Judith N. Shklar

Judith Nisse Shklar (September 24, 1928 – September 17, 1992) was a political theorist, the John Cowles Professor of Government at Harvard University.

Biography

Judith Shklar was born in Riga, Latvia. She graduated from McGill University and received B.A and M.A. degrees in 1949 and 1950. She received her Ph.D degree from Harvard University in 1955.

After graduation, Shklar became a faculty member at Harvard University and spent her entire academic career there. She was the first tenured woman in Harvard's Government Department. She was also president of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy and president of the American Political Science Association.

She was a renowned teacher and advisor, and many of her former students contributed to a volume of essays on her thought, "Liberalism Without Illusions," edited by Bernard Yack.

Works

Professor Shklar wrote many influential books and articles on political science including:
*"After Utopia: The Decline of Political Faith" (1957)
*"Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials" (Harvard University Press, 1964, ISBN 0-674-52351-2)
*"Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory" (1969)
*"Freedom and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind" (1976)
*"Ordinary Vices" (1984)--A collection of 6 essays on the ordinary vices of cruelty, hypocrisy, snobbery, betrayal, and misanthropy.
*"The Faces of Injustice" (1990)--Three essays on injustice: "Giving Injustice Its Due," "Misfortune and Injustice," and "The Sense of Injustice."
*"American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion" (1991).

Several of her essays, including the classic 'The Liberalism of Fear', have been collected in two posthumous volumes from the University of Chicago Press, "Political Thought and Political Thinkers", edited by Stanley Hoffmann (1998), and "Redeeming American Political Thought."

Beliefs

Professor Shklar's thought centered on two main beliefs: that cruelty is the greatest evil, which she touches on in her essay "The Liberalism of Fear" and elaborates more fully in "Putting Cruelty First", an essay in "Ordinary Vices", and her idea of "liberalism of fear." The "liberalism of fear" is based on her assumptions that cruelty is the greatest evil and that governments are prone to abuse the "inevitable inequalities in power" that result from political organization. Based on these assumptions she advocates constitutional democracy, which is flawed, but still the best form of government possible, because it protects people from the abuses of the more powerful by restricting government and by dispersing power among a "multiplicity of politically active groups" ("The Liberalism of Fear").

She believed that "every adult should be able to make as many effective decisions without fear or favor about as many aspects of her or his life as is compatible with the like freedom of every adult." (Judith Shklar, "The Liberalism of Fear")

She described rights less as absolute moral liberties and more as licenses which citizens must have in order to protect themselves against abuse.

Shklar was deeply interested in injustice and political evils. She claimed that "philosophy fails to give injustice its due," that is, most past philosophers have ignored injustice and talked only about justice, likewise they have ignored vice and only talked about virtue. In "Ordinary Vices" and "The Faces of Injustice" Shklar attempts to fill this gap in philosophical thought, drawing heavily on literature as well as philosophy to argue that injustice and the "sense of injustice" are historically and culturally universal, and are very important for modern political and philosophical theory.

External links

* [http://www.acls.org/op9.htm A Life of Learning by Shklar]
* [http://www.democratiya.com/review.asp?reviews_id=24 'Putting Cruelty First' by Judith Shklar]

Persondata
NAME=Shklar, Judith N.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=political theorist
DATE OF BIRTH=September 24, 1928
PLACE OF BIRTH=Riga, Latvia
DATE OF DEATH=September 17, 1992
PLACE OF DEATH=