Leslie Marmon Silko

Leslie Marmon Silko (born Leslie Marmon on March 5, 1948 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a Native American writer of the Laguna Pueblo tribe, and one of the key figures in the second wave of what Kenneth Lincoln has called the "Native American Renaissance". She received the MacArthur Foundation "Genius" Grant in 1981.

Early life

Silko is 1/4Fact|date=February 2007 Laguna Pueblo Native American (a Keres speaking tribe), the rest of her ancestry being European American and Mexican American. Her father is Lee Marmon, a notable photographer. As such, she grew up on the edge of pueblo society both literally – her family’s house was at the edge of the reservation – and figuratively, not being allowed to participate in various rituals or join many of the pueblo societies. However, she was educated by her grandmother and aunts in the traditional stories of the Laguna people, and as a result always identified most strongly with the native part of her ancestry, saying in an interview with Alan Velie that "I am of mixed-breed ancestry, but what I know is Laguna".

She was educated at a Catholic school in Albuquerque, and went on to receive a BA from the University of New Mexico in 1969. She briefly attended law school before leaving to pursue her literary career.

In 1966, she married Richard C. Chapman, and together, they had a son, Robert Chapman. However the marriage was unsuccessful and they divorced in 1969. A subsequent marriage to John Silko in 1971 also ended in divorce.

Early literary work

A short story written by Silko while still at school, "The Man To Send Rain Clouds", was published and quickly garnered a great deal of praise, winning its author a National Endowment for the Humanities Discovery Grant. The story is still frequently anthologised today. During the period 1968-1974, Silko wrote and published more short stories and many poems, most of which were later collected in her book "Laguna Woman".

Ceremony

Leslie Marmon Silko's novel "Ceremony" was first published in 1977 to rave reviews, and it is difficult even to this day to find a critical appreciation of the book that is not positive. It remains the Native American novel most often set on college and university syllabi, and one of the few individual works by any Native author to have received book-length critical assessments.

The novel tells the story of Tayo, a veteran of mixed ancestry returning from fighting against Japan in World War II. Returning to the poverty-stricken reservation at Laguna, Tayo is recovering from shell-shock and is haunted with memories of his cousin, who died in the conflict. Seeking an escape from his pain, Tayo initially takes refuge in alcoholism. Gradually, helped by the mixed-blood shaman Betonie, he comes to a greater understanding of the world and his own place within it.

"Ceremony" has been called a Grail fiction, in that the hero overcomes a series of challenges to reach a specified goal, but this point of view has been criticized as Eurocentric. The skill of the writer is evident in the way that it is also a book deeply rooted in traditional stories (for instance, there are several retellings of old stories). Fellow Pueblo poet Paula Gunn Allen criticised the book on this account, saying that Silko was divulging tribal secrets that she did not have the right to reveal (See Allen, Paula Gunn. "Special Problems in Teaching Leslie Marmon Silko's "Ceremony"." "American Indian Quarterly" (Fall 1990): 379-86.)

In an America full of damaged Vietnam veterans, the book's message of healing and reconciliation between races and people made it both an immediate and a long-term success. It was largely on the strength of this work that critic Alan Velie named Silko one of his "Four Native American Literary Masters", along with N. Scott Momaday, Gerald Vizenor and James Welch.

Other Works

Silko was not to publish another full-length novel for over a decade. In 1981, she brought out "Storyteller", an interlinked collection of poems and short stories, and in 1986 she published "Delicacy and Strength of Lace", a collected volume of her correspondence with her friend James Wright.

"Almanac of the Dead", a massive volume published in 1991, was an ambitious work that received mixed reviews. The vision of the book stretched over both American continents and included Chiapas revolutionaries the Zapatista Army of National Liberation as just a small part of a mammoth cast of characters. Again taking the theme of conflict between white and Native as her theme, Silko substitutes what comes close to advocacy of violent revolution for her earlier works' stories of healing and forgiveness. Critiqued for its attitude towards homosexuality (several of the major villains are gay) [ [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_indian_quarterly/v026/26.4romero.html Project MUSE ] ] , and for a clumsy rendering of the Popol Vuh, "Almanac of the Dead" has not achieved the same mainstream success as its predecessor.A subsequent novel, "Gardens in the Dunes" (1999), weaves themes of women’s history, slavery, conquest and gardening.

Non-fictional work

Long a commentator on Native American affairs, Silko has published many non-fictional articles on Native American affairs and literature.

Her two most famous essays are outspoken attacks on fellow writers. In "An Old-Fashioned Indian Attack in Two Parts", first published in Geary Hobson’s collection "The Remembered Earth" (1978), Silko accused Gary Snyder of profiting from Indian culture, particularly in his collection "Turtle Island", the name and theme of which was taken from Pueblo mythology. In 1986, in a review of Anishinaabe writer Louise Erdrich's novel "The Beet Queen" entitled "Here’s an Odd Artifact for the Fairy-Tale Shelf", Silko claimed that the novelist had abandoned writing about the Native struggle for sovereignty in exchange for writing "self-referential", postmodern fiction.

Bibliography

Novels

*"Gardens in the Dunes" (1999)
*"Almanac of the Dead" (1991)
*"Ceremony" (1977)

Poetry & Short Story Collections

*"Love poem and Slim Canyon" (1996)
*"Rain" (1996)
*"Sacred Water: Narratives and Pictures" (1993)
*"Yellow Woman" (1993)
*"Storyteller" (1981)
*"Western Stories" (1980)
*"Laguna Women: Poems" (1974)

Other

*"Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today" (1996)
*"Delicacy And Strength of Lace Letters" (1986)

ee also

*List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
*Native American Studies

References

External links

* [http://www.literati.net/Silko/ Biography]
* [http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/silko_leslie_marmon.html Voices from the Gaps biography]
* http://litscholar.net/thesis/thesis_precis.htm "Reconstructing Reality: The Mythmaking of Walt Whitman and Leslie Marmon Silko"