Schism (religion)

A schism (pronounced /ˈskɪzəm/ or /ˈsɪzəm/), from Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, "to tear, to split"), is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a break of communion between two sections of Christianity that were previously a single body, or to a division within some other religion. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.

A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism.

In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy, since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of, division,^[1] but schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy. In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy is a schism.^[2] However, the Presbyterian scholar James McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian bishop of Virginia Peter Lee) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ. Choose heresy every time."^[3]

Buddhism

Main article: Schools of Buddhism

In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life. This schism lasted only a short time, and Devadatta later apologized for his misdeeds. Later (after Buddha's death), the early Buddhist schools came into being due to various schisms, but there is still some unclarity concerning the specific schisms that occurred, and the order in which they occurred. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups (Mahanikaya and Dhammayut), of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk. Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism (since 1616) from the other Tibetan schools. In recent years political manipulation from China has attempted to create further schisms among Tibetan Buddhists. But since the religious authority of the Dalai Lama is uncertainly defined, schism in Tibetan Buddhism is hard to detect.

Christianity

Main article: Christian denomination

The historical development of major church branches from their roots. Protestantism in general, and particularly Restorationism, claims a direct connection with Early Christianity.

The words schism and schismatic have found their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to denote splits within a church or religious body. In this context, "schismatic", as a noun, denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church; as an adjective, "schismatic" refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism, and so departure from what the user of the word considers to be the true Christian Church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular.

Some religious groups make a distinction^[4] between heresy and schism. Heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of communion with the authorities of a Church, and this term has historically been applied to such a break when there was no dispute about doctrine. But, when people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities result, each of which then, in many cases, accuses the other of heresy.

In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication.^[5] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".^[6] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.^[6] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.^[6]

The First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) distinguished between schism and heresy. It declared Arian and non-Trinitarian teachings to be heretical and excluded their adherents from the Church. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis, considering their quarrel to be a matter of discipline, not of faith.

The divisions that came to a head at the Councils of Ephesus (A.D. 431) and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were seen as matters of heresy, not merely of schism. Thus, the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy consider each other to be heretical, not orthodox, because of the Oriental Orthodox Church's rejection and the Eastern Orthodox Church's acceptance of the Confession of Chalcedon about the two natures, human and divine, of Christ.

The Nicene Creed (adopted by the First Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325) declares belief in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. Some who accept this creed believe they should be united in a single Church or group of Churches in communion with each other. Others who accept this creed believe it does not speak of a visible organization but of all those baptized who hold the Christian faith, referred to as Christendom. Some churches consider themselves as the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Church to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Church also claims that title and holds that the Catholic Church is schismatic and probably heretical. Some Protestant Churches believe that they also represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and consider the Orthodox and Catholic Churches to be in error, while others do not expect a union of all Christian churches on earth. See also Great Apostasy.

A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for the Anglican Communion is that over homosexuality.

It has been recently suggested that a section of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland might be heading for a schism. The potential breakaway church led by Father Rydzyk was named "The Rydzyk Church of Poland" [1], an ironic expression, or the "Toruń-Catholic Church" (in Polish: kościół toruńsko-katolicki). In Poland the latter term is sometimes used to refer to the ideology of Father Rydzyk and his followers, who are known as the Radio Maryja Family.

Islam

Main article: Muslim sects

See also: Pan-Islamism, Succession to Muhammad, and Sunni-Shia relations

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammed, there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought, traditions and related faiths.^[7][8] According to a Hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammed), Muhammed is said to have prophesied "My Ummah (Community or Nation) will be fragmented into seventy-three sects, and all of them will be in the Hell fire except one." The Sahaba (his companions) asked him which group that would be, whereupon he replied, "It is the one to which I and my companions belong" (reported in Sunan al-Tirmidhi Hadith No. 171).

However, the central text of Islam, the Qur'an, ordains that Muslims are not to be divided into divisions or sects but rather united under a common goal of faith in one God and acceptance of Muhammad as the prophet of Allah; failure to do has been deemed a sin by God and thus forbidden.^{[6:149][6:159]} The Qur'an also ordains that the followers of Islam need to "obey Allah and obey the Messenger (i.e., Prophet Muhammed)." The Qur'an stresses the importance of keeping the commandments mentioned in the Qur'an by Allah and following all the teachings of Muhammed,^[4:59] and labels everyone who concurs as a "Muslim"^[22:78] and a part of the "best of communities brought forth from mankind".^[3:110]

Sunni Muslims, often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or Ahl as-Sunnah, are the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah, which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad; therefore, the term Sunni refers to those who follow or maintain the Sunnah of Muhammad. The Sunni believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Muslim ummah (community). After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph. Sunnis regard the first four caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar (`Umar ibn al-Khattāb), Uthman Ibn Affan, and Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib) - as the al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn or "Rashidun" (The Rightly Guided Caliphs). Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph may be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Caliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. There has not been another widely recognized Caliph since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923.

Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam. Shi`a Muslims believe that, similar to the appointment of prophets, Imams after Muhammad are also chosen by God. According to Shi`as, Ali was chosen by Allah and thus appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslim community. They regard him as the first Shia Imam, which continued as a hereditary position through Fatimah and Ali's descendants.

Sufism is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam practised by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi followers consider themselves Sunni or Shia, while others consider themselves as just Sufi or Sufi-influenced. Sufism is usually considered to be complementary to orthodox Islam, although Sufism has often been accused by the salafi of being an unjustified Bid‘ah or religious innovation. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.^[9] One starts with sharia (Islamic law), the exoteric or mundane practice of Islam, and then is initiated into the mystical (esoteric) path of a Tariqah (Sufi Order).

Kharijite (lit. "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Islamic sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali, eventually rejected his legitimacy after he negotiated with Mu'awiya during the 7th Century Islamic civil war (First Fitna).^[10] Their complaint was that the Imam must be spiritually pure, whereas Ali's compromise with Mu'awiya was a compromise of his spiritual purity and therefore of his legitimacy as Imam or Caliph. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree.

Judaism

Main article: Jewish schisms

See also: Jewish views of religious pluralism, Relationships between Jewish religious movements, and Jewish principles of faith

Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms. Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist.

Examples

Jewish

• Samaritanism, c. 586BCE
• The Council of Jamnia, c.90, decreed Nazarenes schismatic.

Islamic

• The schism of the Shia and Sunni, c. 632
• The schism of the Kharijites, late 7th century
• The schism of the Mu'tazilites, 8th century
• The schism of the Mihna, c. 833
• The schism of Ahmadiyya, 19th century
• The schism of Zikri, c. 1500
• The Moorish Science Temple of America, c. 1913
• The Nation of Islam, c. 1930
• The United Submitters International, c. mid-20th century

Christian

Main article: Christian denomination #Historical schisms and methods of classification scheme

• The schism of Marcionism, c.150^{[citation needed]}
• The schism of Gnosticism, which some attribute to Valentinius^{[citation needed]}, c. 150, others much earlier^{[citation needed]}
• The schism of Montanism
• The schism of Monarchianism, c. 200^{[citation needed]}
• The many Antipopes, beginning with Hippolytus (writer) in 217 though Hippolytus later reconciled.
• The Donatist schism, beginning in 311
• The schism with Arianism and Quartodecimanism at the First Council of Nicaea, 325
• The Nestorian Schism, after the First Council of Ephesus in 431, between Western Christianity and Nestorianism
• The Oriental Orthodox schism and rejection of the Council of Chalcedon, c. 451
• The Acacian schism, 484-519
• The schism of the Armenian Orthodox, 491
• Two Fourth Councils of Constantinople, one Catholic (869-870) and one Orthodox (879-880)
• The Cadaver Synod of 897
• The Great Schism of 1054
• Lollardy in the 1350s
• Three Popes at the same time: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII, resolved at Council of Constance, see also Western Schism, 1378–1417
• The Swiss Reformation beginning in 1516
• The Protestant Reformation beginning in 1517
• Anabaptist, c. 1525
• The English Reformation beginning in 1529
• Michael Servetus burned at the stake in 1553, considered founder of Unitarianism
• The Scottish Reformation in 1560
• The Dutch Reformation in 1571
• Socinianism in 1605
• The Jansenism schism of 1643
• See Old Believers and Raskol for schism within the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666
• The Old School-New School Controversy in the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1837
• Disruption of 1843
• American Restorationism beginning in the 1850s
• Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland rejects First Vatican Council doctrine of Papal Infallibility, see also Old Catholic Church, 1868
• The Sedevacantism schism of 1958
• The Crotty Schism in Birr, Co Offaly, Ireland
• The schism between the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement in 1977

See also

• Secession
• Old and New Light

References

1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911, article Schism
2. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, article Schism
3. ^ "Heresy better idea than schism?". Washington Times. 2004-01-31. 
4. ^ Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church, p. 42; The Concordia Cyclopedia quoted in Unionism and Syncretism - and PLI; Orthodox Practice - Choosing God-parents; Code of Canon Law, canon 751
5. ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1364
6. ^ ^{a b c} Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (Liturgical Press 1992 ISBN 978-1-58617-282-4), p. 41
7. ^ So Many Different Groups of Muslims by Sheikh Yusuf Estes
8. ^ Why are Muslims divided into different Sects/Schools of Thought by Dr. Zakir Naik on IRF.net
9. ^ Trimingham (1998), p.1
10. ^ Overview of Kharijite islam

External links

• Encyclopedia Britannica: Schism
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism