Fouad Ajami

Fouad A. Ajami ( _ar. فؤاد عجمی; born September 9, 1945), is a MacArthur Fellowship winning, Lebanese-born American university professor and writer on Middle Eastern issues. In recent years, Ajami has been an outspoken supporter of the Iraq War, the nobility of which he believes there "can be no doubt". [cite book | author=Ajami, Fouad | title=The Foreigner's Gift: The Americans, the Arabs, and the Iraqis in Iraq | year=2006 | publisher=Free Press, p. xii] This view has drawn some criticism from others in academia.

Personal

Ajami was born on September 19, 1945, in Arnoun, a rocky hamlet in the south of Lebanon. His Shiite family had come to Arnoun from Tabriz, Iran in the 1850s. In Arabic, the word "Ajam" means "non-Arab" or, more specifically, "Persian".

Ajami arrived in the United States in the fall of 1963, just before he turned 18. He did some of his undergraduate work at Eastern Oregon College (now Eastern Oregon University) in La Grande, Oregon. He did his graduate work at the University of Washington, where he wrote his thesis on international relations and world government.

Career

Academia

In 1973 Ajami joined the political science department of Princeton University where he was never able to get tenure. He made a name for himself there as a vocal supporter of Palestinian self-determination.

He is today the Majid Khadduri professor in Middle East Studies and Director of the Middle East Studies Program at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of Johns Hopkins University.

Government

Ajami has been an advisor to United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as well as a friendFact|date=July 2008 and colleague of Paul Wolfowitz.

Ajami recently attended The Bilderberg Meeting in Chantilly, Virginia, and appears on the participant list as “Director, Middle East Studies Program, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University.”

Journalism

Ajami is a frequent contributor on Middle Eastern issues and contemporary international history to "The New York Times Book Review", "Foreign Affairs", "The New Republic", "The Wall Street Journal", and other journals and periodicals, as well.

Television

Ajami frequently appears on PBS and CBS News.

Books

In "The Fate of Nonalignment," an essay in the Winter 1980/81 issue of the journal "Foreign Affairs", Ajami outlines how the Third world has fared in a context of nonalignment in post Cold war politics. In 1980, he accepted an offer from Johns Hopkins University to become director of Middle East Studies at their international relations graduate program in Washington, D.C.: the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He holds an endowed chair as the Majid Khadduri professor.

A year after arriving at SAIS, Ajami published his first book, "The Arab Predicament", which analyzed what Ajami described as an intellectual and political crisis that swept the Arab world following its defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War.

Subsequently, Ajami has written several other books: "" (1998), "Beirut: City of Regrets" (1988), and "The Vanished Imam: Musa Al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon" (1986).

In "The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey", Ajami surveyed the intellectual landscape in the Arab world and Iran, in what was in some ways an autobiography as well as a sequel to "The Arab Predicament." On Middle Eastern politics, he wrote of "a world where triumph rarely comes with mercy or moderation." On Pan-Arabism, he described the ideology as "Sunni dominion dressed in secular garb."

Ajami's most recent book: "The Foreigner's Gift: The Americans, The Arabs and The Iraqis in Iraq" (2006), offers a portrait of the struggle for Iraq.

Philosophy

View of Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations"

One notable contribution Ajami made in the September October 1993 issue of "Foreign Affairs" was a rebuttal to Samuel Huntington’s "The Clash of Civilizations?", regarding the state and future of international relations after the Cold War.

Huntington presents a world divided at the highest level into eight civilizations, and includes a number of countries that are “torn” between two civilizations, arguing that these civilizational divides are far more fundamental than economic interests, ideology, and regimes, and that the world is becoming a smaller place with increasingly close interactions. He further claims that the pre-eminence of a so-called "kin-country" syndrome will provide a civilizational rallying point that will replace political ideology and traditional "balance of power" considerations for relations between states and nations, resulting in a division between the West and "the rest" creating a backlash against Western values (which supposedly "differ fundamentally" from those prevalent in other civilizations).

In his article “The Summoning”, Ajami criticises Huntington for ignoring the empirical complexities and state interests which drive conflicts in and between civilizations. Ajami believes that states will remain the dominant factor influencing the global framework and interaction. He also argues that civilizational ties are only utilized by states and groups when it is in their best interest to do so and that modernity and secularism are here to stay, especially in places with considerable struggles to obtain them, and he cites the example of the Indian Middle class. Ajami also believes that civilizations do not control states; rather, states control civilizations.

Ajami later relented on his initial criticism of Huntington's theories in the January 6th, 2008 issue of the New York Times Review of Books in an article titled "The Clash" in which he wrote that "Huntington’s thesis about a civilizational clash seems more compelling to me than the critique I provided at that time." [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/books/review/Ajami-t.html "The Clash", "The New York Times"] 6 January, 2008. ]

Political influence

Ajami is arguably one of the most politically influential Arab-American intellectuals of his generationFact|date=July 2008. Condoleezza Rice has been known to summon him to the White House for advice, and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, a friend and former colleague at SAIS, has paid tribute to him in speeches on IraqFact|date=July 2008.

Awards

Ajami was a 1982 winner of a five-year MacArthur Prize Fellowship in the arts and sciences.

Memberships

Ajami is a member of the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Board of Advisors of the journal "Foreign Affairs". Ajami is a founding member of ASMEA (The Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa) and is Vice Chairman of its academic council. [http://asmeascholars.com/] Ajami also sits on the editorial board of Middle East Quarterly, a publication of the Middle East Forum think tank.

Controversies

upport for Iraq War

Ajami has been an outspoken supporter of the Iraq War, which he believes "issued out of a deep American frustration... with the culture of terrorism that had put down roots in Arab lands."

In an August 2002 speech before the Veterans of Foreign Wars, US Vice President Dick Cheney sought to assuage concerns about the anticipated US invasion of Iraq, stating: "As for the reaction of the Arab 'street,' the Middle East expert Professor Fouad Ajami predicts that after liberation, the streets in Basra and Baghdad are 'sure to erupt in joy in the same way the throngs in Kabul greeted the Americans.'" [ The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, August 26, 2002. cite web|title="Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention. Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention."|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html|accessdate=2006-04-21]

Ajami cautioned the United States about the likely negative consequences of the Iraq War. In a 2003 essay in "Foreign Affairs", "Iraq and the Arabs' Future," Ajami wrote,

"There should be no illusions about the sort of Arab landscape that America is destined to find if, or when, it embarks on a war against the Iraqi regime. There would be no "hearts and minds" to be won in the Arab world, no public diplomacy that would convince the overwhelming majority of Arabs that this war would be a just war. An American expedition in the wake of thwarted UN inspections would be seen by the vast majority of Arabs as an imperial reach into their world, a favor to Israel, or a way for the United States to secure control over Iraq's oil. No hearing would be given to the great foreign power." Ajami, Fouad. cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030101faessay10218/fouad-ajami/iraq-and-the-arabs-future.html|title="Iraq and the Arabs' Future|accessdate=2006-04-21 "Foreign Affairs" January/February 2003.]

But he also goes on to say:

America ought to be able to live with this distrust and discount a good deal of this anti-Americanism as the "road rage" of a thwarted Arab world -- the congenital condition of a culture yet to take full responsibility for its self-inflicted wounds. There is no need to pay excessive deference to the political pieties and givens of the region. Indeed, this is one of those settings where a reforming foreign power's simpler guidelines offer a better way than the region's age-old prohibitions and defects.

Ajami retains a positive view of the war three years later. In a 2006 book on the invasion and its aftermath, he described it as a noble effort, and argues that despite many unhappy consequences, it is too soon to write it off as a failure. [cite book | author=Ajami, Fouad | title=The Foreigner's Gift: The Americans, the Arabs, and the Iraqis in Iraq | year=2006 | publisher=Free Press, p. xi]

Vice President Cheney cited Ajami again in an October 21, 2007 speech to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, stating, "We have no illusions about the road ahead. As Fouad Ajami said recently, Iraq is not yet 'a country at peace, and all its furies have not burned out, but a measure of order has begun to stick on the ground.'" [ The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, October 27, 2007.cite web|title="Vice President's Remarks to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy - Oct. 21, 2007"|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071021.html|accessdate=2007-11-09]

Ajami has been referred to by Edward Said as "virulently and ideologically anti-Arab" and as "a man who was once a progressive supporter of the Palestinian struggle who has now converted to the far Right and has espoused Zionism and American imperialism without reservation." [ [http://www.counterpunch.org/said1019.html "Israel, Iraq and the US", "Counterpunch"] 19 October, 2002. ]

References

Links

* [http://apps.sais-jhu.edu/faculty_bios/faculty_bio1.php?ID=24 Johns Hopkins SAIS Page for Fouad Ajami]
* [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Rude.htm Rude Arab Awakening] , assessment of Ajami by Martin Kramer
* [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030101faessay10218/fouad-ajami/iraq-and-the-arabs-future.html Iraq and the Arabs' Future]
* [http://asmeascholars.org Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa ] (ASMEA)
* [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110007326 Heart of Darkness: From Zarqawi to the man on the street, Sunni Arabs fear Shiite emancipation.]
* [http://opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110009926 Iraq in the Balance] WSJ op-ed by Ajami, April 11, 2007
* [http://uc.princeton.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=573&Itemid=6 Fouad Ajami speaks at the Council on Foreign Relations on July 11, 2006] about his book, "The Foreigner's Gift: The Americans, The Arabs and The Iraqis in Iraq".