Spectacled bear

Spectacled bear Temporal range: Holocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
A spectacled bear in Tennōji Zoo, Osaka.
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ursidae
Subfamily:	Tremarctinae
Tribe:	Tremarctini
Genus:	Tremarctos Gervais, 1855
Species:	T. ornatus
Binomial name
Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier, 1825)
Spectacled bear range
Synonyms
Ursus ornatus Cuvier, 1825

The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), also known as the Andean bear and locally as ukuko, jukumari or ucumari, is the last remaining short-faced bear (subfamily Tremarctinae) and the closest living relative to the Florida spectacled bear^[2] and short-faced bears of the Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene age.^[3][4]

The spectacled bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America, where it is second only to the three tapir species as the largest extant land mammal. It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest, though not all Andean bears have "spectacle" markings. Males are a third larger than females in dimensions and sometimes twice their weight.^[5] Males can weigh 100 – 200 kilograms (220 – 440 lb), and females 35 –82 kilograms (77 – 181 lb).^[6] Length can range from 120 to 200 cm (47–79 in) long and shoulder height from 60 to 90 cm (24–30 in).^[7][8][9] They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including eastern Panama,^[10] western Venezuela,^[11] Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. Spectacled bears are the only surviving species of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae. Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the tallest trees of the Andes.

Naming and etymology

Tremarctos ornatus is commonly referred to in English as the "spectacled bear", a reference to the light colouring on its chest, neck and face which may resemble eyeglasses in some individuals, or the "Andean bear" for its distribution along the Andes.

The root trem- comes from a Greek word meaning "hole;" arctos is the Greek word for "bear." Tremarctos is a reference to an unusual hole on the animal's humerus. Ornatus, Latin for "decorated", is a reference to the markings that give the bear its common English name.

Behavior and diet

A spectacled bear skull

Spectacled bear at a zoo in Venezuela

Although the bears tend to isolate themselves from one another to avoid competition, they are non-territorial. When encountered by humans or other spectacled bears, they will react in a docile but cautious manner, unless the intruder is seen as a threat or a mother's cubs are endangered. Like other bears, mothers are protective of their young and have attacked poachers. However, no deaths have been recorded by South American state governments. They usually attempt to retreat from humans, often by climbing trees.^[12] Once up a tree, they often build a platform, perhaps to aid in concealment, as well as to rest and store food on.^[12] The only predators of cubs are cougars and jaguars, generally the only threat against adult bears is humans.^[13]

Spectacled bears are more herbivorous than most other bears; normally about 5 to 7% of their diet is meat. The most common foods for these bears include cactus, palm nuts, orchid bulbs, fallen fruit on the forest floor and unopened palm leaves. Much of this vegetation is very tough to open or digest for most animals and the bear is one of the few to exploit these food sources. These bears also eat sugarcane, honey and corn and have been known to travel above the tree line for berries and bromeliads. Animal prey is usually quite small but these bears can predate adult deer, llama and domestic cattle and horses.^[14] Animal prey has included rabbits, mice, other rodents, birds at the nest (especially larger, ground-nesting birds), arthropods and carrion.^[15] They are occasionally accused of killing livestock, especially cattle, and raiding corn fields.^[12] Allegedly, some bears become habituated to eating cattle but the bears are actually more likely to eat cattle as carrion and some farmers may accidentally assume the spectacled bear killed them. Due to fear of loss of stock, bears may be killed on sight.^[16][17]

Conservation

A spectacled bear at the Houston Zoo.

The spectacled bear population is under threat for a number of reasons. The bears are hunted by locals due to a belief they will eat livestock (although spectacled bears do not eat large quantities of meat). The gall bladders of spectacled bears are also valued in traditional Chinese medicine and can fetch a high price on the international market. Extensive logging and farming have led to a loss of habitat for the bears.

In the documentary Paddington Bear: The Early Years, British actor Stephen Fry encounters a Spectacled bear called Yogi, who was kept in a small cage by Andean villagers (see also Paddington Bear). Fry bartered with the villagers to have the bear released and it was taken to an enclosure in Machu Picchu. Fry's interest in the bears led to the follow-up documentary, Stephen Fry and the Spectacled Bears, and he also wrote and published his experiences in Rescuing the Spectacled Bear: A Peruvian Diary.

In the BBC television programme Serious Andes a team of eight teenagers build a pre-release enclosure for two spectacled bears before returning them to the wild. The BBC documentary "Spectacled Bears: Shadows of the Forest" looks at some of the bear research being done in Peru and Ecuador and what the researchers are discovering.

References

1. ^ Goldstein, I., Velez-Liendo, X., Paisley, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (2008). Tremarctos ornatus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 27 January 2009. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A4cd)
2. ^ Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008-07-28). "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 (220): 220. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220. PMC 2518930. PMID 18662376. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2518930. 
3. ^ Spectacled Bear. Grizzly Bear.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
4. ^ Bear Planet. Bear Planet. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
5. ^ Brown, Gary (1996). Great Bear Almanac. p. 340. ISBN 1558214747. 
6. ^ Spectacled, or Andean, Bear – National Zoo| FONZ. Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
7. ^ Spectacled bear videos, photos and facts – Tremarctos ornatus. ARKive. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
8. ^ Spectacled Bear. Brazilianfauna.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
9. ^ Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (1970). The international wildlife encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2470–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7266-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=y9TsB3id66cC&pg=PA2470. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
10. ^ Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 96. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
11. ^ "Spectacled bear, Andean bear, ucumari". BBC – Science & Nature – Wildfacts. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/11.shtml. 
12. ^ ^{a b c} LaFee, Scott (2009-09-07). "Hanging on, bearly: South America's only bear species struggles to avoid extinction". SignOnSanDiego.Com. The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www3.signonsandiego.com/stories/2009/sep/07/wild907/?science&zIndex=161647. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 
13. ^ Spectacled Bear. rosamondgiffordzoo.org
14. ^ Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus – Natural Diet (Literature Reports). Wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
15. ^ Spectacled Bears. Bears Of The World. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
16. ^ Peru :: Who We Are. Spectacled Bear Conservation. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
17. ^ CARNIVORA – Spectacled Bear – Tremarctos ornatus. Carnivoraforum.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.

External links

• Andean Bear Conservation Project

www.sbc-peru.org