the Japanese raccoon dog should be considered a separate species from the other subspecies.cite journal|last=Kauhala|first=Kaarina|year=1994|title=The Raccoon Dog: a successful canid|journal=Canid News|volume=2|pages=37-40|url=http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/racoondg.htm|accessdate=2008-08-19] cite journal|last=Nie|first=Wenhui|coauthors=Jinhuan Wang, Polina Perelman, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, Fengtang Yang|year=2003|month=November|title=Comparative chromosome painting defines the karyotypic relationships among the domestic dog, Chinese raccoon dog and Japanese raccoon dog|journal=Comparative chromosome painting defines the karyotypic relationships among the domestic dog, Chinese raccoon dog and Japanese raccoon dog|volume=11|issue=8|pages=735-740|doi=10.1023/B:CHRO.0000005760.03266.29|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/n32l1k5t13l2k530/|format=fee required|accessdate=2008-08-19]

Behavior

Like many other canids, it is omnivorous. However, its diet is atypically diverse, consisting of invertebrates, frogs, lizards, rodents and birds along with seeds and berries. Those living near the ocean will also eat crabs and scavenged marine life.

The Raccoon Dog is secretive and not very aggressive; it prefers to hide or scream rather than fight, and plays dead to avoid animals that will eat them. It is monogamous; some fights occur between males for the females. Mating season begins when the Raccoon Dog emerges from its winter den. The female is in heat for about six days. The baculum tie in coitus lasts about 6 minutes, less than in other canids. When the cubs are born after a gestation of about 60 days, the male will assist in cub-rearing, first by providing food to his mate and then also caring for the cubs when they are weaned, about 50 days after birth, while the mother gathers food. Raccoon Dog pups continue to nurse even after they begin eating solid food. They aren't weaned until eight weeks of age, later than any other canid. They become physically and sexually mature after one year.

The Raccoon Dog is the only canid to go into torpor through the cold months. It is also unusual in that its curved claws enable it to climb trees; the only other canid with this ability is the Gray Fox. It does not bark and it turns its tail into an inverted U to express dominance. The Raccoon Dog's teeth are small for a canid.

Introduction in Europe

Between 1931 and 1955, the "N. p. ussuriensis" subspecies were introduced to the European part of the Soviet Union as potential fur or game animals and have spread rapidly since. In 1948, 35 Raccoon Dogs were introduced in Latvia. The population increased rapidly. In 1960 Latvia officially reported that a total of 4210 Raccoon Dogs were hunted. [Miervaldis Bušs, Jānis Vanags "Latvijas Meži" 1987. Latvia. Article: Medību saimniecība.] No negative effects on native fauna have been reported. However, speculation exists that the introduction of the Raccoon Dog to Europe brought with it infected ticks that introduced the Asian Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus. [Interview with Vilnis Bernards, chairmen of Division of Species and Habitats Protection in Ministry of Environment [http://www.videsvestis.lv/.asp?ID=74&what=4] ]

The Raccoon Dog is now abundant throughout Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and has been reported as far as France, Italy, and Switzerland.cite web |url=http://www.lcie.org/docs/Regions/Alps/Zimmermann%20KORA%20Swiss%20carnivore%20monitoring%202004.pdf |title=Monitoring der Raubtiere in der Schweiz 2004 | accessdate=2008-01-25 |author=F. Zimmermann |date=2004 |work=KORA Bericht Nr. 29 |publisher=Coordinated research projects for the conservation and management of carnivores in Switzerland]

Use for fur

An investigation by three animal protection groups into the Chinese fur trade in 2004 and part of 2005 asserts that approximately 1.5 million raccoon dogs are being raised for fur in China. [http://www.careforthewild.com/files/Furreport05.pdf] The Raccoon Dog comprises 11% of all animals hunted in Japan. [ [http://www.env.go.jp/en/wpaper/1995/eae240000000040.html Quality of the Environment in Japan 1995 [MOE ] ] Twenty percent of domestically produced fur in Russia is from the Raccoon Dog. [http://www.traffic.org/content/293.pdf]

In late 2006, MSNBC reported that Macy's had pulled from its shelves and its Web site two styles of Sean John hooded jackets, originally advertised as featuring faux fur, after an investigation by the nation's largest animal protection organization concluded that the garments were actually made from raccoon dog. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16329355/ Sean John jackets were made with dog fur] (December 22, 2006) MSNBC. Accessed 2008-06-01.] Combs, the label's founder, said he had been unaware of the material, but as soon as he knew about it, he had his clothing line stop using the material.

On April 24, 2008, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) filed a false advertising complaint with the US Federal Trade Commission alleging that at least 20 retailers in the US have been mislabeling Raccoon Dog fur. According to HSUS, 70% of fur garments they tested were Raccoon Dog but were mislabeled as faux fur, coyote, rabbit or other animals. [ [http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/press_releases/hsus_files_new_fur_false_advertising_complaint_042408.html HSUS Files New Fur False Advertising Complaint with the Federal Trade Commission] ]

References

*ITIS|ID=183821|taxon=Nyctereutes procyonoides|year=2006|date=23 March

External links

* [http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/racoondg.htm World Conservation Union] - article on raccoon dogs
* [http://www.americazoo.com/goto/index/mammals/251.htm America Zoo] - basic info, one image
* [http://www.lioncrusher.com/animal.asp?animal=25 Lioncrusher's Domain] - detailed information, image
* [http://www.canids.org/species/Nyctereutes_procyonoides.htm canids.org] - technical and conservation information
* [http://homepage.mac.com/lsippu/PhotoAlbum22.html Lauri Sippu's page] - many images
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/156.shtml BBC] - very basic information with images
* [http://animal.discovery.com/guides/mammals/habitat/tempforest/raccoondog.html Animal Planet] - basic information, image
* [http://www.foundationtv.co.uk/brilliantcreatures/ser5/show2item1.html Foundation TV's "Brilliant Creatures"] - a pair of on-camera raccoon dogs