MacArthur Fellows Program

For the award in the field of ecology, see Robert H. MacArthur Award.

The MacArthur Fellows Program or MacArthur Fellowship (nicknamed the Genius Award) is an award given by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation each year to typically 20 to 40 United States citizens or residents, of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work."

According to the Foundation's website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential." The current amount of the award is $500,000, paid as quarterly installments over five years. As of 2007^[update], there have been 756 recipients who have received a total of more than $350 million. Recipients have been as young as 18 and as old as 82.^[1]

The Fellowship has no application. People are nominated anonymously by a body of nominators who submit recommendations to a small selection committee of about a dozen people, also anonymous. The committee then reviews every nominee and passes along their recommendations to the President and the board of directors. Most new MacArthur Fellows first learn that they have been considered when they receive the congratulatory phone call. An editorial published in The New York Times by MacArthur Fellow James Collins describes the experience.^[2]

List of MacArthur Fellows

MacArthur Fellows organized by the year of their awards:

1981

A. R. Ammons, poet Joseph Brodsky, poet Gregory V. Chudnovsky, mathematician Robert Coles, child psychiatrist Shelly Errington, cultural anthropologist Henry Louis Gates, Jr., literary critic Michael Ghiselin, evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, paleontology Ian Graham, archaeologist John Imbrie, climatologist Elma Lewis, arts educator James Alan McPherson, novelist, writer Roy P. Mottahedeh, historian Douglas D. Osheroff, physicist Robert Root-Bernstein, biologist and historian of science Lawrence Rosen, attorney and anthropologist Carl E. Schorske, intellectual historian Leslie Marmon Silko, writer Derek Walcott, poet and playwright Robert Penn Warren, poet, writer, and literary critic Stephen Wolfram, computer scientist and physicist[3]

John Cairns, molecular biologist Joel E. Cohen, population biologist Richard Critchfield, essayist Howard Gardner, psychologist John Gaventa, sociologist David Hawkins, philosopher John P. Holdren, arms control and energy analyst Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural critic and historian Robert Kates, geographer Raphael Carl Lee, surgeon Cormac McCarthy, writer Barbara McClintock, geneticist Richard C. Mulligan, molecular biologist Elaine H. Pagels, historian of religion David Pingree, Historian of Science Paul G. Richards, seismologist Richard Rorty, philosopher Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist Michael Woodford, economist George Zweig, physicist and neurobiologist[4]

1982

Fouad Ajami, political scientist Charles A. Bigelow, graphic designer Peter Robert Lamont Brown, historian Robert Darnton, European historian Persi Diaconis, statistician William Gaddis, novelist Ved Mehta, writer Robert Parris Moses, educator and philosopher Richard A. Muller, geologist and astrophysicist Conlon Nancarrow, composer

Alfonso Ortiz, cultural anthropologist Francesca Rochberg, Assyriologist and historian of science Charles Sabel, political scientist and legal scholar Ralph Shapey, composer and conductor Michael Silverstein, linguist Randolph Whitfield, Jr, ophthalmologist Frank Wilczek, physicist Frederick Wiseman, documentary filmmaker Edward Witten, physicist. Creator of the M-Theory[5]

1983

R. Stephen Berry, physical chemist Philip D. Curtin, historian of Africa William H. Durham, biological anthropologist Bradley Efron, statistician David L. Felten, neuroscientist Shelomo Dov Goitein, medieval historian Ramón A. Gutiérrez, historian Bela Julesz, psychologist William Kennedy, novelist Leszek Kołakowski, historian of philosophy and religion Brad Leithauser, poet and writer Lawrence W. Levine, historian Ralph Manheim, translator Charles S. Peskin, mathematician and physiologist Julia Robinson, mathematician John Sayles, filmmaker and writer Peter Sellars, theater and opera director

Adrian Wilson (book designer), book designer, printer, and historian of the book Irene J. Winter, art historian and archaeologist Mark S. Wrighton, chemist[6] Seweryn Bialer, political scientist William C. Clark, ecologist and environmental policy analyst Randall W. Forsberg, political scientist and arms control strategist Alexander L. George, political scientist Mott T. Greene, historian of science John J. Hopfield, physicist and biologist Sylvia A. Law, human rights lawyer Robert K. Merton, historian and sociologist of science Walter F. Morris, Jr., cultural preservationist A.K. Ramanujan, poet, translator, and literary scholar Alice M. Rivlin, economist and policy analyst Richard M. Schoen, mathematician Karen K. Uhlenbeck, mathematician[7]

1984

George W. Archibald, ornithologist Ernesto J. Cortes, Jr., community organizer Robert Hass, poet, critic, and translator J. Bryan Hehir, religion and foreign policy scholar Robert Irwin, painter and installation artist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter Paul Oskar Kristeller, intellectual historian and philosopher Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, educator Heather Lechtman, materials scientist and archaeologist Michael Lerner (environmentalist), public health leader Andrew W. Lewis, medieval historian Arnold J. Mandell, neuroscientist and psychiatrist Matthew Meselson, geneticist and arms control analyst David R. Nelson, physicist Michael Piore, economist Judith N. Shklar, political philosopher Charles Simic, poet, translator, and essayist David Stuart, linguist and epigrapher John E. Toews, intellectual historian James Turrell, light sculptor[8] Jay Weiss, psychologist Carl R. Woese, molecular biologist[9] Shelly Bernstein, pediatric hematologist Peter J. Bickel, statistician

William Drayton, public service innovator Sidney Drell, physicist and arms policy analyst Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, mathematical physicist Michael H. Freedman, mathematician Curtis G. Hames, family physician Shirley Heath, linguistic anthropologist Bette Howland, writer and literary critic Bill Irwin, clown, writer, and performance artist[8] Fritz John, mathematician Galway Kinnell, poet Henry Kraus, labor and art historian Peter Mathews, archaeologist and epigrapher Beaumont Newhall, historian of photography Roger S. Payne, zoologist and conservationist Edward V. Roberts, disability rights leader Elliot Sperling, Tibetan studies scholar Frank Sulloway, psychologist (child birth-order research) Alar Toomre, astronomer and mathematician Amos Tversky, cognitive scientist J. Kirk Varnedoe, art historian Bret Wallach, geographer Arthur Winfree, physiologist and mathematician Billie Young, community development leader[10]

1985

Joan Abrahamson, community development leader John Ashbery, poet John F. Benton, medieval historian Harold Bloom, literary critic Valery Chalidze, physicist and human rights organizer William Cronon, environmental historian Merce Cunningham, choreographer Jared Diamond, environmental historian and Geographer Marian Edelman, Children's Defense Fund founder Morton Halperin, political scientist Robert M. Hayes, lawyer and human rights leader Edwin Hutchins, cognitive scientist Sam Maloof, Woodworker

Andrew McGuire, trauma prevention specialist Patrick Noonan, conservationist George Oster, mathematical biologist Thomas G. Palaima, classicist Peter Raven, botanist Jane S. Richardson, biochemist Gregory Schopen, historian of religion Franklin Stahl, geneticist J. Richard Steffy, nautical archaeologist Ellen Stewart, theater director Paul Taylor, choreographer, dance company founder Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician[11]

1986

Paul Adams, neurobiologist Milton Babbitt, composer Christopher Beckwith, philologist Richard Benson, photographer Lester R. Brown, agricultural economist Caroline Bynum, medieval historian William A. Christian, historian of religion Nancy Farriss, historian Benedict Gross, mathematician Daryl Hine, poet and translator John Robert Horner, paleobiologist Thomas C. Joe, social policy analyst David Keightley, historian and sinologist

Albert J. Libchaber, physicist David C. Page, molecular geneticist George Perle, composer and music theorist James Randi, educator David Rudovsky, civil rights lawyer Robert Shapley, neurophysiologist Leo Steinberg, art historian Richard P. Turco, atmospheric scientist Thomas Whiteside, journalist Allan C. Wilson, biochemist Jay Wright, poet and playwright Charles Wuorinen, composer[12]

1987

Walter Abish, writer Robert Axelrod, political scientist Robert F. Coleman, mathematician Douglas Crase, poet Daniel Friedan, physicist David Gross, physicist Ira Herskowitz, molecular geneticist Irving Howe, literary and social critic Wesley Charles Jacobs, Jr., rural planner Peter Jeffery, musicologist Horace Freeland Judson, historian of science Stuart Alan Kauffman, evolutionary biologist Richard Kenney, poet Eric Lander, geneticist and mathematician Michael Malin, geologist and planetary scientist Deborah W. Meier, education reform leader

Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, historian David Mumford, mathematician Tina Rosenberg, journalist David Rumelhart, cognitive scientist and psychologist Robert Morris Sapolsky, neuroendocrinologist and primatologist Meyer Schapiro, art historian John H. Schwarz, physicist Jon Seger, evolutionary ecologist Stephen Shenker, physicist David Dean Shulman, historian of religion Muriel S. Snowden, community organizer Mark Strand, poet and writer May Swenson, poet Huynh Sanh Thong, translator and editor William Julius Wilson, sociologist Richard Wrangham, primate ethologist[13]

1988

Charles Archambeau, geophysicist Michael Baxandall, art historian Ruth Behar, cultural anthropologist Ran Blake, composer and pianist Charles Burnett, filmmaker Philip James DeVries, insect biologist Andre Dubus, writer Helen T. Edwards, physicist Jon H. Else, documentary filmmaker John G. Fleagle, primatologist and paleontologist Cornell H. Fleischer, Middle Eastern historian Getatchew Haile, philologist and linguist Raymond Jeanloz, geophysicist Marvin Phillip Kahl, zoologist Naomi Pierce, biologist Thomas Pynchon, novelist

Stephen J. Pyne, environmental historian Max Roach, drummer and jazz composer Hipolito (Paul) Roldan, community developer Anna Curtenius Roosevelt, archaeologist David Alan Rosenberg, military historian Susan Irene Rotroff, archaeologist Bruce Schwartz, figurative sculptor and puppeteer Robert Shaw, physicist Jonathan Spence, historian Noel M. Swerdlow, historian of science Gary A. Tomlinson, musicologist Alan Walker, paleontologist Eddie Williams, policy analyst and civil rights leader Rita P. Wright, archaeologist Garth Youngberg, agriculturalist[14]

1989

Anthony Amsterdam, attorney and legal scholar Byllye Avery, women's healthcare leader Alvin Bronstein, human rights lawyer Leo Buss, evolutionary biologist Jay Cantor, writer George Davis, environmental policy analyst Allen Grossman, poet John Harbison, composer and conductor Keith Hefner, journalist and educator Ralf Hotchkiss, rehabilitation engineer John Rice Irwin, curator and cultural preservationist Daniel Janzen, ecologist Bernice Johnson Reagon, music historian, composer, and vocalist Aaron Lansky, cultural preservationist Jennifer Moody, archaeologist and anthropologist

Errol Morris, filmmaker Vivian Paley, educator and writer Richard Powers, novelist Martin Puryear, sculptor[8] Theodore Rosengarten, historian Margaret W. Rossiter, historian of science George Russell, composer and music theorist Pam Solo, arms control analyst Ellendea Proffer Teasley, translator and publisher Claire Van Vliet, book artist Baldemar Velasquez, farm labor leader Bill Viola, video artist[8] Eliot Wigginton, educator Patricia Wright, primatologist[15]

1990

John Christian Bailar, biostatistician Martha Clarke, theater director Jacques d'Amboise, dance educator Guy Davenport, writer and critic Lisa Delpit, education reform leader John Eaton, composer Paul R. Ehrlich, population biologist Charlotte Erickson, historian Lee Friedlander, photographer Margaret Geller, astrophysicist Jorie Graham, poet Patricia Hampl, writer John Hollander, poet and literary critic Thomas Cleveland Holt, social and cultural historian David Kazhdan, mathematician Calvin King, land and farm development specialist M. A. R. Koehl, marine biologist Nancy Kopell, mathematician

Michael Moschen, performance artist Gary Nabhan, ethnobotanist Sherry Ortner, anthropologist Otis Pitts, community development leader Yvonne Rainer, filmmaker and choreographer Michael Schudson, sociologist Rebecca J. Scott, historian Marc Shell, scholar Susan Sontag, writer and cultural critic Richard Stallman, Free Software Foundation founder, Copyleft concept inventor Guy Tudor, conservationist Maria Varela, community development leader Gregory Vlastos, classicist and philosopher Kent Whealy, preservationist Eric Wolf, anthropologist Sidney Wolfe, physician Robert Woodson, community development leader Jose Zalaquett, human rights lawyer[16]

1991

Jacqueline Barton, biophysical chemist Paul Berman, journalist James Blinn, computer animator Taylor Branch, social historian Trisha Brown, choreographer Mari Jo Buhle, American historian Patricia Churchland, (Neuro)philosopher David Donoho, statistician Steven Feld, anthropologist Alice Fulton, poet Guillermo Gómez-Peña, writer and artist Jerzy Grotowski, theater director David Hammons, artist[8] Sophia Harris, child care leader Lewis Hyde, writer Ali Akbar Khan, musician

Sergiu Klainerman, mathematician Martin Kreitman, geneticist Harlan Lane, psychologist and linguist William Linder, community development leader Patricia Locke, tribal rights leader Mark Morris, choreographer and dancer Marcel Ophüls, documentary filmmaker Arnold Rampersad, biographer and literary critic Gunther Schuller, composer, conductor, jazz historian Joel Schwartz, epidemiologist Cecil Taylor, jazz pianist and composer Julie Taymor, theater director David Werner, health care leader James Westphal, engineer and scientist Eleanor Wilner, poet[17]

1992

Janet Benshoof, attorney Robert Blackburn, printmaker[8] Unita Blackwell, civil rights leader Lorna Bourg, rural development leader Stanley Cavell, philosopher Amy Clampitt, poet Ingrid Daubechies, mathematician Persi Diaconis, mathematician and statistician Wendy Ewald, photographer Irving Feldman, poet Barbara Fields, historian Robert Hall, journalist Ann Ellis Hanson, historian John Henry Holland, computer scientist Wes Jackson, agronomist Evelyn Keller, historian and philosopher of science Steve Lacy, saxophonist and composer

Suzanne Lebsock, social historian Sharon Long, plant biologist Norman Manea, writer Paule Marshall, writer Michael Massing, journalist Robert McCabe, educator Susan Meiselas, photojournalist Amalia Mesa-Bains, artist and cultural critic[8] Stephen Schneider, climatologist Joanna Scott, writer John T. Scott, artist[8] John Terborgh, conservation biologist Twyla Tharp, dancer and choreographer Philip Treisman, mathematics educator Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, historian Geerat J. Vermeij, evolutionary biologist Gunter Wagner, developmental biologist[18]

1993

Nancy Cartwright, philosopher Demetrios Christodoulou, mathematician and physicist Maria Crawford, geologist Stanley Crouch, jazz critic and writer Nora England, anthropological linguist Paul Farmer, medical anthropologist Victoria Foe, developmental biologist Ernest Gaines, writer Pedro Greer, physician Thom Gunn, poet and literary critic Ann Hamilton, artist[8] Sokoni Karanja, child and family development specialist Ann Lauterbach, poet and literary critic Stephen Lee, chemist Carol Levine, AIDS policy specialist Amory Lovins, physicist and energy analyst

Jane Lubchenco, marine biologist Ruth Lubic, nurse / midwife Jim Powell, poet and translator Margie Profet, evolutionary biologist Thomas Scanlon, philosopher Aaron Shirley, health care leader William Siemering, journalist and radio producer Ellen Silbergeld, toxicologist Leonard van der Kuijp, philologist and historian Frank von Hippel, arms control and energy analyst John Edgar Wideman, writer Heather Williams, biologist and ornithologist Marion Williams, gospel music performer Robert H. Williams, physicist and energy analyst Henry T. Wright, archaeologist and anthropologist[19]

1994

Robert Adams, photographer Jeraldyne Blunden, choreographer Anthony Braxton, avant-garde composer and musician Rogers Brubaker, sociologist Ornette Coleman, jazz performer and composer Israel Gelfand, mathematician and biologist Faye Ginsburg, anthropologist Heidi Hartmann, economist Bill T. Jones, dancer and choreographer Peter E. Kenmore, agricultural entomologist Joseph E. Marshall, educator

Carolyn McKecuen, economic development leader Donella Meadows, writer Arthur Mitchell, company director and choreographer Hugo Morales, radio producer Janine Pease, educator Willie Reale, theater arts educator Adrienne Rich, poet and writer Sam-Ang Sam, musician and cultural preservationist Vincent Almendros, animator Jack Wisdom, physicist[20]

1995

Allison Anders, filmmaker Jed Z. Buchwald, historian Octavia Butler, science fiction novelist Sandra Cisneros, writer and poet Sandy Close, journalist Frederick C. Cuny, disaster relief specialist Sharon Emerson, biologist Richard Foreman, theater director Alma Guillermoprieto, journalist Virginia Hamilton, writer Donald Hopkins, physician Susan W. Kieffer, geologist

Elizabeth LeCompte, theater director Patricia Nelson Limerick, historian Michael Marletta, chemist Pamela Matson, ecologist Susan McClary, musicologist Meredith Monk, vocalist, composer, director Rosalind P. Petchesky, political scientist Joel Rogers, political scientist Cindy Sherman, photographer[8] Bryan Stevenson, human rights lawyer Nicholas Strausfeld, neurobiologist Richard White, historian[21]

1996

James Angel, astronomer Joaquin Avila, voting rights advocate Allan Berube, historian Barbara Block, marine biologist Joan Breton Connelly, classical archaeologist Thomas Daniel, biologist Martin Daniel Eakes, economic development strategist Rebecca Goldstein, writer Robert Greenstein, public policy analyst Richard Howard, poet

John Jesurun, playwright Richard Lenski, biologist Louis Massiah, documentary filmmaker Vonnie McLoyd, developmental psychologist Thylias Moss, poet and writer Eiko Otake & Koma Otake, dancers, choreographers Nathan Seiberg, physicist Anna Deavere Smith, playwright/journalist/actress Dorothy Stoneman, educator William E. Strickland, art educator[22]

1997

Luis Alfaro, writer and performance artist Lee Breuer, playwright Vija Celmins, artist[8] Eric Charnov, evolutionary biologist Elouise Cobell, banker Peter Galison, historian Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher Eva Harris, molecular biologist Michael Kremer, economist Russell Lande, biologist Kerry James Marshall, artist Nancy A. Moran, evolutionary biologist and ecologist

Han Ong, playwright Kathleen Ross, educator Pamela Samuelson, copyright scholar and activist Susan Stewart, literary scholar and poet Elizabeth Streb, dancer and choreographer Trimpin, sound sculptor Loïc Wacquant, sociologist Kara Walker, artist[8] David Foster Wallace, writer Andrew Wiles, mathematician Brackette Williams, anthropologist[23]

1998

Janine Antoni, artist[8] Ida Applebroog, artist[8] Ellen Barry, Attorney and Human Rights Leader Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web protocol Linda Bierds, poet Bernadette Brooten, historian John Carlstrom, astrophysicist Mike Davis, historian Nancy Folbre, economist Avner Greif, economist Kun-Liang Guan, biochemist Gary Hill, artist[8] Edward Hirsch, poet, essayist Ayesha Jalal, historian Charles R. Johnson, writer

Leah Krubitzer, neuroscientist Stewart Kwoh, human rights activist Charles Lewis, journalist William W. McDonald, rancher and conservationist Peter N. Miller, historian Don Mitchell, cultural geographer Rebecca Nelson, plant pathologist Elinor Ochs, linguistic anthropologist Ishmael Reed, poet, essayist, novelist Benjamin D. Santer, atmospheric scientist Karl Sims, computer scientist and artist Dorothy Thomas, human rights activist Leonard Zeskind, human rights activist Mary Zimmerman, playwright[24]

1999

Jillian Banfield, geologist Carolyn Bertozzi, chemist Xu Bing, printmaker Bruce G. Blair, policy analyst John Bonifaz, election lawyer and voting rights leader Shawn Carlson, science educator Mark Danner, journalist Alison L. Des Forges, human rights activist Elizabeth Diller, architect Saul Friedländer, historian Jennifer Gordon, lawyer David Hillis, biologist Sara Horowitz, lawyer Jacqueline Jones, historian Laura L. Kiessling, biochemist Leslie Kurke, classicist

David Levering Lewis, biographer and historian Juan Maldacena, physicist Gay J. McDougall, human rights lawyer Campbell McGrath, poet Denny Moore, anthropological linguist Elizabeth Murray, artist[8] Pepon Osorio, artist[8] Ricardo Scofidio, architect Peter Shor, computer scientist Eva Silverstein, physicist Wilma Subra, scientist Ken Vandermark, saxophonist, composer Naomi Wallace, playwright Jeffrey Weeks, mathematician Fred Wilson, artist[8] Ofelia Zepeda, linguist[25]

2000

Susan E. Alcock, archaeologist K. Christopher Beard, paleontologist Lucy Blake, conservationist Anne Carson, poet Peter J. Hayes, energy policy activist David Isay, radio producer Alfredo Jaar, photographer Ben Katchor, graphic novelist[8] Hideo Mabuchi, physicist Susan Marshall, choreographer Samuel Mockbee, architect Cecilia Muñoz, civil rights policy analyst Margaret Murnane, optical physicist

Laura Otis, literary scholar and historian of science Lucia M. Perillo, poet Matthew Rabin, economist Carl Safina, marine conservationist Daniel P. Schrag, geochemist Susan E. Sygall, civil rights leader Gina G. Turrigiano, neuroscientist Gary Urton, anthropologist Patricia J. Williams, legal scholar Deborah Willis, historian of photography and photographer Erik Winfree, computer and materials scientist Horng-Tzer Yau, mathematician[26]

2001

Andrea Barrett, writer Christopher Chyba, astrobiologist Michael Dickinson, fly biologist/bioengineer Rosanne Haggerty, housing and community development leader Lene Hau, physicist Dave Hickey, art critic Stephen Hough, pianist Kay Redfield Jamison, psychologist Sandra Lanham, pilot and conservationist Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle, artist[8] Cynthia Moss, natural historian

Dirk Obbink, classicist and papyrologist Norman R. Pace, biochemist Suzan-Lori Parks, playwright Brooks Pate, physical chemist Xiao Qiang, human rights leader Geraldine Seydoux, molecular biologist Bright Sheng, composer David Spergel, astrophysicist Jean Strouse, biographer Julie Su (attorney), human rights lawyer David Wilson, creator of The Museum of Jurassic Technology[27][8]

2002

Danielle Allen, classicist and political scientist Bonnie Bassler, molecular biologist Ann M. Blair, intellectual historian Katherine Boo, journalist Paul Ginsparg, physicist David B. Goldstein, energy conservation specialist Karen Hesse, writer Janine Jagger, epidemiologist Daniel Jurafsky, computer scientist and linguist Toba Khedoori, artist[8] Liz Lerman, choreographer George E. Lewis, trombonist Liza Lou, artist[8]

Edgar Meyer, bassist and composer Jack Miles, writer and Biblical scholar Erik Mueggler, anthropologist and ethnographer Sendhil Mullainathan, economist Stanley Nelson, documentary filmmaker Lee Ann Newsom, paleoethnobotanist Daniela L. Rus, computer scientist Charles C. Steidel, astronomer Brian Tucker, seismologist Camilo José Vergara, photographer Paul Wennberg, atmospheric chemist Colson Whitehead, writer[28]

2003

Guillermo Algaze, archaeologist Jim Collins, biomedical engineer Lydia Davis, writer Erik Demaine, theoretical computer scientist Corinne Dufka, human rights researcher Peter Gleick, conservation analyst Osvaldo Golijov, composer Deborah Jin, physicist Angela Johnson, writer Tom Joyce, blacksmith Sarah H. Kagan, gerontological nurse Ned Kahn, artist and science exhibit designer[8]

Jim Yong Kim, public health physician Nawal M. Nour, obstetrician and gynecologist Loren H. Rieseberg, botanist Amy Rosenzweig, biochemist Pedro A. Sanchez, agronomist Lateefah Simon, women's development leader Peter Sis, illustrator[8] Sarah Sze, sculptor[8] Eve Troutt Powell, historian Anders Winroth, historian Daisy Youngblood, ceramic artist[8] Xiaowei Zhuang, biophysicist[29]

2004

Angela Belcher, materials scientist and engineer Gretchen Berland, physician and filmmaker James Carpenter, artist Joseph DeRisi, biologist Katherine Gottlieb, health care leader David Green, technology transfer innovator Aleksandar Hemon, writer Heather Hurst, archaeological illustrator Edward P. Jones, writer John Kamm, human rights activist Daphne Koller, computer scientist Naomi Leonard, engineer

Tommie Lindsey, school debate coach Rueben Martinez, businessman and activist Maria Mavroudi, historian Vamsi Mootha, physician and computational biologist Judy Pfaff, American sculptor[8] Aminah Robinson, artist Reginald Robinson, pianist and composer Cheryl Rogowski, farmer Amy Smith, inventor and mechanical engineer Julie Theriot, microbiologist C. D. Wright, poet[30]

2005

Marin Alsop, symphony conductor Ted Ames, fisherman, conservationist, marine biologist Terry Belanger, rare book preservationist Edet Belzberg, documentary filmmaker Majora Carter, urban revitalization strategist Lu Chen, neuroscientist Michael Cohen, pharmacist Joseph Curtin, violinmaker Aaron Dworkin, music educator Teresita Fernández, sculptor[8] Claire Gmachl, quantum cascade laser engineer Sue Goldie, physician / researcher Steven Goodman, conservation biologist

Pehr Harbury, biochemist Nicole King, molecular biologist Jon Kleinberg, computer scientist Jonathan Lethem, novelist Michael Manga, geophysicist Todd Martinez, theoretical chemist Julie Mehretu, painter[8] Kevin M. Murphy, economist Olufunmilayo Olopade, clinician/researcher Fazal Sheikh, photographer Emily Thompson, aural historian Michael Walsh, vehicle emissions specialist[31]

2006

David Carroll, naturalist author/illustrator Regina Carter, jazz violinist Kenneth C. Catania, neurobiologist Lisa Curran, tropical forester Kevin Eggan, biologist Jim Fruchterman, technologist, CEO Benetech Atul Gawande, surgeon and author Linda Griffith, bioengineer Victoria Hale, CEO OneWorld Health Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, journalist and author David Macaulay, author/illustrator[8] Josiah McElheny, sculptor[8] D. Holmes Morton, physician

John A. Rich, physician Jennifer Richeson, social psychologist Sarah Ruhl, playwright George Saunders, short story writer Anna Schuleit, commemorative artist[8] Shahzia Sikander, painter[8] Terence Tao, mathematician Claire J. Tomlin, aviation engineer Luis von Ahn, computer scientist Edith Widder, deep-sea explorer Matias Zaldarriaga, cosmologist John Zorn, composer and musician[32]

2007

Deborah Bial, education strategist Peter Cole, translator/poet/publisher Lisa Cooper, public health physician Ruth DeFries, environmental geographer Mercedes Doretti, forensic anthropologist Stuart Dybek, short story writer Marc Edwards, water quality engineer Michael Elowitz, molecular biologist Saul Griffith, inventor Sven Haakanson, Alutiiq curator/anthropologist/preservationist Corey Harris, blues musician Cheryl Hayashi, spider silk biologist

My Hang V. Huynh, chemist Claire Kremen, conservation biologist Whitfield Lovell, painter/installation artist[8] Yoky Matsuoka, neuroroboticist Lynn Nottage, playwright Mark Roth, biomedical scientist Paul Rothemund, nanotechnologist Jay Rubenstein, medieval historian Jonathan Shay, clinical psychiatrist/classicist Joan Snyder, painter[8] Dawn Upshaw, vocalist Shen Wei, choreographer[33]

2008

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, novelist Will Allen, "urban farmer" Regina Benjamin, rural family doctor Kirsten Bomblies, evolutionary plant geneticist Tara Donovan, artist[8] Andrea Ghez, astrophysicist Stephen D. Houston, anthropologist Mary Jackson, weaver and sculptor Leila Josefowicz, violinist Alexei Kitaev, physicist Walter Kitundu, instrument maker and composer Susan Mango, developmental biologist Diane E. Meier, geriatrician

David R. Montgomery, geomorphologist John Ochsendorf, engineer and architectural historian Peter Pronovost, critical care physician Adam Riess, astrophysicist Alex Ross, music critic Wafaa El-Sadr, infectious disease specialist Nancy Siraisi, historian of medicine Marin Soljačić, optical physicist Sally Temple, neuroscientist Jennifer Tipton, stage lighting designer Rachel Wilson, experimental neurobiologist Miguel Zenón, saxophonist and composer[34]

2009

Lynsey Addario, photojournalist Maneesh Agrawala, computer vision technologist Timothy Barrett, papermaker Mark Bradford, mixed media artist[8] Edwidge Danticat, novelist Rackstraw Downes, painter[8] Esther Duflo, economist Deborah Eisenberg, short story writer Lin He, molecular biologist Peter Huybers, climate scientist James Longley, filmmaker L. Mahadevan, applied mathematician

Heather McHugh, poet Jerry Mitchell, investigative reporter Rebecca Onie, health services innovator Richard Prum, ornithologist John A. Rogers, applied physicist Elyn Saks, mental health lawyer Jill Seaman, infectious disease physician Beth Shapiro, evolutionary biologist Daniel Sigman, biogeochemist Mary Tinetti, geriatric physician Camille Utterback, digital artist[8] Theodore Zoli, bridge engineer[35]

2010

Amir Abo-Shaeer, physics teacher Jessie Little Doe Baird, Wampanoag language preservation and revival Kelly Benoit-Bird, marine biologist Nicholas Benson, stone carver Drew Berry, biomedical animator Carlos D. Bustamante, population geneticist Matthew Carter, type designer David Cromer, theater director John Dabiri, biophysicist Shannon Lee Dawdy, anthropologist Annette Gordon-Reed, American historian Yiyun Li, fiction writer

Michal Lipson, optical physicist Nergis Mavalvala, quantum astrophysicist Jason Moran, jazz pianist and composer Carol Padden, sign language linguist Jorge Pardo, installation artist Sebastian Ruth, violist, violinist, and music educator Emmanuel Saez, economist David Simon, author, screenwriter, and producer Dawn Song, computer security specialist Marla Spivak, entomologist Elizabeth Turk, sculptor[36]

2011

Jad Abumrad, radio host and producer Marie-Therese Connolly, Elder Rights lawyer Roland Fryer, economist Jeanne Gang, architect Elodie Ghedin, parasitologist and virologist Markus Greiner, condensed matter physicist Kevin Guskiewicz, sports medicine researcher Peter Hessler, long-form journalist Tiya Miles, public historian Matthew Nock, clinical psychologist Francisco Núñez, choral conductor and composer

Sarah Otto, evolutionary geneticist Shwetak Patel, sensor technologist and computer scientist Dafnis Prieto, jazz percussionist and composer Kay Ryan, poet Melanie Sanford, organometallic chemist William Seeley (neurologist), neuropathologist Jacob Soll, European Historian A. E. Stallings, poet and translator Ubaldo Vitali, conservator and silversmith Alisa Weilerstein, cellist Yukiko Yamashita, developmental biologist[37]

Notes

1. ^ Diane Coutu, "Picking Winners", Harvard Business Review, May, 2007
2. ^ Jim Collins (September 19, 2005). "It Isn't Easy Being a Genius". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/opinion/19collins.html. 
3. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows June 1981". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142675/k.24F6/Fellows_List__June_1981.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
4. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows December 1981". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1139463/k.738A/Fellows_List__December_1981.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
5. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1982". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1139465/k.79DA/Fellows_List__August_1982.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
6. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows February 1983". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142677/k.7B61/Fellows_List__February_1983.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
7. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1983". http://www.macfound.org/site/pp.aspx?c=lkLXJ8MQKrH&b=1139467&printmode=1. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an} Visual arts category: "MacArthur Foundation Fellowships," Southeby's at Auction, Vol. 2, Issue 7, 2010, p. 35.
9. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows March 1984". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142681/k.5724/Fellows_List__March_1984.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
10. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows November 1984". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142683/k.77C6/Fellows_List__November_1984.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
11. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1985". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142689/k.2AE6/Fellows_List__July_1985.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
12. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1986". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142693/k.79E6/Fellows_List__August_1986.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
13. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1987". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142695/k.2A0E/Fellows_List__July_1987.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
14. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1988". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142699/k.7B86/Fellows_List__August_1988.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
15. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1989". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142701/k.7886/Fellows_List__August_1989.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
16. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows August 1990". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142703/k.787E/Fellows_List__August_1990.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
17. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1991". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142705/k.28E8/Fellows_List__July_1991.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
18. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1992". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142707/k.296C/Fellows_List__July_1992.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
19. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1993". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142709/k.29F0/Fellows_List__July_1993.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
20. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1994". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142713/k.2894/Fellows_List__July_1994.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
21. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1995". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142715/k.2918/Fellows_List__July_1995.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
22. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1996". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142719/k.2A1C/Fellows_List__July_1996.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
23. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1997". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142721/k.2840/Fellows_List__July_1997.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
24. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1998". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142723/k.28C4/Fellows_List__July_1998.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
25. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 1999". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142725/k.2948/Fellows_List__July_1999.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
26. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows July 2000". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142727/k.2A89/Fellows_List__July_2000.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
27. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows October 2001". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142731/k.6679/Fellows_List__October_2001.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
28. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows September 2002". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142733/k.98ED/Fellows_List__September_2002.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
29. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows October 2003". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142737/k.6839/Fellows_List__October_2003.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
30. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows September 2004". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142741/k.998D/Fellows_List__September_2004.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
31. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows September 2005". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142745/k.9B0D/Fellows_List__September_2005.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
32. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows 2006 Overview". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.2066197/k.3F6D/2006_Overview.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-02. 
33. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "MacArthur Fellows 2007 Overview". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.2913817/k.3EC5/2007_Overview.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-24. 
34. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "Meet the 2008 Fellows". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.4536877/k.1412/Meet_the_2008_Fellows.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-23. 
35. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "Meet the 2009 Fellows". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5410503/k.11CB/Meet_the_2009_Fellows.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-22. 
36. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "Meet the 2010 Fellows". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.6239749/k.1427/Meet_the_2010_Fellows.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-28. 
37. ^ The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. "Meet the 2010 Fellows". http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.7728991/k.12E8/Meet_the_2011_Fellows.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-20. 

References

• "MacArthur Foundation Fellowships," Southeby's at Auction, Vol. 2, Issue 7, 2010.

External links

• MacArthur Fellows Program website