New Apostolic Church

"New Apostolic" redirects here. For other uses, see New Apostolic Reformation.

New Apostolic Church (NAC)
New Apostolic church hall with emblem
Classification	Chiliastic, partly Restorationist
Orientation	Irvingian movement, Christianity
Polity	Apostolic Hierarchical
Leader	Chief Apostle Wilhelm Leber
Distinct fellowships	International Apostles' Meeting District Apostles' Meeting Project Groups: -Faith Questions -Ecumenism -Music -Communication -Youth Committee for special affairs and others
Associations	Consortium of Christian Churches, Germany and Switzerland
Geographical areas	181 nations, divided into 18 District Apostle areas, Int. headquarters: Zürich
Origin	1878 Hamburg, Germany
Branched from	Catholic Apostolic Church
Separations	Restored Apostolic Mission Church, Old Apostolic Church, United Apostolic Church,
Congregations	66,388 (12/31/2007)[1]
Members	11,239,935 (12/31/2007)[1]
Ministers	259,515 (12/31/2007)[1]
Aid organization	NAK karitativ, Germany
Official website	www.nak.org

Churches with emblem (Karlsruhe, Karlstraße)

New Apostolic Church in Dortmund-Lanstrop

New Apostolic Church in Otterndorf

New Apostolic Church in Wittmund

The New Apostolic Church (NAC) is a chiliastic church, converted to Protestantism as a free church from the Catholic Apostolic Church. The church has existed since 1879 in Germany and since 1897 in the Netherlands. It came about from the schism in Hamburg in 1863, when it demerged from the Catholic Apostolic Church, which itself started in the 1830s as a renewal movement in, among others, the Anglican Church and Church of Scotland.

Premillennialism and the Second Coming of Christ are at the forefront of the New Apostolic doctrines. Most of its doctrines are akin to mainstream Christianity and, especially its liturgy, to Protestantism, whereas its hierarchy and organisation could be compared with the Roman Catholic Church.

The church considers itself to be the re-established continuation of the Early Church and that its leaders are the successors of the twelve apostles. This doctrine resembles Restorationism in some aspects.

The official abbreviation in English-speaking countries is NAC (for New Apostolic Church), whereas it is NAK in German (Neuapostolische Kirche), ENA in French (Église Néo Apostolique), and INA in Portuguese (Igreja Nova Apostólica) and Spanish (Iglesia Nueva Apostólica).

History

The Catholic Apostolic Church

Apostle Schwartz later in life

In England in 1832, John Bate Cardale was called, through prophecies, as the first apostle of the second sending. Eleven more men from various Christian denominations, social positions and religious training were called to the newly founded apostle ministry from then until 1835. After a long period of combined preparation, these apostles started to travel around the world, preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. The main point of their gospel was that the Church had deviated from its origins; only through restoring the Universal Church to its perfect state could the return of Christ be ensured. They were convinced that the restoration of the apostles' ministry was necessary to achieve that perfect condition.

After the death of three apostles in 1855, the apostolate declared that there was no reason to call new apostles.^[2] During a meeting at Albury in 1860, the German Prophet Heinrich Geyer called two evangelists to be apostles. After deliberation, the apostles rejected this calling, explained the callings of substitutes as coadjutors to the remaining apostles and affirmed that no further callings to the apostolate would be accepted.

Break from the Catholic Apostolic Church

Later, on 10 October 1862, while traveling with the Apostle Woodhouse in Königsberg, the Prophet Geyer called Rudolf Rosochaki to be an apostle while staying in his home. As callings in private were no longer accepted by the English apostles, Rosochaki was told to wait patiently until God would confirm his calling in the presence of witnesses. In December, Geyer informed Angel (Bishop) F.W. Schwartz, of the Hamburg congregation, that Rosochaki had been called and Angel Schwartz then invited both of them to Hamburg. In the afternoon service of 4 January 1863, Schwartz asked the men to describe what had happened and Schwartz, along with most of the congregation, accepted this calling of Rosochaki to the apostolate.^[3]

A few days later Apostle Rosochaki became doubtful of the divine origin of his calling as an Apostle after meeting with some of the other apostles. Eventually, he subordinated himself once more to Apostle Woodhouse and left the schismatics, returning to the Catholic Apostolic congregation on 17 January 1863.^[4] On 26 January 1863 Angel Schwartz met with Apostle Woodhouse and Archangel Rothe in Berlin and expressed his belief in the need to continue the Apostle ministry. Therefore, on 6 February 1863 Apostle Woodhouse informed the Hamburg congregation, in writing, of its expulsion from the Catholic Apostolic Church.^[3] This is commonly known as the "Hamburg Schism". The Hamburg congregation, along with Prophet Geyer, split off to form the Allgemeine Apostolische Mission (General Apostolic Congregation) in 1863, and shortly thereafter the Dutch branch of the Restored Apostolic Mission Church, at first known as Apostolische Zending and officially registered as Hersteld Apostolische Zendingkerk (HAZK) in 1893. Today, 4 January 1863 is considered the date on which the New Apostolic Church was established.^[4]

As Rosochaki had returned to the Catholic Apostolic Church, this left the newly independent Hamburg congregation without apostolic authority: no more believers could be sealed; no ministers could be ordained. On 12 April 1863, a deacon delivered a prophecy calling Priest Carl Louis Preuss as an Apostle. Prophet Heinrich Geyer confirmed this calling a little later. On 25 May 1863, Friedrich Wilhelm Schwartz was also called as an Apostle through many prophetically gifted members in the congregation, and also through Prophet Geyer.^[4] Thus began the work of the Apostles of the New Order, with German "apostles" spreading "the word" around the world.

The First Schism

The Prophet Geyer initiated the first schism in the new body for the same reason as the schism from the English Apostles and as for leaving the Catholic Apostolic congregations, namely Apostles not validating the Prophet's call for an Apostle. Friction existed between the Prophet Geyer and Apostle Preuss concerning whether Prophets or Apostles had higher authority, and when Apostle Preuss died on 25 July 1878, open conflict broke out. Geyer had already called the coal dealer Johannes F.L. Gueldner as an apostle in a private meeting four months before apostle Preuss' death. Apostle Preuss had refused to recognize this calling and, on his deathbed, designated Elder Wichmann as his successor. However, he was not able to stop Geyer because "the word of a prophet carried more weight in those days than the word of the Lord".

Geyer called Gueldner again as an apostle, and as the successor of Preuss, in a service on 4 August 1878. The majority of the Hamburg congregation protested, Wichmann stepped up to the altar and, without much ado, relieved Geyer from his ministry. The ensuing tumult led to a flurry of apostle callings. Wichmann's wife, supported by her son, called him an apostle through prophecy. A maid called her master as an apostle, also by prophecy. Other prophetic people called a fourth person as an apostle. The result of this chaos was that none of those who were called could prevail. Wichmann told Geyer that he had to leave, so Geyer left the church with his followers, taking their vestments and several sacramental items with them. A successor for Preuss was not selected at this time (this happened later in 1880). Going by a prophecy, the remaining Hamburg congregation gave themselves under the care of Apostle Menkhoff but the congregation had suffered severe losses from the schism.

Geyer and his followers founded a new congregation in Hamburg named Apostolische Mission (Apostolic Mission). They built a chapel and "served" together with Gueldner, also in Silesia. His congregation never gained any importance, and wasted away after his death in 1896.^[5] The remainder of the Hamburg congregation adopted the name Allgemeine Christliche Apostolische Mission (General Christian Apostolic Mission).

The Chief Apostle Office established

After the death of Apostle H.F. Schwartz, the remaining active Apostles of the New Order formed a central, ruling ministry in the form of the "Chief Apostle" in either 1895,^[6] 1896^[7] or 1897,^[8] and designated Friedrich Krebs to this office. It is important to note that this office did not exist before Schwartz's death. He had been an Angel (Bishop) in the Catholic Apostolic Church, which was opposed to designating any one person as head of the church, citing that Christ is the head of the Christian Church. In contrast, the role of the Chief Apostle ministry was not intended to usurp the leadership of Christ, but more realistically aimed to continue the succession of Simon Peter, as Christ's immediate subordinate on Earth.

In 1895, there were only six active Apostles, three in Europe and one each in South Africa, Australia, and Indonesia. With the establishment of a higher Apostolic office, the Chief Apostle appointed all subsequent Apostles^[3] as opposed to prophetic calling, which had been fundamental since the formation of the Catholic Apostolic Church. By 1899, the traditional limit of twelve apostles had been discarded^[3] and more men were ordained as Apostles. Parallel to the progress of the New Apostolic denomination, schisms occurred on several occasions elsewhere in the world. The reasons for those divisions were different but mainly related to disputes regarding the central ministry of the Chief Apostle.

Development during the 20th century

Chief Apostle Hermann Niehaus

In August 1906, Chief Apostle Niehaus ordained Apostle Helper Johann Gottfried Bischoff as District Apostle of the Middle Germany and Württemberg district, replacing the late Apostle Ruff. He also renamed the Neuapostolische Gemeinde (New Apostolic Congregation) as Neuapostolische Kirche (New Apostolic Church) and created a public corporation for it. He ordained numerous young ministers and regularly convened conferences of apostles. He founded the periodical church publication Apostolisches Sonntagsblatt (Apostolic Sunday Paper), later Neuapostolische Rundschau (New Apostolic Review), in 1907 as an additional weekly publication to go along with Der Herold and Wächterstimme von Ephraim (Watchman's Voice of Ephraim). In 1908 he issued the Allgemeinen Hausregeln (General House Rules) and in 1916 he wrote the first textbook about the New Apostolic faith Fragen  &  Antworten (Questions &  Answers). This book still exists in its revised 1992 version, but will be replaced by the new catechism.

As the first of the Chief Apostles, Apostle Niehaus and Apostle Carl August Brückner visited United States congregations on 19 August 19, 1909. The outbreak of war in 1914 brought high exposure to the church. The soldiers at the frontlines were administered the Holy Communion by field post as bread hosts with three drops of wine on them. This practice was established in every congregation in 1917 and remains to this day. While the Holy Communion had originally been celebrated separately with bread and wine, the current practice uses unleavened bread wafers which are manufactured with three drops of wine trickled onto each.

The name Neuapostolische Kirche (New Apostolic Church) came into use in North America as early as 1918. A variety of names had been used there previously, including German Apostolic Church and Apostolic Church. This name was uniformly adopted in Germany in the late 1920s as well.

A cult of personality materialized around the Chief Apostle and became apparent at his birthday celebrations. On the occasion of his 80th birthday, and the sixty year anniversary of the church ministry, a book with the name Der Grösste unter ihnen (The greatest among them) was published by the other apostles. On 25 January 1930, the day before his 25 year anniversary as Chief Apostle, he fell down the stairs in an accident and was pressed to give up his duties. He remained diligent but was finally retired by the council of apostles on 21 September 1930. He died on 23 August 1932 at the age of 84 years. The members of the church called him "Vater Niehaus" (Father).

In 1905, Chief Apostle Niehaus oversaw six Apostle Districts with 488 congregations. At the end of his tenure, there were twelve European Apostle Districts with about 1,600 congregations and further 200 congregations overseas. The New Apostolic Church in Germany counted 138,000 members in 1925.

The initially deep ecumenical conviction, which was cultivated in the Catholic Apostolic Church and then by Heinrich Geyer, had declined over time due to heavy conflicts with other Christian denominations, perhaps because the theologian education of ministers in the Catholic Apostolic Church may have been lacking (only a few had been Catholic Apostolic ministers before), or there may have been rejection by the national churches.

The lower social classes, from which important ministers were drawn, were essential for the growth of the church. Nationalistic appeals can be found in hymnaries and theological scriptures from that time. Also, significantly for that period, the church's structure became increasingly hierarchical. The most charismatic element of the Catholic Apostolic Church, prophecies, became rarer (the last oral lore dates from the 1980s) and the Prophet Ministry disappeared. In fact, a total reform of the evangelical pattern can be observed and which became apparent by expelling Catholic Apostolic influences.

Setbacks in Nazi Germany

The New Apostolic Church, like many other small organizations and societies, had to accept compromises with the National Socialist regime to avoid being prohibited or persecuted. Even though the Christian faith and basic principles of the New Apostolic Church fundamentally contradicted the world view of National Socialism, the church was not prohibited, unlike a number of other religious communities or sects. The extent which National Socialist views and attitudes were spread within the church, and whether this happened out of fear of reprisals or one's own expulsion, is today still a controversial subject between the church and its critics.

All the New Apostolic congregations were prohibited in 1933. Then-Chief Apostle Bischoff tried to establish relations with the National Socialist regime in order to have the prohibitions removed. As a result, Mr Müller-Scheid, regional head administrator for Hessen-Nassau in the Reich Ministry for Propaganda, and assistant of Joseph Goebbels, wrote a recommendation letter for Chief Apostle Bischoff, "Friedrich Bischoff is a party comrade, known to me for years, and politically and humanly utterly reliable" (translation).

On 21 March 1933, Bischoff preached that the Führer sent by God had now come, and he let the text of that speech be sent to the Reich Chancellery. On 25 April 1933, in a circular letter to the ministers, Bischoff explained that, regarding believers' application for membership, it would be good "to submit personal data of such persons to the responsible chapter of the NSDAP for a verification" and not complete their admission into the church until a declaration of non-objection was received from the NSDAP. The Hebrew word "Zion" was removed from the title of the church publication.

Racist and political phrases found their way into church publications from a travelogue by Bischoff, "Blacks and Jews are climbing the social ladder up and up, with their cheap manpower they also dislodge the better salaried white from positions which should appertain to the white only... The coloured element has proceeded to attack... Validly, we have denied everything we have been offered in cinemas, theatres and literature as a product of a Jewish-Marxist clique" (translation), and later in the same year, "It is true, the white has been able to preserve a certain dominance, but it has begun to totter and it is going to totter ever more, the more influence the Jew wins; it is his goal namely, to split all the nations, to hold them down, and to exploit them" (translation).

Despite the National Socialist propaganda which the church was made to spread, some sources tell of converted Jews in the congregations being helped by the New Apostolic Christians. Although many of the Apostles joined the NSDAP for reasons of fear, there were a few Apostles and District Apostles who publicly expressed their adverse attitude toward the regime.

According to Nazi requirements, all divine services had to be concluded with a "Heil Hitler". Some ministers' congregation chiefs did not obey those orders, especially in rural areas. This led to several congregations being closed repeatedly over time. According to church accounts, prohibitions were cancelled partially, with hardship. This became apparent by other measures adopted. The Nazis burdened the New Apostolic Church with inordinately high duties, suppressed youth care, arbitrarily rejected purchases of land and establishment of chapels, did not allow collection of offerings and prohibited the release of church publications as well as printing of bibles and hymnaries.

This attitude was explained in 1996 by Chief Apostle Richard Fehr, while church spokesman Peter Johanning elaborated on it in 2003. Johanning gave an account of a Jugendfreund article of July 1933, in which "allegiance" was already invoked shortly after Hitler's seizure of power. By referencing Sir 10 EU, that text legitimized the relation of church and state, "It may be regarded as naive today, but age back then revealed different reasonings".

At that time ministers of the church were actually implored by church guidelines to abstain from political representation. "This avowal for non-political work of the church" signalled "the purposeful idea of the church administration to abstain unambiguously from any political representation, even though here and there the reality looked different". Furthermore, the spokesman described Richard Fehr's explanations concerning this issue, regarding the church administration's adaptation as on purpose "in order to perform more preaching of the Gospel".

"Botschaft" by Chief Apostle Bischoff

On Christmas Day 1951, during service in Giessen, Germany, Chief Apostle J.G. Bischoff delivered his "Botschaft" ("message"), announcing that the Lord had made known to him that he would not die before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, during which the chosen people were to be taken into His kingdom (the First Resurrection). In 1954, this teaching became the church's official dogma.^[9] Those ministers, especially the apostles, who did not preach this message lost their positions and were excommunicated from the New Apostolic Church. Approximately one quarter of apostles active during this time resigned or retired early,^[10] several schisming to form their own denomination. The most important "victim" of this policy was Peter Kuhlen, who had been ordained in 1948 as the successor to J.G. Bischoff. The impact of this message varied regionally; all of the Apostles active in South Africa resigned or retired (1954), both Apostles in South America resigned (1957), several apostles in Europe (1954–55) resigned, but no schism formed in North America. When Chief Apostle Bischoff died on 7 July 1960, his dogma about Christ's return had not been fulfilled.^[11] In the service on 10 July 1960, Walter Schmidt was introduced as the new Chief Apostle and, during that service, the admonition to the members was to answer external critics with silence regarding the Bischoff Prophecy.

Even today, the church administration has not renounced the "Botschaft", but has set it at liberty for every church member to make his/her own opinion. According to Chief Apostle Wilhelm Leber it is "no dogma anymore".^[12] The excommunicated ministers and members have not been reinstated.

The first official removal of all exclusions, apology for opponents of the Botschaft prophecy—not for the prophecy itself—and attempted rapprochements regarding the prophecy were started in 2005 and 2006, in Switzerland and Saarland. Since then members of Apostolische Gemeinde des Saarlandes have been visiting New Apostolic divine services. Until end or 2007 the NAC and United Apostolic Church (UAC) were reviewing common historical topics, supported and encouraged by liberal members. On December 4th, 2007 the NAC held a broadcasted information evening where the German apostles were blamed to be the only guilty persons for the circumstances and splits in 1955. As a result the talks were suspended by the UAC.

Beliefs

See also: New Apostolic Creed

The New Apostolic Church sees itself as the re-established worker of salvation and continuation of the first Apostolic Church, thus constituting the true congregation established by Jesus Christ. New Apostolic Christians believe in the Triune God: God the Father, the Creator of the world; the Son, Jesus Christ the Son of Man, personified God, redeemer and Head of the Church; and the Holy Spirit, who guides the church by His revelations, gives knowledge to the believers and acts universally. In this, NAC hardly differs from other Trinitarian churches.

The religion accepts the Apostles' Creed, believes in the sacramental nature of Holy Communion and baptism, considers the Bible as the authority of the Word of God, the next coming of Christ and the gifts of the Holy Spirit.^[13]

According to French Bishop Jean Vernette, the New Apostolic members are "strict millenarists", but sociologist Gilles Séraphin stated their millenarism is less pronounced than that of Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventists, and that this is a "église de Réveil", which retains a Pentecostal look from its origins.^[14]

Questions and Answers is the name of the New Apostolic Church's catechism. Available for decades, it was most recently revised in 1992.^[15]

Bible

In the New Apostolic Church the Bible is granted a high authority, because its writers were inspired by the Holy Spirit. The English congregations have officially used the New King James Version since 1998. It is the duty of the Apostles to watch over the regular exegesis. The apostles interpret the Bible in the same way as Protestantism and Catholicism, except for their interpretation of Holy Sealing and beliefs about the departed.

The District Apostles' meeting from 22–24 September 2004 in Nice emphasised again that the Holy Scripture is recognised and regarded as the doctrinal basis of the NAC. In particular, the statements of the New Testament, especially the gospel of Jesus and the epistles of the Apostles, are of definitive importance. Individual Biblical books and passages, along with statements of Apostles and ministers of the New Apostolic Church, must have grounding in the Holy Scriptures. The doctrine and its proclamation must not contradict the fundamental statements of the gospel.^[16]

The church regards the basis of this faith as being found in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. In 2005, a District Apostles Meeting declared that "the Apocrypha are just as binding for the faith and doctrine of the New Apostolic Church as the other writings of the Old Testament" (see official statement here).

Sacraments

The New Apostolic Church knows three sacraments:

Conventional Communion host

Glutenfree Communion host

Holy Baptism with water

The Holy Baptism with water is part of the spiritual rebirth, and a prerequisite for receiving the Holy Spirit in the Church. Both children and adults can be baptised. A person baptised as a child will later confess the baptism, at the age of 14–16, by confirmation. The baptism can be performed by priestly ministries.

Holy Baptism is taught to be the first and fundamental act of grace of the Triune God, bestowed on a person believing in Christ. The act of this sacrament includes the remission of the original sin. In this respect, the candidate for baptism has a share in Christ's merit, and experiences his first close relationship with God. The person becomes a (visible) Christian and is thus adopted into the fellowship of those who believe in Jesus Christ and avow themselves to him.^[17] Baptisms performed by other Christian churches are recognised as long as they were performed with water and performed in the triune name of God.

Holy Communion

The sacrament of Holy Communion is celebrated "as a feast of joy and thankfulness" in every service. The Church teaches that this commemorates the sacrificial death of Christ, Son of God, who allowed himself to be crucified for the sins of mankind despite his innocence. Holy Communion preserves the eternal life of the soul and accords it the security of remaining in the fellowship of life with its redeemer Jesus Christ. For the New Apostolic Church, the "body and blood" of Jesus are dispensed as bread and wine in the form of a consecrated wafer. By partaking of it in faith, an individual assimilates the nature of Jesus and receives "strength from God". The Holy Communion is available not only for members but also baptised members of the Church and those who have been invited as guests. Priestly ministries direct the Holy Communion.^[18]

Holy Sealing

Holy Sealing is the dispensing of the Holy Spirit. By this act the believer is filled with Holy Spirit as a strength of God, not as the third person of the Triune God. It is carried about through prayer and laying on of hands of an apostle, provided that the believer has been first baptised with water.

The Holy Baptism with water and the Holy Sealing together constitute the rebirth out of water and Spirit; by this the "childhood in God" is attained. As a child of God the believer is granted the opportunity to participate in the Second Coming of Christ. From this moment on the believer is an adherent of the New Apostolic Church. The Holy Sealing is also dispensed to children whereby the parents must profess their faith in the doctrine of Jesus and the apostles.

The church interprets the sacrament for example with the biblical text of Acts 8:14–17 8:14–17 and Acts 19:6.

Because Holy Sealing is an institutional manner of giving the Holy Spirit, conducted by the apostles of Early Christianity, New Apostolic Church considers the "childhood in God" possible for other Christians as well referring to the overall acting of the Holy Spirit (John 3:8, Romans 18:7, 1. John 4:2).^[19]

Second Coming of Christ and eschatology

NAC represents the most frequent form of premillenialism. The Church teaches that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ is imminent, and the goal of faith is to be worthy to be the Bride of Christ when He returns.^[20]

Eschatology in the New Apostolic Church has been refined recently to this end-time sequence:^[21]

1. The completion of the true body of Christ (Invisible church)
2. The return of Jesus Christ and the rapture of His bride
3. The marriage of the Lamb and, simultaneously, the great tribulation on earth – Steps 2 and 3 build the First Resurrection as written in the Bible
4. The return and Jesus Christ and His congregation to the Earth
5. The binding of Satan
6. The resurrection of the witnesses of Christ from the time of the great tribulation (martyrs)
7. The establishment of the thousand-year kingdom of peace under the unrestricted rule of Jesus Christ
8. The Last Judgment
9. The new creation

Apostle ministry and exclusivism

The spiritual leaders of the New Apostolic Church are called Apostles. They are considered to be indispensable to preparing their members for the goal of faith. This goal is to be led into eternal community with God at the Second Coming of Christ. It takes center stage of a New Apostolic Christian's faith.

The Apostles of the New Apostolic Church consider themselves as successors of the first Apostles during Early Christianity, who had been sent by Jesus Christ. In their tradition, they act as missionaries, who go to all men to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to prepare them for the Second Coming of Christ and eternal life. According to the NAC, the apostles are the only ones on earth who have the mission to forgive sins and baptise with the Holy Spirit. It is also a duty of the apostles, and all the ministers of the NAC, to affirm corporate feeling within the church and to support the members with pastoral care.^[22]

The New Apostolic Church teaches that Apostles are necessary for salvation. That means that God has re-established the apostle ministry in order to collect all the Christians for the Second Coming of Christ. Therefore, the expression "necessary for salvation" indicates the plan of God that the apostle ministry must act on earth until His son returns. The question, Who will attend the Second Coming of Christ? is not answered with it. Because the Holy Spirit acts in other churches as well, God alone forgives sins, and may find His "Children" without Holy Sealing. The NAC considers the affiliation of non-members to the Second Coming of Christ to be possible.

The NAC also claims they would not contradict other churches who teach that final salvation is granted on day of Last Judgement. The NAC sees the period of activity of the apostles to reach to the Second Coming of Christ, but no further. By Last Judgement, there will be no visible church, but the faith in Christ will be the sole element. Thus the NAC denies any claim of absoluteness or religious totalitarianism.^[23]

Faith on beyond and afterlife

A distinctive and controversial feature of the New Apostolic Church is its doctrine about the dead. A special divine service of remembrance and intercession in prayer takes place three times annually. In such divine services the apostles also administer the sacraments to a living subsidiary minister. Regarding this, New Apostolic Christians refer to several biblical texts such as 1 Corinthians 15:29. There are no limitations to whom in the beyond may be baptised by apostles.

The Holy Communion is administered each Sunday in divine services held by a District Apostle or the Chief Apostle. It is possible for the dead to find grace before God and have their sins forgiven. It is also possible, by the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, that the dead can find faith. Just as it is possible to be saved without finding the New Apostolic faith, the dead can be saved another way by Christ's grace, therefore without help of Apostles. The New Apostolic Church clearly states that most questions regarding this issue cannot be fully answered.

Moral conduct

The behaviour of New Apostolic Christians in their personal environment is marked by the wish to lead their lives according to God's will. This means to treat everybody with respect and to be helpful. The Second Coming of Christ is the main component of New Apostolic faith and life. Other significant elements are missionary work for Jesus Christ, open confession to the New Apostolic Church and love for one's fellow human beings.

The New Apostolic Church emphasises the personal accountability of its members for their actions. The individual is responsible to God for his behaviour. The gospel of Christ, and the system of values inherent in the Ten Commandments provide clear orientation in this respect. However, the church itself is politically neutral and independent. It is financed by the voluntary donations of its members.^[20]

New Apostolic Creed

This is the New Apostolic Creed circa 2010:^[24]

#	Article
1	"I believe in God the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth".
2	"I believe in Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried, entered the realm of the dead, rose again from the dead on the third day, and ascended into heaven. He is seated at the right hand of God, the Father Almighty, from where He will return".
3	"I believe in the Holy Spirit, the one, holy, universal, and apostolic church, the community of the saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the dead, and life everlasting".
4	"I believe that the Lord Jesus rules His Church and thereto sent His Apostles, and until His return, still sends them with the commission to teach, to forgive sins in His name and to baptise with water and Holy Spirit".
5	"I believe that those designated by God for a ministry are ordained only by Apostles, and that authority, blessing, and sanctification for their ministration come forth out of the apostle ministry".
6	"I believe that the Holy Baptism with water is the first step to a renewal of a human being in the Holy Spirit, and that the person baptised is adopted into the fellowship of those who believe in Jesus Christ and profess Him as their Lord".
7	"I believe that Holy Communion was instituted by the Lord Himself in memory of the once brought, fully valid sacrifice, and bitter suffering and death of Christ. The worthy partaking of Holy Communion establishes our fellowship with Jesus Christ, our Lord. It is celebrated with unleavened bread and wine; both must be consecrated and dispensed by a minister authorised by an Apostle".
8	"I believe that those baptised with water must, through an Apostle, receive the gift of the Holy Spirit to attain the childhood in God and thereby the prerequisite for becoming a firstling".
9	"I believe that the Lord Jesus will return as surely as He ascended into heaven and that He will take to Himself the firstfruits of the dead and living who have hoped for and were prepared for His coming; that after the marriage in heaven He will return to earth with them, to establish His kingdom of peace and that they will reign with Him as a royal priesthood. After the conclusion of the kingdom of peace, He will hold the Last Judgment. Then God will create a new heaven and a new earth and dwell with His people".
10	"I believe that I am obliged to obey the worldly authorities provided no godly laws are thereby transgressed".

Current changes

Committees (project groups) within the NAC meet from time to time, under the authority of the Chief Apostle, to discuss and revise some fundamental or exclusive views of the church concerning authority, historical or linguistic background. They frequently cite examples of the regular activity of large churches. This has led to corrections and clear distinctions to previous doctrines. The Chief Apostle describes these corrections as "focusing", because the church believes in a constant act of the Holy Spirit, who gives knowledge.

Social issues and ethics (official statements)

Blood transfusion, organ donation, stem-cell research

The New Apostolic Church does not have any objections to blood or organ donation, provided that either the donor consents or that brain death has already taken place.

The Church regards fertilisation as the beginning of life. Each embryo is said to deserve urgent protection whether inside or outside the womb; it is not suitable material for research or destruction. However, the Church approves research with adult stem cells.^[25]

Concubinage

Concubinage, or a so-called trial marriage, is not approved by the New Apostolic Church if it consists of a couple living together in intimate relations in a common domicile, without having been married, without Church blessing and without intending to marry eventually. The Church recommends marriage and emphasises the importance of the marriage blessing for living together. Members in concubinage are not permitted to practice a ministerial or teaching function unless they intend to marry. Such lifestyle is not considered exemplary to others.^[26][27]

Ecumenism

See also: Paragraph Ecumenism

The New Apostolic Church tries to be open toward the ecumenical movement. Contacts on local and institutional levels serve principally to enable better mutual acquaintance and to dismantle prejudices. Due to differences in doctrinal statements, it is not possible for the Church to participate in ecumenical divine services or acts of blessing. The New Apostolic Church has reinforced its efforts to cultivate good, neighbourly relationships with other churches and denominations. This occurs primarily through invitations to both the community and church congregations for special events and through combined benefit events for charitable purposes. Whether this may lead to membership status in the ecumenical movement cannot be determined at this time.^[28]

Evolution and evolutionary theory

The New Apostolic Church does not consider the broad theory of evolution to be a suitable explanation for the creation of life, because this theory does not take into consideration the presence of God as the Creator. However the Church does not consider scientific insights on evolution to be in contradiction to the statements of the Bible.

The Church is careful to distinguish between evolutionary theory and evolution itself. While the theory in scientific terms does describe the laws according to which evolution takes place, it does not give any explanation as to the origin of the creation. By contrast, evolution — the continuing development within the living and the inanimate world — occurs according to the divinely prescribed laws of nature and does not contradict the statements of the Holy Scripture.^[29]

Homosexuality

The Church does not approve of homosexuality on a biblical basis, but it does offer tolerance. It is solely for God to determine whether, and to what extent, a person who is absolutely confirmed in his or her homosexual disposition acquires guilt before God through the practice of his or her homosexuality. In this regard, the Church expressly states that sexual disposition has no relevance in the pastoral care. Believers who are practicing homosexuals, or living in a homosexual partnership, are barred from performing ministerial and teaching duties in the Church because of the general intolerance towards homosexuals.^[30]

The Church published an official statement on sexual conduct in January 2005, and has issued several other written publications about the ideal lifestyle.

Suicide

According to the understanding of the Holy Scriptures, suicide is sin, because life is a gift of God. No human being has the right to take his or her own life, or that of any other human being. Likewise, no one has the right to condemn someone who has committed suicide. Only God is able to see all the factors involved, and He can also be gracious to such a soul according to His will.^[31]

Divine service, practices and pastoral work

Church activities are mainly focused on divine services and pastoral care of the membership. In addition, the New Apostolic Church engages in charitable activities within the bounds of its limited resources. If, in individual cases, help is urgently required, it is given directly and according to the need.

Liturgy

The liturgy of the New Apostolic Church was originally consistent with the liturgy of the Catholic Apostolic Church, which contained strong elements of the Roman Catholic and Anglican rite. This lasted until 1885, when emphasis of the divine services shifted towards the liturgy of the word under the influence of Dutch Calvinism. Today, only a few aspects of the Catholic Apostolic tradition remain in the New Apostolic liturgy. The Holy Communion was originally commemorated only on Sunday and ecclesiastical holidays, but in 1998 this changed to include divine services during the rest of the week.

The Church does not use its own publications during services and members are discouraged from bringing their Bible, as they could be distracted from the sermons. Internal circulars and documents explaining the church's guidelines, which come from the Chief Apostle and are considered to have the same authority as the Biblical epistles, are supposed to provide the correct meanings of the Bible. They are not available to ordinary members, only to elders. According to religious anthropologist Thomas Kirsch, elders are seen as the "source of denominational knowledge", and members are connected to their religion's headquarters "through chains of referentiality in the form of textual quotations".^[32]

The remission of sins (absolution) is conducted in every single divine service, in the name of Jesus, by an apostle or by a lower minister under order of the apostle. Mistakenly, many New Apostolic Christians assume that absolution belongs to the sacrament of Holy Communion or is even a sacrament on its own. Chief Apostle Leber clearly stated in 2009 that this special mission of absolution is bound to the apostle ministry, but not that other Christians or human beings would have no access to God's forgiveness. The forgiveness of sins, with or without absolution, is eventually a sovereign decision of God himself.^[33]

This is the outline of a New Apostolic divine service:

• Before the divine service:
  • Musical contributions are played (e.g. organ or instrumental music, choral singing)
  • Announcements may be read to the congregation by a minister
  • Brief silence for inner preparation of each participant
  • The participants begin to sing the Opening Hymn. Meanwhile, the ministers leave the vestry and enter the church hall, heading towards the altar. The officiant leading that particular divine service stands behind the altar

• During the divine service:
  • Free prayer by the officiant
  • The officiant reads out the biblical word for the sermon
  • Choir, musicians or the participants sing
  • Sermon of the officiant
  • Further musical contribution
  • Other ministers chosen by the officiant preach

• Celebration of Holy Communion:
  • The Lord's Prayer is prayed by all participants
  • Absolution – forgiveness of sins by officiant
  • Officiant's constituted prayer of intercession
  • The officiant consecrates the wafer (hosts consisting of bread and wine) and gives them to the ministers
    • possibly afterwards:
      • Holy Baptism with water
      • Holy Sealing
      • Adoption (of a baptised Christian)
      • Confirmation (Act of blessing – usually on Easter Day or Palm Sunday)

• • The ministers give the hosts to the participants, while the sitting ones are singing the Communion Hymn. Further Hymn or choral singing possibly afterwards
  • In divine services of apostles only: Giving Holy Communion to chosen ministers assistant for the departed.
    • Acts of blessing possibly afterwards (e.g. marriage ceremony, wedding anniverary, ordination or retirement of a minister)

• Close:
  • Prayer of thanks by the officiant
  • Benediction and the participants sing the Threefold Amen
  • Possible administrative announcements with regard to deadlines by a minister
  • Musical contribution

Sermon

The New Apostolic ministers preach without a manuscript. They prepare themselves for the sermon with the small Divine Service Guide publication released monthly by the church administration. The Guide was reformatted in December 2007^[34] to give the officiant a structured introduction to the subject matter along with background knowledge about the biblical word, historical knowledge, cross-references, additional sources and so on. The contents of one topic may be spread across several divine services within a month so that each divine service can cover a subtopic and build upon the main topic, in order to teach and guide the listeners better.

A theological education is not necessary to hold a New Apostolic ministry. Continuing the tradition of Apostle Peter, the Holy Spirit is believed to act through the ministers during the sermon, but the Church does not consider the ministers to be infallible. One criticism has been that ministers under stress preach habitual content and verbiage between sermons. Also, ministers with insufficient instruction in New Apostolic theology and doctrines have accidentally preached false teachings, leading to misunderstandings. The Church has counteracted this with numerous seminars, and it requests that ministers of each congregation coordinate their sermon topics together.

Attendance

Anywhere from 20 to 100% of the officially registered members of the Church attend the divine services regularly. While attendance statistics in Central Europe are declining, in Eastern and Western Europe, South America and Africa attendance numbers are relatively high. Regular participants frequently engage in church life and stand out due to their feelings of togetherness. A particular care exists for children, youth, and seniors. The Church culture tends towards formal dress and appearance, although as in other denominations this has lost significance over time.

Church music

The choir of each congregation meets for regular choir rehearsal whenever possible, as do the various orchestras and instrumental groups. Music is promoted to a great extent in the New Apostolic Church.

The cultural life of the NAC has continued to develop, just as it has opened to the public. In addition to traditional church choirs, which are sometimes known among other denominations due to their quality, there are progressive music groups and ensembles which also perform publicly. Musical works of the nineteenth century or later are an essential part of the church's music literature.

Portions of the New Apostolic music literature have been revised and supplemented by literature from other Christian churches. Most of the hymns in the New Apostolic songbook are also sung in the Roman Catholic Church or Protestant Churches. A new songbook, which replaced the one from 1925, has been used since Easter 2005 in the Germanic countries and since September 2008 in the Anglophone countries.^[35]

Fellowship

The church and delegates of other denominations regard the communal fellowship of the New Apostolic Christians as one of their biggest strengths. `We stick together. We help each other, we are on first-name terms with each other, we all know each other. If one of us builds a garage, we muck in. We are a little family.` says Andreas Fincke, former religious scholar of the Protestant Church of Berlin.^[36] Many New Apostolic Christians have deep friendships within their congregation or district.

Emblem

The emblem of the church portrays a white Latin cross, hovering above stylised waves on blue background. The sun rises at the horizon of those waves, symbolised by 10 rays. There is no definite interpretation of its meaning. According to Peter Johanning, spokesman of the church, the various elements can be interpreted as Crucifixion of Jesus Christ (cross), Holy Baptism (water) and as Holy Sealing (sun), referring to the three sacraments of the church. Sunrise or sunset in the emblem could also be regarded as the immediate Second Coming of Christ. The first official emblem was created by Chief Apostle Schmidt in 1968 and can still be found on many church buildings. It was changed to a more modern appearance by Chief Apostle Richard Fehr in 1995.

Organization

As was the case with the Early Christian Church, the church ministers have no theological training. In addition to their family, professional and social obligations, they perform their pastoral duties in an honorary capacity. One of their most important duties is to give pastoral care to the believers assigned to them.

The NAC does not perform ordination of women. Regardless, many women teach in the Sunday Pre-School, Sunday School and Confirmation School, provide other religious education and hold leading positions in administrative duties and in music. Some congregations and districts have women who have a similar role to a deacon. At the end of his term, Chief Apostle Richard Fehr said that he considered the potential ordination of women as deaconesses, and the apostles are still considering the issue.

To become a minister, a male member of a congregation must accept an offer of ordination from a senior minister. It is the desire of the Church for these candidates to be elected with the assistance of prayer. This happens with the higher ministers, although ministries like priests or deacons are given to those with adequate circumstances (time, job, etc.). If the candidate accepts, an apostle will ordain him during a divine service. Apostles and also bishops, if possible, are ordained by the Chief Apostle.

The congregations are the centre of religious life. They are in the care of Shepherds, Evangelists or Priests commissioned by the Apostles. The Rectors of the congregations are assisted by Priests, and Deacons.

If a minister spreads teachings which are clearly against New Apostolic doctrines or canonical Christian interpretation of the bible he may be suspended temporarily, or be released from his ministry. A minister may also ask for time off or resign from his ministry voluntarily.

Political neutrality:
The New Apostolic Church abstains from all political statements. It expects its members to fulfill the laws and the civil obligations of their countries as long as divine laws are not transgressed. The church attaches importance to open and trusting relations with governments, authorities and the general public. New Apostolic Christians are free to engage in public life.

Hierarchy

The ministries in the NAC are hierarchical. The highest minister present in a congregation conducts the service. The different ministries are:

Apostles:

Chief Apostle 

The Chief Apostle is the head of the church. His position is equivalent to the one Apostle Peter had 2,000 years ago in the circle of the Apostles. Traditionally only the Chief Apostle appoints new apostles although at times of necessity, such as during World War II, he can commission an apostle to ordain other apostles. The Chief Apostle is only the head of the church here on earth; Jesus Christ is the head of all souls. Wilhelm Leber is the current Chief Apostle.

District Apostles 

Those working closest to the Chief Apostle are the District Apostles. They are the heads of the different regional churches and are assisted by other Apostles. Together with the Chief Apostle, they provide global unity in church doctrine and in pastoral care. District Apostles can serve Holy Communion to the departed, as well as baptise and seal the departed.

Apostles 

The apostle ministry is a very important ministry in the NAC. Only apostles can carry out the gift of the Holy Spirit and ordain new ministries. Presently there are 360 or more working apostles worldwide. Apostles can also assist their District Apostle in the commission of District Apostle Helper. District Apostle Helpers can serve Holy Communion to the departed, as well as baptise and seal the departed.

Priests: The different priestly ministries work in the local congregations and have responsibility for the direct spiritual care of the congregations. Priestly ministries can carry out Holy Baptism and Holy Communion. The ministries that are considered priestly are as follows:

Bishops 

A bishop works in several church districts, often directly supporting the apostle working in his district.

District Elders 

District Elders are mostly leaders of a regional church district. Some districts are too small to warrant this ministry.

District Evangelists 

District Evangelists support the District Elders.

Shepherds 

A shepherd works locally, usually leading a large congregation.

Evangelists 

An evangelist works locally, leading a congregation. The evangelist ministry is charged with testimony of the faith. They are usually for newly built congregations and are responsible for testifying the faith to non-members and members alike.

Priests 

Priests have direct responsibility for the spiritual care of the members. Several priests can belong to one congregation, depending on the local need. Priests, or higher ministries, can be commissioned to care for a congregation as the Rector. Priests conduct services unless a higher ministry is present. Priests are often switched around to conduct divine service in nearby congregations.

Deacons:

Deacons 

The deacon ministry is a local ministry. A Deacon generally works in his home congregation to support the priests. If a priest is unavailable, a Deacon will hold a divine service without the act of communion. Deacons are also allowed to participate in a service along with the priests.

Previously, there was a Sub-Deacon ministry. However, over time, the responsibilities of Deacons and Sub-Deacons began to overlap. After a District Apostles Meeting, it was decided that, as of 1 January 2002, no more Sub-Deacons would be ordained.

Structure

The international office of the New Apostolic Church is located in Zürich, Switzerland, and is the seat of the New Apostolic Church International Apostle Unity (NAKI). The members of NAKI are the Chief Apostle, the District Apostles and the Apostles and the worldwide church is led from there. The church is divided into several regional churches (districts), covering entire countries or continents. Depending on national laws, the District Apostles are the heads of the regional churches (often incorporated) and have sole fiscal authority for their district. The NAC is financed by voluntary gifts from the church members and does not collect taxes. Money received is used for building maintenance, social aid and aid for the developing countries. The church is politically neutral and expects its members to comply with local laws.

The Chief Apostle and the District Apostles meet regularly to consult each other on church matters of international significance. Every three years all Apostles gather for an international general assembly.

Finances

The international church is financed by allocations from District Apostle areas, and arranges for financially weak areas to receive aid from financially strong ones. The lion's share of earnings are used for construction and maintenance of church buildings, which are maintained by District Apostle areas. A considerable part of the budget is also spent on missionary work. The church aims to manage its affairs with as little administration as possible. All financial records are publicly available upon request and are published on church websites and in Our Family, the official magazine of the Church. Bookkeeping and accounting requirements are largely handled by independent Certified Public Accountants.

Pastoral and organisational duties in the congregations are carried out in an honorary capacity. All acts and blessings performed by the Church, e.g. baptisms, wedding ceremonies or funeral services are carried out free of charge. Generally Bishops and Apostles are the only ministers employed full-time by the church with their salary coming from offerings and authorised by accountants.

Church Institutions

In keeping with the needs of the congregations, there are a great many other services provided. It is important for church activities to cater to the needs of children (Sunday Pre-school, Sunday School and religious instruction), youth (youth evenings, youth services, youth events) and senior citizens (senior events). Thus, fellowship is cultivated and the bonds between members of the Church strengthened.

Publisher

Friedrich Bischoff, son of Chief Apostle Johann Gottfried Bischoff, founded the Friedrich Bischoff Verlag Gmbh in the 1930s. The company is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany and attached to NAC Southern Germany. Considered a Christian publisher, it publishes three church-internal magazines for the NAC:

Our Family has an international circulation of 350,000 copies. It is released twice a month in German, French, English, Spanish, Portuguese and Indonesian and once a month in another 21 languages. The content includes accounts of the Chief Apostle's divine services or travelogues, religious or historical background knowledge, stories about different congregations and advertisements. Our Family has had a German web presence since 2008.

We Children has an international total circulation of 18,000 and is released twice a month in German, English, French, Russian, Portuguese and Dutch. It covers topics about "Christians and the Bible". The magazine contains children's magazine material such as reading texts, pictures to colour, handicrafts instructions, brainteasers and public activities.

Spirit is a magazine particularly for young New Apostolic Christians. Current issues are discussed and examined for religious and critical purposes. The magazine also publishes many accounts of other denominations. It has a German web presence.

Children

There are many opportunities for children within the Church. They usually pass through several stages of education. In Sunday Pre-School (5 and younger) and Sunday School (6–10 years old) children are introduced to the general Christian faith and Bible stories. After this, children continue to Religious Education, which covers Christian and denominational history. Finally, children attend the Confirmation School, which explains New Apostolic belief in detail. A 14 or 15 year old youth can be confirmed with the blessing of the Church. During these years, children are provided with many educational materials including a bible. There are many children's activities besides Church education, one of the better examples being the famous Cape Town Children's Choir.

Children celebrate the Holy Communion just as adults do. However, in some congregations appointed "priests for children" give them the sacred wafer in a separate room after a little explanation of the process.

Youth

The New Apostolic Church conducts annual national youth days with a special divine service. Stadiums, conference halls or similar venues are used for these events. Youth days are usually split into two main parts. A divine service is held for the youth in the morning by the District Apostle or Chief Apostle followed by a common lunch and afternoon program. There are choirs, orchestra or bands playing music. Religious issues are presented in the form of movies, theatre pieces or workshops. Many organisers are making heavier use of youth opinions and suggestions about church matters.

A special youth day for the whole of Europe, European Youth Day 2009, took place in May 2009 in the LTU Arena in Düsseldorf, Germany.^[37]

Various youth activities take place within each district, namely monthly divine services, local or regional youth hours, choir rehearsal, sporting events and leisure activities. Many youth organise their own activity groups for photography, journalism, ecumenism, etc. There are also many youth websites for the New Apostolic Church.

Host Bakery

The main bakery is located in Bielefeld, Germany.^[38] One host is produced every 1.5 seconds, thus almost 130,000 hosts can be produced per day. In 2007, 230 million hosts were delivered to 50 countries in Europe, the Americas and a few in Asia and Africa. The bakery was founded in 1925 by a New Apostolic master baker named Pflug from Herne, Germany.

Chief Apostle Niehaus had the first hosts produced for New Apostolic Christians at the front lines during World War I. Before this, Holy Communion had been celebrated according to the Catholic Apostolic custom, with a piece of bread and a draught from a special wine jar.

A further host bakery was built in Cape Town, South Africa in 2003. It supplies the southern states in Africa with hosts, producing 240,000 of them per day.^[39]

Charitable work

Charitable and social work is growing in significance, including donations of food, medicine and clothing. Ministers hand on many donations. In poor countries and regions, Kindergartens, schools, orphanages, hospitals, retirement homes and clinics receive financial support. One such example is the "Amazing Grace" children's homes in South Africa. The church also supports interdenominational missionary and charitable organisations. The head office of NAK-karitativ, association for relief projects of the church, is located in Dortmund, Germany. It is officially valued as an exemplary social organization.

Regenbogen-NAK

An initiative group called Regenbogen-NAK (Rainbow-NAC in English) was founded in 1999 by homosexual and transsexual believers of the NAC. The main issues are the particular problems which affect them in public and in the church. The committee for special affairs of the church holds a dialog with the German and Swiss representatives. This does not mean that this group forms part of the NAC.

nacworld

"nacworld" is the social networking website of the New Apostolic Church International, and enables Christians from all over the world to come into contact.^[40] It is geared towards members of the New Apostolic Church. Members of other churches or religious communities are also welcome to join, and the site is open to all who are interested. nacworld can be used in German, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Dutch. An nacworld account is free of charge. There are no premium features, and nacworld has no income from advertising or sponsorship.

Ecumenism

Historical development

Chief Apostle Richard Fehr (1988–2005) founded the "Ecumenism Project Group" in 1999 to represent the Church among other Christian denominations, establish contacts with other denominations and churches and involve the NAC in common activities and affairs. The church administration may consider changing some rather exclusive ecumenical doctrines, but they also have to maintain their own profile.^[41]

In 1963, the World Council of Churches asked Chief Apostle Schmidt to send some deputies to a session in Geneva, Switzerland. He declined the offer because the ecumenical movement of that time was not politically neutral and also because he feared the Roman Catholic Church would have too much control. Later on, he explained publicly that participating in ecumenism would have triggered conflicts and criticism between the church and larger denominations.

An interest in ecumenism only came about when Chief Apostle Hans Urwyler sought to contact other Apostolic Denominations. In 2000, Richard Fehr called an Apostolic Council which embraced discussion about common social and religious topics and interests. A general rapprochement between Apostolic denominations has been underway since 2005. This brought about some conflicts, but both sides want to continue and strive for reconciliation.^[42] All official "excommunications" of excluded members have now been cancelled.

In 1994 the church refused an ecumenical offer of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Christlicher Kirchen (English: Consortium of Christian Churches) with the justification that the ecumenical way of Christian unity would not be an appropriate way of religious life according to the sense and goals of Jesus Christ.

The recently founded "Ecumenism Project Group" has officially contacted other churches and has reached amicable relations with various congregations. The first dialogues were held in Southern Germany, where the New Apostolic congregations in Memmingen and Aschaffenburg^[43] have joined the ecumenical institution Arbeitsgemeinschaft Christlicher Kirchen. The New Apostolic district Thun, Switzerland^[44] is also a guest member. The leaders of this institution published a brochure about the New Apostolic Church in April 2008. The church has had discussions with various other churches, particularly with the Protestant Church, Methodists, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church. Although there are contacts and memberships in local communities there are no such on the regional or even national level in Germany where there is a strong opposition because of fundamental theological issues (services for the dead, exclusivity and nature of the church, the apostle ministry etc.).

Ecumenical efforts are also underway in the USA, Argentina and South Africa. The NAC is regarded as one of the national churches in Argentina.^[45] The District Apostles Freund^[46] and Barnes^[47] had meetings with deputies of other churches, leading to good results. The District Apostle of the USA, Leonard Kolb, stated in an interview that New Apostolic Christians can learn a lot from other churches and that he will seek more ecumenical contacts.^[48]

Current standing

The New Apostolic Church is not currently a member of the World Council of Churches.

The New Apostolic Church allows all people, no matter their denomination, to participate in the Holy Communion. It also allows New Apostolic Christians to participate in the Eucharist of another church. The New Apostolic Christians pray the New King James Version of the Our Father, since Pentecost 2008. This is very similar to most other churches.

The New Apostolic baptism is recognised by Protestant churches and the Roman Catholic Church, because it is carried out in the name of the Triune God. Also the NAC recognizes every baptism which is carried out in the name of the Triune God and with water. This means that the NAC does not recognise baptism by Jehovah's Witnesses or Mormons.^[49] After noting this doctrinal change, Martin Baumann said the NAC seems to be becoming a free Church.^[50]

The Church does not attend ecumenical divine services because the church administration regard acts of blessing as "not sharable". But they regard prayers or greetings at the altar as possible (e.g. during a wedding). If a New Apostolic Christian marries another Christian in their church, the blessing of that church is fully recognised. The New Apostolic Church lends its buildings to other denominations and makes the buildings available for public events. They also try to sell unused churches to religious organisations. The New Apostolic Church is considered modern and progressive in comparison with other free churches or religious groups.

The New Apostolic Church believes in the Universal action of the Holy Spirit (Christian church), given the fact that elements of truth can be found in other Christian churches.^[51]

On 24 October 2005 Chief Apostle Leber encouraged ministers to engage in ecumenism, which means approaching one another and talking together.^[52]

Reception

Membership

New Apostolic Church building in Paris, France

...in Krasnoturyinsk, Russia

...in Cape Town, South Africa

...in Berlin, Germany

...in São Filipe on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde

...in Windhoek, Namibia

...in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Current membership

In 2006, the New Apostolic Church claimed to have about 10.8 million members worldwide, thus being by far the largest Catholic Apostolic movement.^[49] The church's origins are in Europe, where about 519,000 New Apostolic Christians live.^[49] Almost 385,000 believers live in the origin country Germany^[49] and more than 5,200 in Austria. The church established itself in Switzerland in 1895 by founding the community of Zurich-Hauttingen. In 2009, Switzerland had 35,000 New Apostolic Church members in 218 communities.^[53] Membership in Central Europe is slightly decreasing due to obsolescence and emigration, whereas in Eastern Europe it is growing.

The largest number of New Apostolic Christians live in Africa. Nearly 3 million are located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and roughly 12% of the inhabitants of Zambia are New Apostolic. The Church also maintains high membership in Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique and South Africa.

Nearly 1.5 million members live in Asia. The New Apostolic faith initially was brought by European emigrants to Indonesia, where 20,000 believers live today. From the beginning of the 1970s, missionaries of the Church spread their faith in other countries as well. Most Asian believers live in India (920,000) and Pakistan (200,000). About 25,000 believers live in China, and 15,000 in Thailand.

The New Apostolic Church in North America was built by German ministers in the 1870s who had emigrated to the United States or Canada. The church has grown in the United States, counting 35,000 members in the country in 1994. The church has grown from its beginnings, especially among the population of German immigrants.^[54]

Some German ministers emigrated to Southern Argentina in the 1920s, where they evangelised to other European emigrants. Most of the more than 200,000 believers in Argentina today are a result of this. There are 60,000 believers living in Brazil and 35,000 in Peru.

There are 360 apostles of the church more than the half living in Africa.

• Out of 11,239,935 believers...:
  • 77.9% live in Africa.
  • 12.8% live in Asia.
  • 4.4% live in Europe.
  • 3.6% live in South America.
  • 0.9% live in Australia and Oceania.
  • 0.4% live in North America.

• Membership in Anglophone countries:
  • Great Britain, 2,722 (2005)^[55]
  • USA, 37,514 (2005)^[56]
  • Canada, 13,315 (2007)^[57]
  • Australia, more than 100,000 (2008)
  • South Africa, 440,000 (2008)

Chronology of worldwide membership

There are the numbers of believers between 1960–2007:^[58]

Year	Worldwide	Africa	America	Asia	Australia	Europe
1960	524,341	97,370	46,047	3,443	1,199	376,282
1970	744,194	168,303	85,861	6,569	1,870	481,591
1980	1,758,525	519,595	146,354	592,840	27,841	471,895
1990	5,936,610	3,193,905	298,104	1,897,694	59,923	486,984
2000	9,913,250	7,375,139	403,892	1,517,030	87,040	530,149
2001[59]	10,117,444	7,652,065	412,041	1,435,360	89,144	525,163
2002[60]	10,387,378	7,912,428	419,533	1,441,545	91,118	522,754
2003[61]	10,624,911	8,132,225	429,372	1,449,210	92,827	521,227
2004[62]	10,811,754	8,308,006	438,789	1,451,237	94,615	519,107
2007[63]	11,239,935	8,758,430	461,233	1,436,190	103,567	480,515*

(*)The decrease of membership in Europe 2007 refers to a revision of the NAC computer network's (IAKOP) numbers.

Sociological profile

According to a survey led in 2008 by Namini and Murken, the high amount (43%) of young NAC members under 15 who had lost their fathers could be explained by the theology of the father and the figure of the Chief Apostle at the top of the hierarchy.^[64]

Controversies

The NAC was very introverted until recently and has had strict guidelines, so recently it has had to face sharp criticism. Many aspects of this criticism have been shown, through multiple professional assessments, to derive from the "ancient" period, i.e. from the 1960s to the 1990s.^[65] The opening process of ecumenism has led the church to change many doctrines and guidelines, some drastically, making the church look more modern today in comparison to other churches.^[66]

Former criticism

By the 1990s, the church was fighting the following controversies which made them look like a sect in public.^[67]

Resting upon the statement that only direct discipleship leads to eternal life, the Primitive Church established a system of obedience toward Jesus' apostles just after Jesus' death. The strict thought of obedience toward the apostle ministry is intended to continue this tradition. The social instruction strictly to obey a predecessor was so distinct that members had to obtain information from their "leaders". That information bound them, if only unconsciously, so that the ministers controlled the lives of many members, telling them that their information matched God's will.

A new generation of free thinkers appeared in Europe in the 1950s, but that development passed by the church. This was partly because the church publicly withdraw into a hedgehog-like defensive position through fear of attacks from other churches, and thus social change became impossible. That dictatorial hierarchy remained until the 1980s and the ecumenical opening. The linking of obedience in faith to participation in the Second Coming of Christ was often strongly criticised.

From the beginning of the 20th century until the ecumenical opening under Chief Apostle Hans Urwyler, some common prohibitions from ministers became known internally as "rules"^[68] e.g.: Having a television; Going to discos, cinemas or sporting events; Growing a beard or long hair for men; Women wearing jeans or shorts during church attendance; Making a journey outside the church or marrying someone from outside the church, from "the World". Ministers often threatened members that if they did not follow these rules they would not get to participate in the Second Coming of Christ. Although the majority ignored those rules from the beginning, it resulted in psychological problems for others even under Chief Apostle Richard Fehr.

Numerous former members, especially in Germany, criticised the Church for confining women to roles such as church cleaning, parental tasks such as Sunday school, and choir participation. Recently, New Apostolic woman have been granted much greater importance. Women in several congregations have partly taken over the tasks of deacons or administrators. Although women cannot be ordained ministers, this point of criticism is no longer topical. Some critics charge that there were ministers who held out the prospect of divine blessing to donors, while threatening to deny blessing to those who did not donate.

However, the death of Chief Apostle Bischoff triggered a slow but continual change, which brought, among other things, the term "self-reliance" – every single believer is personally responsible for the salvation of his soul – by Chief Apostle Urwyler in 1986. This has led to contacts with other churches, especially religious groups who split from NAC because of the "Botschaft". The spectrum has broadened in the last ten years and made it apparent there is a conservative wing and a liberal wing among the church members.

The French Commission on Cults registered the New Apostolic Church as a cult in its reports in 1995 and 1999 (see Groups referred to as cults in government documents). In 1997, the Belgian parliamentary commission established a list of 189 movements, including the New Apostolic Church. In its report of 2001, the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contre les Sectes did not agree with the official recognition of the New Apostolic Church in 1984 in New-Caledonia.^[69]

Current criticism

Historical events

Many former members criticise the behaviour of the church at the time of the "Botschaft" as the most controversial subject in New Apostolic history. Furthermore, the official political attitude toward the regimes of Nazi Germany^[70] and in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) are heavily questioned, which seems to be a result of ignorance. Independent historians from various Apostolic churches investigated these topics, providing reliable and objective results.

Criticism from other churches

The Protestant and Roman Catholic churches criticise the following doctrinal points, which have not yet been rejected:^[71] the assertion that the New Apostolic apostle ministry corresponds with that of the Primitive Church, and the doctrine that genuine kinship to God can only be received by the New Apostolic apostle ministry.

The beliefs about the dead also cause trouble, but the NAC has a chance to explain that via ecumenical approaches. Another criticism is that the hierarchy of the church has no theological education.^[72] Religious scholar Georg Schmid considers the NAC sermons as monotone with little depth and virtually no exegesis or theology.^[73]

The important role of the Chief Apostle, frequently identified with Christ, is often criticised by mainstream Christianity. For example, in a hymnal published by the Church in 1933, 106 songs out of 200 were devoted to the apostle.^[74]

Handling of criticism

Siegfried Dannwolf, former member from Germany, describes in his book Gottes verlorene Kinder how he was defamed with lies and misrepresentations in his congregation after he left the church. "Even my wife didn't believe me anymore. That figures, says Dannwolf. The problem goes beyond the family, marriages break up. I haven't had any contact with my parents for years.^[75] Further possible mental consecutive symptoms of membership in the NAC and individual difficulties of quitting are described by Olaf Stoffel in his book Angeklagt.

Such negative experiences with its ministers are lamentable exceptions for the New Apostolic Church. "Aside from the fact that such cases occur in every church, in the NAC they are relatively seldom when faced with its large membership", said a commissioner of the Protestant Church in Germany.

"It is quite a difference, whether a tree withers at the roots and thus is the entire tree lost, or whether some branches which have withered break away from the tree", commented Chief Apostle Schmidt the importance of single critics who have left the church.^[76]

This is also confirmed by the cult commissioner of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg, Albert Lampe. He sees no comparison with dangerous groups such as Scientology, because "for this, there are too many New Apostolic Christians leading a normal life and not standing in absolute dependence".^[77]

Chief Apostle Leber explained at a news conference, what adjustments he would undertake and how he would take criticism, "In the past individual persons or groups have spread a vehement temper against the church. The peak of that criticism of former members was over long ago. (...) But we have learned as well to be able to take criticism. This must be learned, this is a process as well". On the point "readiness to engage in dialogue" he said, "If there are factual requests, I will always espouse that answers are given. For this, I will always be on hand. But if frontiers of fair contact were trespassed or polemical arguments appear, a continuation of the dialogue would make no sense then".^[78]

Splinter groups

After Apostle Preuss' death in 1878, a dispute over succession caused a separation between the majority of Hamburg's congregation with Prophet Heinrich Geyer and Apostle Johannn Friedrich Gueldner on one side (still under the name Allgemeine christliche apostolische Mission) and the Apostles Friedrich Wilhelm Menkhoff, Eduard Wichmann, and Fritz Krebs on the other.

The second schism occurred with the HAZK in 1897 in the Netherlands due to the introduction of the office of the Chief Apostle. by The group following the Chief Apostle adopted the name Hersteld Apostolische Zendinggemeente in de Eenheid der Apostelen (HAZEA) after the schism of 1897 and continued to use it until the 1960s.

Niemeyer and later Carl Georg Klibbe began to criticize the worshipping of Chief Apostle Hermann Niehaus' person, resulting in Niehaus' announcement of Wilhelm Schlaphoff as Klibbe's replacement in 1913. Another point of view says this was a misunderstanding. The ship on which Klibbe was believed to be traveling, after a conference of apostles, sank. He was believed to have drowned, although he had actually chosen another ship. Nevertheless, Schlaphoff declined to resign his Apostle Ministry^[79]

After his exclusion, Klibbe went on working under the name New Apostolic Church. In 1926, an agreement was reached between the followers of Klibbe and Schlaphoff. As part of the settlement, Klibbe renamed the church he had founded in 1889 as Old Apostolic Church of Africa.^[80] According to court papers filed, the Klibbe group became independent from the New Apostolic Church in 1915.^[81][82] At the time of Klibbe's death in 1931 the Old Apostolic Church had more than 1 million adherents.

On 10 October 1920 Chief Apostle Hermann Niehaus appointed Apostle J. G. Bischoff as Chief Apostle Helper and on 14 December 1924 he assigned Bischoff to succeed him, even though the Saxon Apostle Carl August Brueckner had already been declared as his successor. After 1914, Niehaus was led more and more by emotions, dreams and visions. Brueckner became the focus for all those who criticised the spiritual views of the Chief Apostle and the worshipping of his person. The different opinions led to the exclusion of Apostle Brueckner and several thousand believers in 1921. The excluded founded the Reformiert-Apostolischer Gemeindebund. A further schism occurred when the Australian Apostle Hermann Niemeyer was excluded from the church on his way home after a conference of apostles. Like Brueckner, he had opposed the claim to power of the Chief Apostle. After his return he founded the Apostolic Church of Queensland. As a reaction to these crisis-hit times, Niehaus had all of the Apostles cast a vote of confidence in him and gathered them in his own association, the Apostelkollegium der Neuapostolischen Gemeinden Deutschland.

Other splits of the New Apostolic Church occurred in Switzerland Vereinigung Apostolischer Christen , South Africa (again) Apostle Unity and the Netherlands (again) Apostolische Geloofsgemeenschap in 1954, and in West-Germany Apostolische Gemeinschaft and Apostolische Gemeinde des Saarlandes in 1955 due to a 1951 teaching of the then-Chief Apostle Johann Gottfried Bischoff. This teaching presumed that he would not die before Jesus Christ returned to take the predestined into his kingdom (First Resurrection). In 1954 this teaching, called "The Botschaft", became an official dogma.^[83] Those ministers, especially the apostles who declined to preach this, even after several interlocutions, lost their offices and were excluded from the New Apostolic Church. Chief Apostle Bischoff died in 1960 without his prophecy being fulfilled.^[84] but there was no restoration of the excommunicated ministers. The various communities and congregations like the Apostolic Church of Queensland or the Apostolic Church of South Africa - Apostle Unity which evolved out of these conflicts in different countries merged in 1956 as the "United Apostolic Church".

Another, earlier, split was the break with the Apostelamt Juda in 1902, from which the Apostelamt Jesu Christi emerged.

On May 1, 2005 a document of the first steps of reconciliation was signed by the Swiss New Apostolic Church and the United Apostolic Church in Switzerland (Vereinigung Apostolischer Christen).

Bibliography

Publications by NAC

• New Acts of the Apostles NAKI Verlag Friedrich Bischoff Frankfort am Main 1985
• History of the New Apostolic Church G. Rockenfelder, editor Verlag Friedrich Bischoff Frankfort am Main 1970
• Questions and Answers concerning the New Apostolic Faith NAKI Verlag Friedrich Bischoff Frankfort am Main [ed unknown]
• History of the Kingdom of God v. I & v. II Apostles College of the New Apostolic Church, Verlag Friedrich Bischoff Frankfort am Main 1971 (vI) 1973 (vII)

See also

• Twelve Apostles
• Chief Apostle
• Religion in Germany
• Apostolic Church of South Africa - Apostle Unity
• United Apostolic Church
• Old Apostolic Church
• Catholic Apostolic Church
• Apostolic Church of Queensland

External links

Official New Apostolic Church sites

• New Apostolic Church International
• New Apostolic Church USA
• New Apostolic Church UK & Ireland
• New Apostolic Church South Africa – Cape
• New Apostolic Church South East Africa
• New Apostolic Church Canada
• New Apostolic Church Australia
• New Apostolic Church South America
• New Apostolic Church links to international English-language web sites
• European Youth Day 2009 of the New Apostolic Church
• nacworld The social networking website of the New Apostolic Church International

Unaffiliated sites

• New Apostolic Church Part 1 NAC Part 2 by Eryl Davies – critical view of former NAC teachings
• glaubenskultur German-language site, primarily focused on the NAC, some articles in English
• Homosexual, bisexual and transsexual Christians in the New Apostolic Church English-language site
• NACBoard History, Documents, Analysis, and Discussion regarding the New Apostolic Church
• Waechterstimme German-language site, a collection of church documents and commentary, some English articles
• Apostolischekritiek Dutch-language site focused on the NAC
• Christ im dialog German-language site, focused on the NAC and Christianity, some articles in English
• Life Line to the NAC Doctrinal critique from a former priest in the USA
• naki.de Criticism about previous doctrines – German-language website with English articles

References

• New Apostolic Church and Ecumenism – by Apostle Volker Kühnle (German)

1. ^ ^{a b c} NAC International around the world
2. ^ Gathered Under Apostles; A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church; G.C. Flegg: Oxford, 1992. – ISBN 0-19-826335-X
3. ^ ^{a b c d} New Acts of the Apostles NAKI, Verlag F. Bischoff 1985
4. ^ ^{a b c} Teacher's Manual for Religious Instruction in the New Apostolic Church Vol 3., NAKI 2001
5. ^ Translation from Seher, Grübler, Enthusiasten. Das Buch der traditionellen Sekten und religiöse Sonderbewegungen, 15th edition, Kurt Hutten, Quell Verlag, Stuttgart 1997.
6. ^ History of the Kingdom of God vol I The Apostles College of the New Apostolic Church, Verlag F. Bischoff 1971
7. ^ History of the New Apostolic Church Editor G. Rockenfelder, Verlag F. Bischoff 1970
8. ^ New Apostolic Church International website, http://www.nak.org/en/about-the-nac/history-of-our-church/ as of July 4, 2007
9. ^ "fendt_hiby"
10. ^ "bischoff-1985"
11. ^ English Transcription of REPORT OF THE DIVINE SERVICE HELD IN FRANKFURT-MAIN WEST, Chief Apostle Schmidt et al, JULY 10, 1960
12. ^ New Apostolic Church International website, http://www.nak.org/en/about-the-nac/history-of-our-church/ July 5, 2007
13. ^ Bureau of the Census, William Chamberlin Hunt, Edwin Munsell Bliss (1916). Religious bodies. 2. p. 529. http://books.google.fr/books?id=0UPOp4NrrYAC&pg=PA529&dq=%22new+apostolic+church%22&hl=fr&ei=jAh8TJnZHJDJswaD78CyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20apostolic%20church%22&f=false. 
14. ^ Séraphin, Gilles; Droz, Yvan (2004) (in French). L'effervescence religieuse en Afrique. La diversité locale des implantations religieuses chrétiennes au Cameroun et au Kenya. Paris: Karthala. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-2845865747. http://books.google.fr/books?id=TGq55L3v_CMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=L%27effervescence+religieuse+en+Afrique:+la+diversit%C3%A9+locale+des+implantations&hl=fr&ei=v7Z6TKWWB8-VOIDfyMsJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. 
15. ^ NAC International – Catechism
16. ^ NAC International – Announcement September 2004
17. ^ NAC International – Baptism
18. ^ NAC International – Holy Communion
19. ^ NAC International – Sealing
20. ^ ^{a b} About the NAC
21. ^ Questions and Answers about the New Apostolic faith; Questions 250 – 263
22. ^ District Apostles and Apostles
23. ^ Apostle Ministry necessary for salvation
24. ^ New Apostolic Creed
25. ^ New Apostolic Church – stem cell research
26. ^ opinion sexuality 2005
27. ^ New Apostolic Church – concubinage
28. ^ NAC – official statement on ecumenism
29. ^ NAC – official statement on evolution
30. ^ New Apostolic Church – sexual behaviour
31. ^ NAC – official statement on suicide
32. ^ Kirsch, Thomas (2008). Spirits and letters: reading, writing and charisma in African Christianity. Berghahn books. pp. 160–65. ISBN 978-1-84545-483-8. http://books.google.fr/books?id=CxhyB6XmymkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Spirits+and+letters:+reading,+writing+and+charisma+in+African+Christianity&hl=fr&ei=yQd9TOyyE8_aOJPavIIE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
33. ^ glaubenskultur.de – German and fee required article
34. ^ NAC International – New "Divine Service Guide"
35. ^ NAC International – New Hymnbook
36. ^ christ-im-dialog: Interview with Dr. A. Fincke, EZW (German)
37. ^ EYD 2009 homepage
38. ^ Host bakery in Bielefeld – German
39. ^ Host bakery in Cape Town – German
40. ^ New Apostolic Church International news about nacworld
41. ^ NAC Southern Germany – Speech about Ecumenism
42. ^ Chief Apostle's desire for reconciliation
43. ^ nak.org: Guest membership in ACK of Aschaffenburg
44. ^ District of Thun – Ecumenism
45. ^ Maran atha – Our Lord coms – Biography Richard Fehr
46. ^ New Apostolic Calendar – Our Family – Interview with Richard Freund
47. ^ Our Family magazine: "Apostle Ordination in Cape Town 2007" – Interview with Noel Barnes
48. ^ Our Family magazine: "New District Apostle of USA area 2008" – Interview with Leonard C. Kolb
49. ^ ^{a b c d} "Église néo-apostolique: précisions sur l'attitude envers les autres chrétiens et leurs sacrements" (in French). Religioscopes. 31 January 2006. http://religion.info/french/articles/article_223.shtml. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 
50. ^ Baumann, Martin; Stolz, Jörg (April 2009) (in French). La nouvelle Suisse religieuse: Risques et chances de sa diversité. Genève: Labor et Fides. p. 159. ISBN 978-2-8309-1278-4. http://books.google.fr/books?id=OTVDdyLvvfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=La+nouvelle+Suisse+religieuse:+Risques+et+chances+de+sa+diversit%C3%A9&hl=fr&ei=P656TJucK4OeOLSa9MEG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
51. ^ nak.org – The Holy Spirit and its diverse ways of activity
52. ^ nak.org – Chief Apostles encourages to engage in ecumenism
53. ^ Baumann, Martin; Stolz, Jörg (April 2009) (in French). La nouvelle Suisse religieuse: Risques et chances de sa diversité. Genève: Labor et Fides. p. 158. ISBN 978-2-8309-1278-4. http://books.google.fr/books?id=OTVDdyLvvfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=La+nouvelle+Suisse+religieuse:+Risques+et+chances+de+sa+diversit%C3%A9&hl=fr&ei=P656TJucK4OeOLSa9MEG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
54. ^ Lerat, Christian; Rigal-Cellard, Bernadette (2000) (in French). Les mutations transatlantiques des religions. Pessac: Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. p. 270. http://books.google.fr/books?id=Rh686QNRRJgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Les+mutations+transatlantiques+des+religions&hl=fr&ei=gQF8TLylCIqTswbM4diyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
55. ^ New Apostolic Calendar – Our Family 2005 – Page 82
56. ^ New Apostolic Calendar – Our Family 2005 – Page 80
57. ^ New Apostolic Calendar – Our Family 2007 – Page 82
58. ^ Booklet for religious education – third part – page 80
59. ^ "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten (Stand 31.12.2001)" (in German). Neuapostolische Kirche International. 6 October 2002. http://www.nak.org/nc/de/news/berichte-aus-aller-welt/article/12782/. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
60. ^ "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten (Stand 31.12.2002)" (in German). Neuapostolische Kirche International. 21 February 2003. http://www.nak.org/nc/de/news/news-display/article/12791/. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
61. ^ "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten (Stand 31.12.2003)" (in German). Neuapostolische Kirche International. 28 January 2004. http://www.nak.org/nc/de/news/berichte-aus-aller-welt/article/12822/. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
62. ^ "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten (Stand 31.12.2004)" (in German). Neuapostolische Kirche International. 17 March 2005. http://www.nak.org/nc/de/news/news-display/article/12970/. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
63. ^ "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten (Stand 31.12.2007)" (in German) (pdf). Neuapostolische Kirche International. 2008. http://www.nak.org/fileadmin/download/pdf/ZDF_311207.pdf. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
64. ^ Brandt, Pierre-Yves; Fournier, Claude-Alexandre (13 November 2009) (in French). La conversion religieuse – Analyses psychologiques, anthropologiques et sociologiques. Labor et Fides. pp. 135. ISBN 978-2-8309-1366-8. http://books.google.fr/books?id=bkwyqblGQUoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=La+conversion+religieuse:+Analyses+psychologiques,+anthropologiques&hl=fr&ei=nLp6TObYOYWgOObaqLgG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. 
65. ^ evangelical times; example for former points of criticism
66. ^ "Fincke-Interview mit Glaubenskultur" (in German). mediasinres. 2007. http://www.mediasinres.net/lupe/fincke-interview-mit-glaubenskultur/. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
67. ^ Unfactual description as cult
68. ^ NACBoard discussions
69. ^ MILS (2001). "MIVILUDES report of 2001" (in French) (PDF). p. 76. http://www.miviludes.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/MILS_Rapport_2001_fr.pdf. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
70. ^ Critical thinking about Nazi-NAC links
71. ^ Schmid, Georg (2003) (in German). Kirchen, Sekten, Religionen. p. 181. 
72. ^ Dobrowsky, Bernhard; Sinabell, Johannes (2006). "Neuapostolische Kirche, Die Geschichte" (in German). weltanschauungsfragen. http://www.weltanschauungsfragen.at/informationen/n/articles/2005/01/10/a2454. 
73. ^ Schmid, Georg (2007). "NAK Neuapostolische Kirche". Relinfo. http://relinfo.ch/nak/2007.html. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
74. ^ Mannion, Gerard; Mudge, Lewis (11 December 2007). The Routledge companion to the Christian church. Routledge. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-415-37420-0. http://books.google.fr/books?id=OT33-JOkEr4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Routledge+companion+to+the+Christian+church&hl=fr&ei=_RJ9TMONE4jEOM3lrYIE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
75. ^ "Von Aposteln an den Rand des Selbstmords getrieben" (in German). religio. http://www.religio.de/akinfo/208.html. Retrieved 2 September 2010. 
76. ^ Quotation: Chief apostle Walter Schmidt, 14 April; in "Angeklagt", 1999, P. 128
77. ^ Recension M. Koch, w.r.t. Lecture by Peter Johanning. (German)
78. ^ naktuell.de: News conference chief apostle reversal 18 May 2005 (German article)
79. ^ Pienaar. K. Die openbaring van die dwaalleer van die Ou Apostelkerk. 2003. Volhard Uitgewers.
80. ^ Klaits, Frederick (2010). Death in a church of life: moral passion during Botswana's time of AIDs. University of California Press. p. 316. ISBN 9780520259669. http://books.google.fr/books?id=izl4SOKi3t8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Death+in+a+church+of+life:+moral+passion+during+Botswana%27s+time+of+AIDs&hl=fr&ei=dy99TO2yJpeXONei-JcG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
81. ^ Kreunen v Klibbe and the New Apostolic Church, 432 of 1926 (SA)
82. ^ Duncan. B.R. Die Nuwe Apostoliese Kerk: Waarheid of dwaling. Christelike Opleiding en Kerkgroei. Kuilsrivier.
83. ^ Letter to all members in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, J.P. Fendt and E. Hiby, January 1955
84. ^ "Letter to Administration Brothers and Members at home and abroad", Signed by the Apostles, July 7, 1960