Siberian weasel

Siberian weasel
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Mustelidae
Genus:	Mustela
Species:	M. sibirica
Binomial name
Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773
Siberian weasel range (green - native, red - introduced)

The Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), also known as the Kolonok, is a medium-sized species of weasel native to Asia. It is classed as Least Concern for extinction by the IUCN, due to its wide distribution and presumably large numbers.

In form and hunting behaviour, the Siberian weasel represents a transitional form between small mustelids (such as stoats and least weasels) and their larger cousins (minks and polecats). It is a valuable furbearer, particularly for the paint brush industry.

Physical description

Skull, as illustrated in Pocock's The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Mammalia Vol 2

Siberian weasels have long, stretched out bodies with relatively short legs, but are more heavily built than solongois, stoats and least weasels. Their heads are elongated, narrow and relatively small, and their ears are broad at the base, but short. Their tails represent half their body length.^[2] Siberian weasels are much larger than stoats and solongois, and almost approach ferrets and minks in size. Adult males are 28–39 cm long, while females reach 25-30.5 cm. The tail in males reaches 15.5–21 cm in length, while that of females reaches 13.3-16.4 cm. Males weigh 650-820 g, while females weigh 360-430 g. Exceptionally large individuals have on rare occasions occurred in the Baraba steppe.^[3] The skull is in several respects intermediate in form between that of the stoat and the mink ; it is longer and larger than that of the stoat, but is somewhat more flattened than the mink's.^[4]

Their winter fur is very dense, soft and fluffy, with guard hairs reaching 3–4 cm in length. The underfur is dense and loose fitting. Siberian weasels are monotone in colour, being bright reddish-ocherous or straw-red, though orange or peach tones are sometimes noticeable on the skin. These tones are especially bright on the back, while the flanks and underbelly are paler. A dark, coffee-brown mask is present on the face. Their tails are more brightly coloured than the back, and are fluffier than those of other members of the genus. The lips and chin are white or slightly ochreous. The front of the muzzle is darker than the remaining parts of the head.^[2]

Behaviour

Reproduction

Exhibit from the The Museum of Zoology, St. Petersburg

Paws, as illustrated in Pocock's The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma - Mammalia Vol 2

Siberian weasels have an extended rutting period which is subject to geographic variation. The rut begins in early Ferbruary through to late March in western Siberia. In Primorye, the rut begins in early March through to late April. Six pairs of Siberian weasels in a fur sovkhoz near Moscow began rutting from 25 April to 15 May. They mate for 35 minutes, doing so repeatedly. The gestation period lasts 38–41 days. There is one record of a female giving birth after only 28 days. Litters consist of 4-10 kits.^[5]

Kits are born blind and sparsely furred with white wool. They develop light yellow wool after a few days, and open their eyes after a month. Lactation stops after two months, and the kits stop growing and become independent by late August. By this time, the young are distinguished from the adults solely by their darker coats, deciduous tooth formula and lighter bones.^[5]

Burrowing behaviours

Siberian weasels are not fussy about their shelters. They may nest inside fallen logs, empty stumps, brushwood piles and exposed tree roots. They also use and enlarge the dens of other animals. The length of their burrows range from 0.6-4.2 metres and are 0.2-1.3 metres deep. The nesting chamber, which is located in the middle or end of the passage, is lined with bird feathers and rodent wool. Beside a permanent burrow, adults have up to five temporary shelters which are separated from each other by several kilometres.^[6]

Diet

In terms of prey selection, Siberian weasels are midway between small, rodent-eating mustelids and the more polyphagous martens. They rarely eat reptiles, invertebrates and plants, preferring instead to prey on rodents of small to moderate size. Water voles are their most frequent prey in their western range, while voles and mice are eaten in their eastern range. Moderate sized rodents targeted by Siberian weasels in the east include Daurian and Alpine pikas, and Siberian zokors. In local areas, chipmunks, muskrats, red squirrels and jerboas are eaten. Fish may be eaten in some areas during certain seasons. In Ussuriland, they may scavenge extensively on the kills of wolves and yellow-throated martens during the winter. Elsewhere, small birds are an important food item. Reptiles and amphibians are typically eaten at the periphery of the Siberian weasel's range. Plant foods known to be eaten by Siberian weasels include pine nuts and actinidia fruits. They typically eat about 100-120 gm of food daily, and cache excess food.^[7] In urban areas in China, Siberian weasels prey extensively on rats. They are capable of single-handedly killing and dragging the largest fowls.^[8] In contrast to sables, which are ambush predators, Siberian weasels are active hunters, readily chasing prey through snow, logs, water and people's houses.^[4][9]

Subspecies

As of 2005^[update],^[10] eleven subspecies are recognised.

Subspecies	Trinomial authority	Description	Range	Synonyms
Siberian kolonok Mustela sibirica sibirica	Pallas, 1773	A small subspecies with light, yellowish-red fur. Skull length in males is 5.8-6.3 cm, while in females it is 4.9-5.6 cm[11]	All of Siberia eastward to the Zeya River basin, contiguous parts of Mongolia and possibly extreme western parts of northeastern China	australis (Satunin, 1911) miles (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904)
Tibetan kolonok Mustela sibirica canigula	Hodgson, 1842	Distinguished from other subspecies by having a much greater amount of white fur around the muzzle, neck and almost to the forelimbs. It has an exceptionally thick coat and bushy tail. The body is bright foxy-red, and lacks a black tail-tip[12]	Tibet
Manchurian kolonok Mustela sibirica charbinensis	Lowkashkin, 1935		Manchuria
Korean kolonok Mustela sibirica coreanus	Domaniewski, 1926		Korean Peninsula	peninsulae (Kishida, 1931)
Taiwanese kolonok Mustela sibirica davidiana	Milne-Edward's, 1871	Has a more intense colouration than fontanierii, being almost ochreous orange in fresh winter pelage[13]	Southeast China north to Hubei, Taiwan	melli (Matschie, 1922) noctis (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904) taivana (Thomas, 1913)
North Chinese kolonok Mustela sibirica fontanierii	Milne-Edwards, 1871	Has a uniform pale fulvous coat with a pale brown forehead and muzzle, with varying degrees of white in the center of the throat and neck[14]	Northern China, Shandong, Chihli, Shansi and Shensi	stegmanni (Matschie, 1907)
Hodgson's kolonok Mustela sibirica hodgsoni	Gray, 1843	Distinguished from canigula by the smaller amount of white on the muzzle, the head's darker hue and the white area of the throat being limited to white patches rather than forming a continuous line. It is similair in size to subhemachalana and moupinensis, though its skull is smaller than the latter's[15]	Kashmir and western Himalayas from Kam to Garwal
Far Eastern kolonok Mustela sibirica manchurica	Brass, 1911	A somewhat larger subspecies than sibirica, with a lighter red coloured coat. Skull length in males is 6.3-6.7 cm, while in females it is 5.7-.6.2 cm[11]	Priamurye to the west of the Zeya, Primorye and northeastern China
Burmese kolonok Mustela sibirica moupinensis	Milne-Edwards, 1974	Closely resembles subhemachalana in having a black tail-tip, but distinguished by its larger skull and greater incidence of white fur on the muzzle[16]	Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan and Burma	hamptoni (Thomas, 1921) major (Hilzheimer, 1910) tafeli (Hilzheimer, 1910)
Quelpart kolonok Mustela sibirica quelpartis	Thomas, 1908		Quelpart Island
Himalayan kolonok Mustela sibirica subhemachalana	Hodgson, 1837	Smaller than sibirica and has a blackish tail-tip. It lacks the typical white patch on the sides of the muzzle, which is blackish, save for narrow white lines on the edge of the upper lip and a white chin. The general colour ranges from bright foxy-red to dark chocolate brown[17]	Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan	horsfieldii (Gray, 1843) humeralis (Blyth, 1842)

Range

The range of the Siberian weasels includes northern Myanmar, Laos, North Korea, Pakistan, Nepal, India, (Himalayas), Bhutan, Russia (from the Kirov Province, Tataria, and the western Urals through Siberia and the Russian Far East), Taiwan and northern Thailand. They have been introduced to Honshu, Shikoku, Kamishima and Jebu.^[1]

Relationships with humans

Kolinski fur choker

In Chinese folklore, the Siberian weasel is viewed as a wandering spirit (shen) that can steal and replace people's souls.^[18]

Although Siberian weasels are overall useful for limiting rodent populations, they are nonetheless damaging to poultry and muskrat farms.^[19] They frequently enter the roosts of domesticated fowl and pigeons, sometimes killing more than they can eat.^[8]

Siberian weasels are valuable furbearers, being significantly harvested in Siberia and the Far East. Their fur is used both in its natural state and for imitating the fur of more valuable species.^[19] Siberian weasel fur makes the finest water color or oil paint brushes and is especially sought after by artists. The so-called kolinsky sable-hair brush is produced using the winter fur of the male Siberian weasel, not sable. In China, their orange fur is largely used to create ink brush for East Asian calligraphers. The name of the brush is thus 狼毫筆, lit. 'Wolf hairs brush', as a reduction from 黃鼠狼 + 毫 + 筆, lit. "yellow rat wolf" "hairs" "brush". Their hairs are appreciated because they are harder than goat hair (羊毫). They are hunted by shooting with dogs or through the use of box traps.^[19] They are extremely aggressive when caught in traps, emitting piercing shrieks and letting loose a pungent secretion which reportedly takes a month to wash away.^[8]

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Duckworth, J.W. & Abramov, A. (2008). Mustela sibirica. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 14 January 2009.
2. ^ ^{a b} Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1052–1054
3. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1057
4. ^ ^{a b} Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1054
5. ^ ^{a b} Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1076
6. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1074
7. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1071–1073
8. ^ ^{a b c} Pocock 1941, p. 364
9. ^ Allen 1938, p. 373
10. ^ Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001468. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1066–1067
12. ^ Pocock 1941, p. 372
13. ^ Allen 1938, p. 374
14. ^ Allen 1938, p. 371
15. ^ Pocock 1941, pp. 374–375
16. ^ Pocock 1941, p. 367
17. ^ Pocock 1941, p. 363
18. ^ http://www.danwei.org/beijing/wild_animals_of_beijing.php
19. ^ ^{a b c} Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1078

Bibliography

• Allen, Glover Morrill (1938). The mammals of China and Mongolia, Volume 1. New York : American Museum of Natural History. http://ia331420.us.archive.org/0/items/mammalsofchinamo01alle/mammalsofchinamo01alle.pdf 
• Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (2002). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores(Mustelidae). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 90-04-08876-8. http://ia360707.us.archive.org/18/items/mammalsofsov212001gept/mammalsofsov212001gept.pdf 
• Pocock, R. I. (1941), Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2, Taylor and Francis, http://ia341313.us.archive.org/0/items/PocockMammalia2/pocock2.pdf