Millennium Park

Millennium Park
For other uses, see Millennium Park (disambiguation).
Millennium Park
}}
Millennium Park as seen from the north in 2005
Millennium Park location.png

Map of Millennium Park
Type Urban park
Location Grant Park, Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates 41°52′57.75″N 87°37′21.60″W / 41.8827083°N 87.622667°W / 41.8827083; -87.622667 (Millennium Park)Coordinates: 41°52′57.75″N 87°37′21.60″W / 41.8827083°N 87.622667°W / 41.8827083; -87.622667 (Millennium Park)
Area 24.5 acres (99,000 m2)
Created July 16, 2004
Operated by Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs
Visitors 4,000,000
Status Open all year (daily 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.)
Website http://www.millenniumpark.org/

Millennium Park is a public park located in the Loop community area of Chicago in Illinois, USA and originally intended to celebrate the millennium. It is a prominent civic center near the city's Lake Michigan shoreline that covers a 24.5-acre (99,000 m2) section of northwestern Grant Park. The area was previously occupied by parkland, Illinois Central rail yards, and parking lots.[1] The park, which is bounded by Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street, Columbus Drive and East Monroe Drive, features a variety of public art. As of 2009, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction.[2]

Planning of the park began in October 1997. Construction began in October 1998, and Millennium Park was opened in a ceremony on July 16, 2004, four years behind schedule. The three-day opening celebrations were attended by some 300,000 people and included an inaugural concert by the Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus. The park has received awards for its accessibility and green design.[3] Millennium Park has free admission,[4] and features the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, the Lurie Garden, and various other attractions. The park is connected by the BP Pedestrian Bridge and the Nichols Bridgeway to other parts of Grant Park. Because the park sits atop a parking garage and the commuter rail Millennium Station, it is considered the world's largest rooftop garden.

Some observers consider Millennium Park to be the city's most important project since the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.[4][5] It far exceeded its originally proposed budget of $150 million. The final cost of $475 million was borne by Chicago taxpayers and private donors. The city paid $270 million; private donors paid the rest,[6] and assumed roughly half of the financial responsibility for the cost overruns.[7] The construction delays and cost overruns were attributed to poor planning, many design changes, and cronyism. Many critics have praised the completed park.

Contents

Background

(Left) Lake Front Park in 1883; (Right) Art Institute of Chicago in 1893, showing a structure on the Millennium Park site (lower left corner), railroad tracks, and Lake Michigan covering most of Grant Park

From 1852 until 1997, the Illinois Central Railroad owned a right of way between downtown Chicago and Lake Michigan, in the area that became Grant Park and used it for railroad tracks.[8] In 1871, Union Base-Ball Grounds was built on part of the site that became Millennium Park; the Chicago White Stockings played home games there until the grounds were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire.[9][10] Lake Front Park, the White Stockings' new ball grounds, was built in 1878 with a short right field due to the railroad tracks. The grounds were improved and the seating capacity was doubled in 1883, but the team had to move after the season ended the next year, as the federal government had given the city the land "with the stipulation that no commercial venture could use it".[9][10][11] Daniel Burnham planned Grant Park around the Illinois Central Railroad property in his 1909 Plan of Chicago.[12] In 1997, when the city gained airspace rights over the tracks, it decided to build a parking facility over them in the northwestern corner of Grant Park.[8] Eventually, the city realized that a grand civic amenity might lure private dollars in a way that a municipal improvement would not, and thus began the effort to create Millennium Park.[8] The park was originally planned under the name Lakefront Millennium Park.[13]

The park was conceived as a 16-acre (65,000 m2) landscape-covered bridge over an underground parking structure to be built on top of the Metra/Illinois Central Railroad tracks in Grant Park.[14] Originally, the park was to be designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, but gradually additional architects and artists such as Frank Gehry and Thomas Beeby were incorporated into the plan.[13] Sponsors were sought by invitation only.[15]

Views of what became Millennium Park in 1981: (Left) Train on tracks, now under what became Chase Promenade South; (Right) View from the Sears Tower of rail yards and parking lots, with Richard J. Daley Bicentennial Plaza beyond

In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Frank Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell, as well as a pedestrian bridge crossing Columbus Drive, and that it was seeking donors to cover his work.[16][17] At the time, the Chicago Tribune dubbed Gehry "the hottest architect in the universe"[18] in reference to the acclaim for his Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, and they noted the designs would not include Mayor Richard M. Daley's trademarks, such as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes.[18] Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture,"[16] and noted that no other architect was being sought.[16] Gehry was approached several times by Skidmore architect Adrian Smith on behalf of the city.[19] His hesitance and refusal to accept the commission was overcome by Cindy Pritzker, the philanthropist, who had developed a relationship with the architect when he won the Pritzker Prize in 1991. According to John H. Bryan, who led fund-raising for the park, Pritzker enticed Gehry in face-to-face discussions, using a $15 million funding commitment toward the bandshell's creation.[20] Having Gehry get involved helped the city realize its vision of having modern themes in the park; upon rumors of his involvement the Chicago Sun-Times proclaimed "Perhaps the future has arrived",[16] while the Chicago Tribune noted that "The most celebrated architect in the world may soon have a chance to bring Chicago into the 21st Century".[19]

McDonald's Cycle Center BP Pedestrian Bridge BP Pedestrian Bridge Columbus Drive Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion SW Exelon Pavilion SW Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden Nichols Bridgeway Nichols Bridgeway Chase Promenade North Chase Promenade Central Chase Promenade South AT&T Plaza Boeing Gallery North Boeing Gallery South Cloud Gate Wrigley Square McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Crown Fountain Michigan Avenue Randolph StreetRectangular map of a park about 1.5 times as wide as it is tall. The top half is dominated by the Pritzker Pavilion and Great Lawn. The lower half is divided into three roughly equal sections: (left to right) Wrigley Square, McCormick Tribune Plaza, and Crown Fountain. North is to the left.
Image map of Millennium Park with each feature or label linked

Plans for the park were officially announced in March 1998 and construction began in September of that year. Initial construction was under the auspices of the Chicago Department of Transportation, because the project bridges the railroad tracks. However, as the project grew and expanded, its broad variety of features and amenities outside the scope of the field of transportation placed it under the jurisdiction of the city's Public Buildings Commission.[21]

In April 1999, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's bandshell and an additional nine donors committed $10 million.[22][23] The day of this announcement, Gehry agreed to the design request.[24] In November, when his design was unveiled, Gehry said the bridge design was preliminary and not well-conceived because funding for it was not committed.[25] The need to fund a bridge to span the eight-lane Columbus Drive was evident, but some planning for the park was delayed in anticipation of details on the redesign of Soldier Field.[26] In January 2000, the city announced plans to expand the park to include features that became Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, the McDonalds Cycle Center, and the BP Pedestrian Bridge.[27] Later that month, Gehry unveiled his new winding design for the bridge.[28]

Mayor Daley's influence was key in getting corporate and individual sponsors to pay for much of the park.[29] Bryan, the former chief executive officer (CEO) of Sara Lee Corporation who spearheaded the fundraising,[30] says that sponsorship was by invitation and no one refused the opportunity to be a sponsor.[31] One Time magazine writer describes the park as the crowning achievement for Mayor Daley,[32] while another suggests the park's cost and time overages were examples of the city's mismanagement.[33] The July 16–18, 2004, opening gala was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.[34]

The community surrounding Millennium Park has become one of the most fashionable residential addresses in Chicago. In 2006, Forbes named the park's 60602 zip code as the hottest in terms of price appreciation in the country,[35] with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. Garland) leading the way for other buildings, such as Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Joffrey Tower. The median sale price for residential real estate was $710,000 in 2005 according to Forbes, also ranking it on the list of most expensive zip codes.[36] The park has been credited with increasing residential real estate values by $100 per square foot ($1,076 per m2).[37]

Features

Pritzker Pavilion and BP Bridge in Millennium Park, with Daley Bicentennial Plaza behind, seen from Willis Tower in 2007

Millennium Park is a portion of the 319-acre (1.3 km2)) Grant Park, known as the "front lawn" of downtown Chicago,[9] and has four major artistic highlights: the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, and the Lurie Garden.[38] Millennium Park is successful as a public art venue in part due to the grand scale of each piece and the open spaces for display.[39] A showcase for postmodern architecture, it also features the McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink, the BP Pedestrian Bridge, the Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance, Wrigley Square, the McDonald's Cycle Center, the Exelon Pavilions, the AT&T Plaza, the Boeing Galleries, the Chase Promenade, and the Nichols Bridgeway.[40]

Millennium Park is considered one of the largest green roofs in the world, having been constructed on top of a railroad yard and large parking garages.[41] The park, which is known for being user friendly, has a very rigorous cleaning schedule with many areas being swept, wiped down or cleaned multiple times a day.[42][43] Although the park was unveiled in July 2004, some features opened earlier, and upgrades continued for some time afterwards.[44] Along with the cultural features above ground (described below) the park has its own 2218-space parking garage.[7]

Jay Pritzker Pavilion

Main article: Jay Pritzker Pavilion
Concertgoers listen to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, the centerpiece of Millennium Park.

The centerpiece of Millennium Park is the Jay Pritzker Pavilion,[45] a bandshell designed by Frank Gehry. The pavilion has 4,000 fixed seats, plus additional lawn seating for 7,000;[46] the stage is framed by curving plates of stainless steel, characteristic of Gehry. It was named after Jay Pritzker, whose family is known for owning Hyatt Hotels and was a major donor. The Pritzker Pavilion is Grant Park's outdoor performing arts venue for small events, and complements Petrillo Music Shell, the park's older and larger bandshell. The pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, the park's indoor performing arts venue, with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities.[47] The pavilion is seen as a major upgrade from the Petrillo Music Shell for those events it hosts.[30] Initially, the pavilion's lawn seats were free for all concerts, but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31, 2005.[48]

The Pritzker Pavilion is the home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival, the nation's only remaining free, municipally supported, outdoor, classical music series.[49] The Festival is presented by the Chicago Park District and the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs.[50] The Pavilion hosts a wide range of other music series and annual performing arts events.[51][52][53] Performers ranging from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion,[54] which also hosts physical fitness activities such as yoga.[55] All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public; trained guides are available for the music festival rehearsals, which are well-attended.[56]

The construction of the pavilion created a legal controversy, given that there are historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park. To avoid these legal restrictions, the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building.[57] With several design and assembly problems, the construction plans were revised over time, with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow.[27] In the end, the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area, a Great Lawn, a trellis network to support the sound system, and a headdress fashioned from signature Gehry stainless steel.[58] It features a sound system with an acoustic design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience.[59] The pavilion and Millennium Park have received favorable recognition by critics, especially for their accessibility; an accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion in 2005 described it as "one of the most accessible parks—not just in the United States but possibly the world".[60]

AT&T Plaza and Cloud Gate

Main articles: Cloud Gate and AT&T Plaza
A boy and his distorted reflection at Cloud Gate, a popular site for photography

The AT&T Plaza is a public space that hosts the Cloud Gate sculpture.[61] The plaza opened in July 2004 with the unveiling of the sculpture during the grand opening weekend of the park. Ameritech donated $3 million for the naming right for the plaza, but it was SBC Plaza when the park opened, as a merger had changed the company name to SBC Communications.[27][62] The 2005 merger of SBC and AT&T led to the present name. The sculpture and the AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. The plaza has become a place to view the McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. During the holiday season, the plaza hosts Christmas caroling.[63]

Cloud Gate is a three-story steel sculpture that has been dubbed "The Bean" by Chicagoans, because of its legume-like shape. The sculpture is the first public artwork in the United States by world-renowned artist Anish Kapoor. The privately funded piece cost $23 million, considerably more than the original estimate of $6 million. Composed of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It is 33×66×42 feet (10×20×13 m) and weighs 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons).[64]

After Kapoor's design for the sculpture was selected during a design competition,[65] numerous technological concerns regarding the design's construction and assembly arose,[64][66][67][68] in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture's upkeep and maintenance.[67][69] Experts were consulted, some of whom believed the design could not be implemented.[70] Eventually, a feasible method was found, but the sculpture's construction fell behind schedule. Cloud Gate was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration,[71] as the grid of welds around each metal panel was still visible.[72] The sculpture was concealed again while it was completed;[73][74] in early 2005, workers polished out the seams.[72] Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15, 2006,[75][76] and it has since gained considerable popularity, both domestically and internationally.[77][78][79][80][81]

Cloud Gate is a reflective steel sculpture that is inspired by liquid mercury; the sculpture's surface reflects and distorts the city's skyline.[65][82] The curved, mirror-like surface of the sculpture provides striking reflections of visitors,[77] the city skyline (particularly the historic Michigan Avenue "streetwall") and the sky.[83][84] Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12-foot (3.7 m) high arch. On the underside is the "omphalos" (Greek for "navel"), a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections. The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor's artistic themes and is popular with tourists as a photo-taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties.[85][86]

Crown Fountain

Main article: Crown Fountain
The videos displayed on Crown Fountain fade to black every 15 minutes.[87]

The Crown Fountain is an interactive work of public art and video sculpture, named in honor of Chicago's Crown family and designed by Catalan conceptual artist Jaume Plensa; it opened in July 2004.[88][89] The fountain is composed of a black granite reflecting pool placed between a pair of transparent glass brick towers. The towers are 50 feet (15 m) tall,[88] and use light-emitting diodes behind the bricks to display digital videos on their inward faces. Construction and design of the Crown Fountain cost $17 million.[90]

Weather permitting, the water operates from May to October,[91] intermittently cascading down the two towers and spouting through a nozzle on each tower's front face. To achieve the effect in which water appears to be flowing from subjects' mouths, each video has a segment where the subject's lips are puckered, which is then timed to correspond to the spouting water, reminiscent of gargoyle fountains; this happens roughly every five minutes.[92] The park and fountain are open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.[93]

Residents and critics have praised the fountain for its artistic and entertainment features.[87][94][95] It highlights Plensa's themes of dualism, light, and water, extending the use of video technology from his prior works.[96] The fountain promotes physical interaction between the public and the water in an artistic setting. Both the fountain and Millennium Park are highly accessible because of their universal design.[60]

The Crown Fountain has been the most controversial of all the Millennium Park features. Before it was built, some were concerned that the sculpture's height violated the aesthetic tradition of the park.[97] After construction, surveillance cameras were installed atop the fountain, which led to a public outcry (and their quick removal).[98][99][100] However, the fountain has survived its somewhat contentious beginnings to find its way into Chicago pop culture. It is a popular subject for photographers and a common gathering place. While some of the videos displayed are of scenery, most attention has focused on its video clips of local residents, in which almost a thousand Chicagoans randomly appear on two screens.[101] The fountain is a public play area and offers people an escape from summer heat, allowing children to frolic in the fountain's water.[102]

Lurie Garden

Main article: Lurie Garden
Lurie Garden with Pritzker Pavilion and Randolph Street skyscrapers in the background

The Lurie Garden is a 2.5-acre (10,000 m2) public garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park; designed by Kathryn Gustafson, Piet Oudolf, and Robert Israel, it opened on July 16, 2004.[103] The garden is a combination of perennials, bulbs, grasses, shrubs and trees.[104] It is the featured nature component of the world's largest green roof. The garden cost $13.2 million and has a $10 million financial endowment for maintenance and upkeep.[38][105] It was named after philanthropist Ann Lurie, who donated the $10 million endowment.[106][107] The garden is a tribute to the city, whose motto is "Urbs in Horto", Latin for "City in a Garden".[103] The Lurie Garden is composed of two "plates". The dark plate depicts Chicago's history by presenting shade-loving plants, and has a combination of trees that will provide a shade canopy for these plants when they fill in. The light plate, which has no trees, represents the city's future with sun-loving perennials that thrive in heat and light.[91]

McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink and Park Grill

Main articles: McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink and Park Grill
The McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink is a popular people-watching venue.

The McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink is a multipurpose venue located along the western edge of Millennium Park opposite the streetwall of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District. On December 20, 2001, it became the first attraction in Millennium Park to open,[14][108] a few weeks ahead of the Millennium Park underground parking garage.[14] The $3.2 million plaza was funded by a donation from the McCormick Tribune Foundation.[109] For four months a year, it operates as McCormick Tribune Ice Rink, a free public outdoor ice skating rink.[110] It is generally open for skating from mid-November until mid-March and hosts over 100,000 skaters annually. It is known as one of Chicago's better outdoor people watching locations during the winter months.[111][112] The rink is operated by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs rather than the Chicago Park District,[113][114] which operates most major public ice skating rinks in Chicago.[110]

For the rest of the year, it serves as The Plaza at Park Grill or Park Grill Plaza, Chicago's largest al fresco dining facility.[115] The 150-seat outdoor restaurant offers scenic views of the park, and hosts various culinary events and musical performances during its months of operation.[115][116] From June 21 to September 15, 2002, the plaza served as an open-air exhibition space and hosted the inaugural exhibit in Millennium Park, Exelon Presents Earth From Above by Yann Arthus-Bertrand, a French aerial photographer.[117]

The Park Grill Plaza is affiliated with the 300-seat indoor Park Grill restaurant, located beneath the AT&T Plaza and Cloud Gate. The Park Grill is the only full-service restaurant in Millennium Park and opened on November 24, 2003.[118] It regularly places among the leaders in citywide best-of competitions for best burger,[119][120][121][122][123] and it is widely praised for its views.[124][125][126][127] The restaurant has been the focus of controversies about the numerous associates of Mayor Daley who are investors, its exclusive location and lucrative contract terms. One of the most financially successful restaurants in Chicago, the Park Grill remains exempt from property taxes after a multi-year litigation which reached the appellate courts in Illinois.[128][129][130]

BP Pedestrian Bridge

Main article: BP Pedestrian Bridge
The serpentine BP Pedestrian Bridge is architect Frank Gehry's first bridge.

The BP Pedestrian Bridge is a girder footbridge over Columbus Drive that connects Millennium Park with Daley Bicentennial Plaza, both parts of the larger Grant Park. The pedestrian bridge is the first bridge Gehry designed to be built, and was named for BP plc, which donated $5 million to the construction of the park.[131][132] It opened on July 16, 2004, along with the rest of Millennium Park.[133] Gehry had been courted by the city to design the bridge and the neighboring Jay Pritzker Pavilion, and eventually agreed to do so after the Pritzker family funded the Pavilion.[19][23][24] The bridge is known for its aesthetics, and Gehry's style is seen in its biomorphic allusions and extensive sculptural use of stainless steel plates to express abstraction. The bridge is referred to as snakelike in character due to its curving form.[134] The bridge's design, which meets highway standards to accommodate rushes of pedestrian traffic simultaneously exiting Pritzker Pavilion events,[135] enables it to bear a heavy load.[134]

The pedestrian bridge serves as a noise barrier for the pavilion, blocking traffic sounds from Columbus Drive. It is a connecting link between Millennium Park and destinations to the east, such as the nearby lakefront, other parts of Grant Park and a parking garage.[20] The BP Bridge uses a concealed box girder design with a concrete base, and its deck is covered by hardwood floor boards.[136] It is designed without handrails, using stainless steel parapets instead.[134] The total length is 935 feet (285 m), with a five percent slope on its inclined surfaces that makes it barrier-free and accessible.[137][138] It has won awards for its use of sheet metal.[139][140] Although the bridge is closed in winter because ice cannot be safely removed from its wooden walkway, it has received favorable reviews for its design and aesthetics.[141]

Harris Theater

Main article: Harris Theater (Chicago, Illinois)
Harris Theater from Randolph Street

The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance is a 1525-seat theater for the performing arts located along the northern edge of Millennium Park. Constructed in 2002–03, it is the city's premier performance venue for small- and medium-sized performance groups,[142] which had previously been without a permanent home and were underserved by the city's performing venue options.[143] The theater, which is largely underground due to Grant Park-related height restrictions, was named for its primary benefactors, Joan and Irving Harris.[144] It serves as the park's indoor performing venue, a compliment to Jay Pritzker Pavilion, which hosts the park's outdoor performances. Among the regularly featured local groups are the Joffrey Ballet, Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Opera Theater.[145] It provides subsidized rental, technical expertise, and marketing support for the companies using it,[146] and turned a profit in its fourth fiscal year.[147]

The Harris Theater has hosted notable national and international performers, such as the New York City Ballet, which made its first visit to Chicago in over 25 years (in 2006). The theater began offering subscription series of traveling performers in its 2008–09 fifth anniversary season.[148][149][150] Performances through this series have included the San Francisco Ballet,[151] Mikhail Baryshnikov, and Stephen Sondheim.[152]

The theater has been credited as contributing to the performing arts renaissance in Chicago,[153] and it has been favorably reviewed for its acoustics, sightlines, proscenium and for providing a home base for numerous performing organizations.[47][154][155] Although it is seen as a high-caliber venue for its music audiences, the theater is regarded as less than ideal for jazz groups, because it is more expensive and larger than most places where jazz is performed.[155] The design has been criticized for traffic flow problems, with an elevator bottleneck.[156][157] However, the theater's prominent location and its underground design to preserve Millennium Park have been praised.[47] Although there were complaints about high-priced events in its early years, discounted ticket programs were introduced in the 2009–10 season.[158]

Wrigley Square

Main article: Wrigley Square
The Millennium Monument in Wrigley Square

Wrigley Square is a public square located in the northwest corner of Millennium Park near the intersection of East Randolph Street and North Michigan, across from the Historic Michigan Boulevard District.[159] It contains the Millennium Monument, a nearly full-sized replica of the semicircle of paired Greek Doric-style columns (called a peristyle) that originally sat in this area of Grant Park between 1917 and 1953.[159] The square also contains a large lawn and a public fountain. The William Wrigley, Jr. Foundation contributed $5 million for the monument and square, which was named in its honor.[160] The pedestal of the Millennium Monument's peristyle is inscribed with the names of the 115 financial donors who made the 91 contributions of at least $1 million each to help pay for Millennium Park.[161]

McDonald's Cycle Center

Main article: McDonald's Cycle Center
McDonald's Cycle Center was sponsored by McDonald's well after the park opened.

The McDonald's Cycle Center is a 300-space heated and air conditioned indoor bike station located in the northeast corner of Millennium Park. The facility provides lockers, showers, a snack bar with outdoor summer seating, bike repair, bike rental and other amenities for downtown bicycle commuters and utility cyclists. The bike station also accommodates runners and in-line skaters,[162][163][164] and provides space for a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group.[165] The city-built center opened in July 2004 as the Millennium Park Bike Station; since June 2006, it has been sponsored by McDonald's and several other partners, including city departments and bicycle advocacy organizations.[164][166] Suburban Chicago-based McDonald's sponsorship of the Cycle Center fit in well with its efforts to help its customers become more healthy by encouraging "balanced, active lifestyles".[167] The Cycle Center is accessible by membership and day pass.[168]

Planning for the Cycle Center was part of the larger "Bike 2010 Plan", in which the city aimed to make itself more accommodating to bicycle commuters. This plan (since replaced by the "Bike 2015 Plan")[169] included provisions for front-mounted two-bike carriers on Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) buses, permitting bikes to be carried on Chicago 'L' trains, installing numerous bike racks and creating bicycle lanes in streets throughout the city.[170] Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area's other mass transit providers, Metra and Pace, have developed increased bike accessibility.[171] Mayor Daley was an advocate of the plan, noting it is also an environmentally friendly effort to cut down on traffic.[170][172] Environmentalists, urban planners and cycling enthusiasts around the world have expressed interest in the Cycle Center, and want to emulate what they see as a success story in urban planning and transit-oriented development.[166][173][174][175] Pro-cycling and environmentalist journalists in publications well beyond Chicago have described the Cycle Center as exemplary, impressive, unique and ground-breaking.[166][173] The Toronto Star notes that it is revered as "as a kind of Shangri-La", and describes it as "a jewel-like glass building on the Chicago waterfront, [that] has many of the amenities of an upscale health club [...] close to the heart of the city," with the additional statement that "It's not heaven, but it's close".[173] A Vancouver official told The Oregonian that it was "the ultimate in bicycle stations", and would be natural for bicycle friendly cities to emulate.[166]

Exelon Pavilions

Main article: Exelon Pavilions
The Northwest Exelon Pavilion is Millennium Park's Welcome Center.

The Exelon Pavilions are a set of four solar energy-generating structures in Millennium Park. The pavilions provide sufficient energy to power the equivalent of 14 Energy star-rated energy-efficient houses in Chicago.[176] The pavilions were designed in January 2001 and construction began in January 2004. The Southeast and Southwest Exelon Pavilions (jointly the South Exelon Pavilions) along Madison Street were completed and opened in July 2004, and flank the Lurie Garden. The Northeast and Northwest Exelon Pavilions (jointly the North Exelon Pavilions) flank the Harris Theater along Randolph Street and were completed in November 2004, with a grand opening on April 30, 2005.[177] Besides producing energy, three of the four pavilions provide access to the park's underground parking garages and the fourth serves as the park's welcome center.[176] Exelon, a company that generates the electricity transmitted by its subsidiary Commonwealth Edison,[178] donated approximately $6 million for the pavilions.[179]

Boeing Galleries

Main article: Boeing Galleries
Boeing Galleries during the 2006 In Search of Paradise exhibition

The Boeing Galleries are a pair of outdoor exhibition spaces within Millennium Park; they are located along the south and north mid-level terraces, above and east of Wrigley Square and the Crown Fountain.[180] They were added after the park opened; in March 2005, Boeing President and Chief Executive Officer James Bell announced the firm would make a $5 million grant to fund construction of the spaces, and for an endowment to "help fund visual arts exhibitions" in them.[180] The galleries, which were built between March and June 2005,[181] have hosted grand-scale art exhibits, some of which have run for two full summers.

Chase Promenade

Main article: Chase Promenade
Chase Promenade during the 2005 Revealing Chicago exhibition

The Chase Promenade is an open-air tree-lined pedestrian walkway in Millennium Park that opened July 16, 2004. The promenade was made possible by a gift from the Bank One Foundation;[182] Bank One merged with JPMorgan Chase in 2004, and the name became Chase Promenade. The 8-acre (32,000 m2) walkway accommodates exhibitions, festivals and other family events.[182] It also serves as a private-event rental venue.[183] The Chase Promenade hosted the 2009 Burnham Pavilions, which were the cornerstone of the citywide Burnham Plan centennial celebration.[184]

Nichols Bridgeway

Main article: Nichols Bridgeway
The Nichols Bridgeway's design was inspired by the hull of a boat

The Nichols Bridgeway, a pedestrian bridge that opened on May 16, 2009, connects the south end of Millennium Park with the Modern Wing of the Art Institute of Chicago. The bridge begins at the southwest end of the Jay Pritzker Pavilion's Great Lawn and extends across Monroe Street, where it connects to the third floor of the Art Institute's West Pavilion.[185][186] The bridge design by Renzo Piano, the architect of the Modern Wing, was inspired by the hull of a boat.[187]

The Nichols Bridgeway is approximately 620 ft (190 m) long and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. The bottom of the bridge is made of white, painted structural steel, the floor is made of aluminum planking and the 42-inch (1.1 m) tall railings are steel set atop stainless steel mesh. The bridge features anti-slip walkways and heating elements to prevent the formation of ice. It meets standards for universal accessibility, as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The bridge is named after museum donors Alexandra and John Nichols.[188]

Budget

During development and construction of the park, many structures were added, redesigned or modified. These changes often resulted in budget increases. For example, the bandshell's proposed budget was $10.8 million. When the elaborate, cantilevered Gehry design required extra pilings to be driven into the bedrock to support the added weight, the cost of the bandshell eventually spiraled to $60.3 million. The cost of the park, as itemized in the following table, amounted to almost $500 million.[189]

Mayor Daley at first placed much of the blame for the delay and cost overrun on Frank Gehry, who designed the pavilion and its connecting bridge; Daley's office later apologized to the architect.[190] A 2001 investigative report by the Chicago Tribune described the park then under construction and its budget overruns as an "expensive public-works debacle that can be traced to haphazard planning, design snafus and cronyism".[191] According to Lois Weisberg, commissioner of the Department of Cultural Affairs, and James Law, executive director of the Mayor's Office of Special Events, once the full scope of the project was finalized the project was completed within the revised budget.[192]

Millennium Park seen from 340 on the Park in 2007; the foreground is Richard J. Daley Bicentennial Plaza (also part of Grant Park). In the background are the Art Institute of Chicago and Historic Michigan Boulevard District.
Project Proposed cost Final cost  % of proposed
Garage $87.5 million $105.6 million 121%
Metra superstructure $43.0 million $60.6 million 141%
Jay Pritzker Pavilion $10.8 million $60.3 million 558%
Harris Theater $20.0 million $60.0 million 300%
Park finishes/landscaping N/A $42.9 million
Design and management costs N/A $39.5 million
Endowment $10.0 million $25.0 million 250%
Crown Fountain $15.0 million $17.0 million 113%
BP Pedestrian Bridge $8.0 million $14.5 million 181%
Lurie Garden $4.0–8.0 million $13.2 million 330%–165%
Cloud Gate sculpture $6.0 million $23.0 million 383%
Exelon Pavilions N/A $7.0 million
Peristyle/Wrigley Square $5.0 million $5.0 million 100%
Chase Promenade $6.0 million $4.0 million 67%
McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink $5.0 million $3.2 million 64%
Misc. (fencing, terraces, graphics) N/A $1.6 million
Total (uses higher Lurie Garden figure) $224.3 million $482.4 million 215%
Source: Chicago Tribune.[189] Note: does not include Boeing Galleries or Nichols Bridgeway.

Use

Millennium Park had 3 million visitors in its first year; annual attendance was projected to grow to between 3.31 and 3.65 million by 2010.[193] According to Crain's Chicago Business, however, the park had about 4 million visitors in 2009.[2] In addition to the different uses detailed for each of the permanent features (above), the park has hosted some other notable events, including the annual Grant Park Music Festival, and two temporary pavilions to mark the centennial of Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago. Millennium Park has also been featured in several films and television shows.

Grant Park Music Festival

Main article: Grant Park Music Festival
A 2005 Grant Park Music Festival concert at Jay Pritzker Pavilion

The Grant Park Music Festival (formerly Grant Park Concerts) is an annual 10-week classical music concert series,[49] which features the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and the Grant Park Chorus as well as guest performers and conductors.[194] Since 2004, the festival has been housed in the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park.[195] On occasion, the festival has been held at the Harris Theater instead of the Pritzker Pavilion.[196][197] The festival has earned non-profit organization status,[194] and claims to be the nation's only free, outdoor classical music series.[198]

The Grant Park Music Festival has been a Chicago tradition since 1931, when Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak suggested free concerts to lift spirits of Chicagoans during the Great Depression.[199][200] The tradition of symphonic Grant Park Music Festival concerts began in 1935. The 2004 season, during which the festival moved to the Pritzker Pavilion, was the event's 70th season.[195] Formerly, the Grant Park Music Festival was held at the Petrillo Music Shell in Grant Park.[201]

Over time the festival has had various financial supporters, three primary locations and one name change. At times it has been broadcast nationally on the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) and Columbia Broadcasting Service (CBS) radio networks, and many of the world's leading classical musicians have performed there.[200] In 2000, the festival organizers agreed to release some of the concerts to the public via compact disc recordings.[202]

2009 Burnham Pavilions

Main article: Burnham Pavilions
Chase Promenade South was the site of the Burnham Pavilions.

In 2009, architects Zaha Hadid and Ben van Berkel were invited to design and build two pavilions on the Chase Promenade South, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago. The pavilions were privately funded[184][203] and were designed to be temporary structures.[204] They served as the focal point of Chicago's year-long celebration of Burnham's Plan, and were meant to symbolize the city's continued pursuit of the plan's architectural vision.[205]

The van Berkel Pavilion was composed of two parallel rectangular planes joined by curving scoops, all built on a steel frame covered with glossy white plywood.[206] It was situated on a raised platform, which was sliced by a ramp entrance, making it ADA accessible.[207] The Hadid Pavilion was a tensioned fabric shell fitted over a curving aluminum framework made of more than 7,000 pieces. A centennial-themed video presentation was projected on its interior fabric walls after dark.[208]

Both pavilions were scheduled to be unveiled on June 19, 2009. However, Hadid's pavilion was not ready in time; it had construction delays and a construction team change, which led to coverage of the delay in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.[205][209] Only its aluminum skeleton was available for public viewing on the scheduled date; the work was completed and unveiled on August 4, 2009. The van Berkel pavilion was temporarily closed for repairs August 10–14, due to unanticipated wear and tear.[210] Both pavilions were dismantled after November 1, 2009; the materials from van Berkel's were recycled, while Hadid's was stored for possible exhibition elsewhere.[211]

In popular culture

Jeff Garlin claims that I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With was the first Hollywood movie to incorporate Millennium Park.[212] The film was not released until 2006, after the release of several other movies. These include the 2005 film The Weather Man, which starred Nicolas Cage and was filmed in part at the park's McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink.[213] The 2006 romantic comedy The Break-Up shot scenes in the park, then had to reshoot some of them because Cloud Gate was under cover in some of the initial shots.[214] Other movies which include scenes filmed in Millennium Park include the 2005 thriller Derailed,[215] the 2006 romance The Lake House,[216] and the 2007 thriller Butterfly on a Wheel.[217] At least two television series have filmed in the park, including Leverage[218] and Prison Break, which featured shots of the Crown Fountain in the first few episodes of its first season (2005).[219] In the ending scene of Source Code, Jake Gyllenhaal's and Michelle Monaghan's characters are seen walking through Millennium Park, and make their way to the Cloud Gate.[220]

Criticism and controversy

Height restrictions

Jay Pritzker Pavilion is classified as a work of art to avoid legal restrictions on its height

In 1836, a year before Chicago was incorporated,[221] the Board of Canal Commissioners held public auctions for the city's first lots. Foresighted citizens, who wanted the lakefront kept as public open space, convinced the commissioners to designate the land east of Michigan Avenue between Randolph Street and Park Row (11th Street) "Public Ground—A Common to Remain Forever Open, Clear and Free of Any Buildings, or Other Obstruction, whatever."[222] Grant Park has been "forever open, clear and free" since, protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings.[223][224][225][226] In 1839, United States Secretary of War Joel Roberts Poinsett upon decommissioning the Fort Dearborn reserve, declared the land between Randolph Street and Madison Street east of Michigan Avenue "Public Ground forever to remain vacant of buildings".[221]

Aaron Montgomery Ward, who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park, twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones.[227][228] In 1890, arguing that Michigan Avenue property owners held easements on the park land, Ward commenced legal actions to keep the park free of new buildings. In 1900, the Illinois Supreme Court concluded that all landfill east of Michigan Avenue was subject to dedications and easements.[229] In 1909, when Ward sought to prevent the construction of the Field Museum of Natural History in the center of the park, the courts affirmed his arguments.[230][231]

As a result, the city has what are termed Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park. However, the Crown Fountain and the 139-foot (42 m) Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restrictions, because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures.[57][232] According to The Economist, the pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward, who is said to continue to rule and protect Grant Park from his grave.[57] The Harris Theater, which is adjacent to Pritzker Pavilion, was built almost entirely underground to avoid the height restrictions.[232] The height of the Crown Fountain, which is also exempted as a work of art, has been described as stemming from a "pissing contest" with other park feature artists.[97][232]

Financial issues

The Millennium Park project has been the subject of some criticism since its inception. In addition to concerns about cost overruns, individuals and organizations have complained that the money spent on the park might have gone to other worthy causes, citing poverty in Chicago and problems in the city's schools. Although the park's design and architectural elements have won wide praise, there has been some criticism of its aesthetics. Other criticism has revolved around the larger issue of corruption and political favoritism in the city; The New York Times reported in July 2004 that an inflated contract for park cleanup had gone to a company that made large contributions to Mayor Daley's election campaign.[4] The park's only full service restaurant, Park Grill, has been criticized for its connection to numerous friends and associates of the mayor.[233][234]

A corporate underwriter's stone marker. (SBC Plaza is now AT&T Plaza.)

Concerns have also been raised over the mixed use of taxpayer and corporate funding and associated naming rights for sections of the park. While a monument in Wrigley Square honors the park's many private and corporate donors, many park features are also named for their corporate underwriters, with the sponsors' names prominently indicated with stone markers (The Boeing Gallery, The Exelon Pavilion, The AT&T Plaza, The Wrigley Square). Some critics have deemed this to be inappropriate for a public space. Julie Deardorff, Chicago Tribune health and fitness reporter, described the naming of the McDonald's Cycle Center as a continuation of the " 'McDonaldization' of America" and as somewhat "insidious" because the company is making itself more prominent as the social sentiment is to move away from fast food.[167] Timothy Gilfoyle, author of Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark, notes that a controversy surrounds the "tasteless" corporate naming of several of the Park's features, including the BP Bridge, named for an oil company.[235] Naming rights were sold for high fees,[236] and Gilfoyle was not the only one who chastised park officials for selling naming rights to the highest bidder. Public interest groups have crusaded against commercialization of Chicago parks.[237] However, many of the donors have a long history of local philanthropy and their funds were essential to provide necessary financing for several park features.[15]

Ticket prices for both the Harris Theater and the Pritzker Pavilion have been controversial. John von Rhein, classical music critic for the Chicago Tribune, notes that the theater's size poses a challenge to performers attempting to fill its seats, and feels that it overemphasizes high-priced events.[238] In 2009–2010, the theater introduced two discounted ticket programs:[158] a $5 lunchtime series of 45-minute dance performances,[239] and a $10 ticket program for in-person, cash-only purchases in the last 90 minutes before performances.[158] Once the pavilion was built, the initial plan was that the lawn seating would be free for all events. An early brochure for the Grant Park Music Festival said "You never need a ticket to attend a concert! The lawn and the general seating section are always admission free."[48] However, when parking garage revenue fell short of estimates during the first year, the city charged $10 for lawn seating at the August 31, 2005, concert by Tori Amos.[48] Amos, a classically trained musician who chose only piano and organ accompaniment for her concert, earned positive reviews as the inaugural rock and roll performer in a venue that regularly hosts classical music.[52][53] The city justified the charge by contending that since the pavilion is an open air venue, there were many places in Millennium Park where people could have enjoyed the music or the atmosphere of the park without having to pay.[48][240][241]

Use restrictions

When Millennium Park first opened in 2004, Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student working on a photography project, and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism.[242] In 2005, Cloud Gate attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece.[243] As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law, the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture. The public may freely photograph Cloud Gate, but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago (which has licensed the art) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs. Initially the city charged photographers permit fees of $350 per day for professional still photographers, $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers. The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large-scale film, video and photography requiring 10-person crews.[244]

Lurie Garden and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion have both been rented for private events.

Almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events in 2005 and 2006. Closing a public park partly paid for with taxpayer money was controversial,[245] as was the exclusion of commuters who walk through the park and tourists lured by its attractions.[246] On September 8, 2005, Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent all park venues from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m, except Wrigley Square, the Lurie Garden, the McDonald's Cycle Center and the Crown Fountain.[246][247] The city said the money was used to fund day-to-day operations, and for free events in the park,[247] including the Lurie Garden Festival, a Steppenwolf Theater production, musical performers along the Chase Promenade all summer long, a jazz series, and children's concerts.[248] The name of Toyota, one of the sponsors, was included on Millennium Park brochures, web site, and advertising signage.[247] The closure provided a public relations opportunity for General Motors, which shuttled 1,500 tourists from the park to see other Chicago attractions.[246] Toyota said it considered $300,000 a rental expense and $500,000 a sponsoring donation. On August 7, 2006, Allstate, which paid $200,000 as a rental expense and $500,000 as a sponsoring donation, acquired the visitation rights to a different set of park features (including Lurie Garden), and only had exclusive access to certain features after 4 p.m.[245]

The park is closed from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. daily.[249] Chicago is a dog-friendly city with a half dozen dog beaches,[250] however the city does not permit dogs in the park. Only on-duty service dogs for the disabled or visually impaired are permitted.[91]

Surveillance cameras

In November 2006, the Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when the city added surveillance cameras atop each tower. Purchased with a $52 million Department of Homeland Security grant, the cameras augmented eight others covering all of Millennium Park.[98] City officials had consulted the architects who collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs, but not Plensa himself.[100] Public reaction was negative, as bloggers and the artistic community decried the cameras as inappropriate and a blight on the towers.[99][100] The city said that the cameras would be replaced with permanent, less intrusive models in several months;[99] it contended that the cameras, similar to those used throughout Chicago in high-crime areas and at traffic intersections, had been added largely for security reasons but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt-out LED lights on the fountain.[100] The Chicago Tribune published an article on the cameras and the public reaction; the cameras were removed the next day, with Plensa's support.[99]

Reception and recognition

The Financial Times describes Millennium Park as "an extraordinary public park that is set to create new iconic images of the city", and further notes that it is "a genuinely 21st-century interactive park [that] could trigger a new way of thinking about public outdoor spaces".[20] Time magazine views both Cloud Gate and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion as part of a well-planned visit to Chicago.[251] Frommer's lists exploring Millennium Park as one of the four best free things to do in the city,[252] and it commends the park for its various artistic offerings.[253] Lonely Planet recommends an hour-long stroll to see the park's playful art.[254] The park is praised as a "showcase of art and urban design" by the San Francisco Chronicle,[255] while Time refers to it as an "artfully re-arranged [...] civic phantasmagoria like Antonio Gaudi's Park Güell in Barcelona, with the difference that this one is the product of an ensemble of creative spirits".[256] The book 1,000 Places to See in the U.S.A. & Canada Before You Die describes Millennium Park as a renowned attraction.[257]

"This is not simply a background park, where a series of individual objects exist in a field. The objects here have become the field. It is densely packed like the city itself. This is a different idea of an exterior experience than in most parks. It is closer to a theme park or a shopping mall."

The park was designed to be accessible; it only needs a single wheelchair lift and its accessibility won its project director the 2005 Barrier-Free America Award.[258] The McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion both provide accessible restrooms.[91] The park opened with 78 women's toilet fixtures and 45 for men, with heated facilities on the east side of the Pritzker Pavilion. It also had about six dozen park benches designed by Kathryn Gustafson, the landscape architect responsible for the Lurie Garden.[259] In 2005, the park won the Green Roof Award of Excellence in the Intensive Industrial/Commercial category from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC).[260] GRHC considers the park to be one of the largest green roofs in the world; it covers "a structural deck supported by two reinforced concrete cast-in-place garages and steel structures that span over the remaining railroad tracks".[261][262] In 2005 the park also received Travel + Leisure's Design Award for "Best Public Space", and the American Public Works Association's "Project of the Year" Award. In its first year, the park, its features and associated people received over 30 awards.[263]

Some mayors from other cities have admired the park as an example of successful urban planning. The mayor of Shanghai enjoyed his visit to the park,[264] and San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom wished his city could create a similar type of civic amenity.[265][266] Closer to home, Blair Kamin, the Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture critic for the Chicago Tribune, concluded his 2004 review of Millennium Park with the following: "...a park provides a respite from the city, yet it also reflects the city. In that sense, all of Millennium Park mirrors the rebirth of Chicago ... the ambition of its patrons, the creativity of its artists and architects, and the ongoing miracle of its ability to transform a no place into a someplace that's extraordinary."[7]

Futuristic view of a green lawn with people scattered on it, beneath a metal trellis supported on shiny metal pillars. The trellis leads to a bandshell surrounded by curved plates of shiny metal, with many tall skyscrapers in the background.
This panoramic view of the Great Lawn, trellis, and bandshell at Jay Pritzker Pavilion was taken in May 2009. Among the buildings pictured in the background are (left to right) The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building, Trump International Hotel and Tower, One Prudential Plaza, Two Prudential Plaza, Aon Center, Aqua, Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower, 340 on the Park, The Buckingham, 400 East Randolph, and Harbor Point.

See also

Portal icon Chicago portal
Portal icon Illinois portal

Notes

  1. ^ This picture shows Grant Park before Millennium Park (upper right) was built.
  2. ^ a b "Crain's List: Chicago's Largest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2009 attendance". Crain's Chicago Business (Crain Communications Inc.): p. 21. March 22, 2010. 
  3. ^ Ryan, Karen (April 12, 2005). "Chicago's New Millennium Park Wins Travel & Leisure Design Award For "Best Public Space", And The American Public Works Association "Project Of The Year" Award" (PDF). City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/newsandmedia/pdfs/4.1%20Millennium%20Park%20Awards.pdf. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 
  4. ^ a b c Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter From Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  5. ^ Daniel, Caroline and Jeremy Grant (September 10, 2005). "Classical city soars above Capone clichés". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5qjZTVCc8. Retrieved August 7, 2008. 
  6. ^ Cohen, Laurie and Liam Ford (July 18, 2004). "$16 million in lawsuits ensnare pavilion at Millennium Park". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180277_1_gehry-millennium-park-lawsuits. Retrieved August 6, 2008. 
  7. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "A no place transformed into a grand space – What was once a gritty, blighted site is now home to a glistening, cultural spectacle that delivers joy to its visitors". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180382_1_millennium-park-crown-fountain-spaces. Retrieved August 6, 2008. 
  8. ^ a b c Lewis, Michael J. (August 6, 2006). "No Headline". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00EEDF123FF935A3575BC0A9609C8B63. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  9. ^ a b c Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006). "Millennium Park". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/books/chapters/0806-1st-gilf.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 
  10. ^ a b "Untitled (Baseball Park Codes)". retrosheet.org. http://www.retrosheet.org/parkcode.txt. Retrieved August 4, 2010. 
  11. ^ "Ward Case Summaries". Neweastside.org. http://www.neweastside.org/decisions.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 
  12. ^ "Park History". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/parkhistory/. Retrieved June 20, 2008. 
  13. ^ a b Kamin, Blair (March 18, 1999). "Will Too Many Architects Spoil Grant Park's Redesign?". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB42A3CE4D07C57&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  14. ^ a b c "Mayor Daley, McCormick Tribune Executives Cut Ribbon on Spectacular Skating Rink at Millennium Park" (PDF). Millennium Park News. Public Building Commission of Chicago. Winter 2001–2002. http://www.pbcchicago.com/upload/454.pdf. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  15. ^ a b Smith, Sid (July 15, 2004). "Sponsors put money where their names are". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-15/news/0407150417_1_yard-sale-enhancements-millennium-park. Retrieved July 28, 2008. 
  16. ^ a b c d Bey, Lee (February 18, 1999). "Building for future – Modern architect sought for park". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 4, News section. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB42A2E27BC3A9F&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  17. ^ "The City". Daily Herald. February 18, 1999. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ADHB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0ED0293A7773EBF9&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  18. ^ a b Warren, Ellen and Teresa Wiltz (February 17, 1999). "City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-02-17/news/9902170210_1_frank-gehry-band-shell-drew-carey-show. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  19. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (April 18, 1999). "A World-Class Designer Turns His Eye To Architecture's First City". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-04-18/news/9904180513_1_frank-gehry-pritzker-architecture-prize-big-city. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  20. ^ a b c d Daniel, Caroline (July 20, 2004). "How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride". The Financial Times. 
  21. ^ "Following the Money for Millennium Park". Neighborhood Capital Budget Group. http://www.ncbg.org/public_works/millennium_park.htm. Retrieved July 28, 2008. 
  22. ^ "Millennium Park Gets Millions". Chicago Tribune. April 27, 1999. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-04-27/news/9904280139_1_frank-gehry-pritzker-architecture-prize-great-lawn. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  23. ^ a b Spielman, Fran (April 28, 1999). "Room for Grant Park to grow". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB4240F126851DB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  24. ^ a b De LaFuente, Della (April 28, 1999). "Architect on board to help build bridge to 21st century". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB4240F06C75DE5&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  25. ^ Kamin, Blair (November 4, 1999). "Architect's Band Shell Design Filled With Heavy-Metal Twists". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-11-04/news/9911040341_1_frank-gehry-band-shell-trellis. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  26. ^ Kamin, Blair (November 23, 1999). "Timing Crucial Plotting Grant Park's Future". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-11-23/features/9911240354_1_chicago-park-district-mayor-richard-m-daley-plan. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  27. ^ a b c Song, Lisa (January 7, 2000). "City Tweaks Millennium Park Design". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-01-07/news/0001130043_1_structure-ed-uhlir-millennium-park. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  28. ^ Donato, Marla (January 28, 2000). "Defiant Architect Back With Revised Grant Park Bridge Design". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-01-28/news/0001280264_1_frank-gehry-bridge-design-band-shell. Retrieved July 24, 2008. 
  29. ^ Thigpen, David (April 18, 2005). "Richard the Second". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050280,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  30. ^ a b "Magnificent Millennium". Chicago Tribune. July 15, 2004. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-15/news/0407150113_1_millennium-park-cloud-gate-new-parking-garage. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  31. ^ Smith, Sid (July 15, 2004). "Sponsors put money where their names are". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-15/news/0407150417_1_yard-sale-enhancements-millennium-park. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  32. ^ Cole, Wendy (January 22, 2007). "In Chicago, t-he Dynasty Rolls On". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1581098,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  33. ^ Isackson, Noah (December 17, 2004). "Creative Thinking In Chicago". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1009679,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  34. ^ Ford, Liam (May 21, 2004). "City park has friend to bank on". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-05-21/news/0405210216_1_mayor-daley-jp-morgan-chase-parking-garage. Retrieved August 4, 2008. 
  35. ^ "Zip Codes With Greatest Appreciation". forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/09/cx_sc_0310homeslide1.html?thisSpeed=35000. Retrieved June 20, 2008. 
  36. ^ "#404 60602". forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/7/ZIP60602.html. Retrieved June 20, 2008. 
  37. ^ Sharoff, Robert (June 4, 2006). "How a Park Changed a Chicago Neighborhood". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/realestate/04nati.html?. Retrieved July 30, 2008. 
  38. ^ a b Freemen, Allen (November 2004). "Fair Game on Lake Michigan". Landscape Architecture Magazine. American Society of Landscape Architects. http://www.asla.org/lamag/lam04/november/feature3.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  39. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 344.
  40. ^ "Map of Millennium Park" (PDF). Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/documents/5x7in.pdf. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
  41. ^ Nelson, Bryn (April 15, 2008). "Green roofs popping up in big cities: Environmentally friendly industry rapidly coming into its own". Msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24056306/greenroofspoppingupinbigcities. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
  42. ^ Spielman, Fran (December 16, 2005). "New amenities for Millennium Park?: Company proposes baby strollers, Disney training for workers". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10EAA2ED7B4D80D8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  43. ^ "New city jewel invites us downtown to play". Chicago Sun-Times. July 16, 2004. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103FD8B48E46925A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 25, 2008. 
  44. ^ Dardick, Hal (January 10, 2005). "Park reflects vision still in its infancy – Upgrades for Millennium site are in the works, with more on way". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-01-10/news/0501100048_1_benches-millennium-park-ed-uhlir. Retrieved August 4, 2008. 
  45. ^ Howlett, Debbie (2004-07-15). "A band shell on steroids". USA Today. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/664722041.html?dids=664722041:664722041&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+15%2C+2004&author=Debbie+Howlett&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=A.03&desc=%27A+band+shell+on+steroids%27. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  46. ^ "Facts and Dimensions of Jay Pritzker Pavilion". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/jay_pritzker_factsheet.html. Retrieved September 20, 2007. 
  47. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance – ** – 205 E. Randolph Drive – Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Chicago". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180375_1_star-lobby-framed. Retrieved June 6, 2008. 
  48. ^ a b c d Herrmann, Andrew (September 1, 2005). "Howls over charge for Millennium Park concert // Watchdog contends lawn seats supposed to be free". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10CEE1EF3961DD78&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  49. ^ a b Macaluso, p. viii
  50. ^ GPMF2006 "Grant Park Music Festival". Grant Park Music Festival. http://www.grantparkmusicfestival.com GPMF2006. Retrieved June 15, 2010. 
  51. ^ "Calendar of Millennium Park Free Programs: Jazz". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080801040136/http://www.millenniumpark.org/parkevents/jazz.aspx. Retrieved September 21, 2007. 
  52. ^ a b Orloff, Brian (September 2, 2005). "Amos creates musical magic as Pritzker's first rock act". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10CF366622FB2B70&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  53. ^ a b Elder, Robert K. (September 2, 2005). "Church of Tori holds a revival in heart of city". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-09-02/features/0509010296_1_tori-amos-band-shell-songs. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  54. ^ Macaluso, p. 182
  55. ^ "Calendar of Millennium Park Free Programs: Fitness". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080625073424/http://www.millenniumpark.org/parkevents/fitness.aspx. Retrieved September 21, 2007. 
  56. ^ Macaluso, p. 216
  57. ^ a b c "In a fight over Grant Park, Chicago's mayor faces a small revolt" (subscription required). The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. October 4, 2007. http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905732. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  58. ^ Sharoff, p. 24
  59. ^ Delacoma, Wayne. "The Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion Sounds as Good as it Looks". LARES Associates. http://www.lares-lexicon.com/millenium/millenium.html. Retrieved September 20, 2007. 
  60. ^ a b Deyer, Joshua (July 2005). "Chicago's New Class Act" (PDF). PN. Paralyzed Veterans of America. http://pva.convio.net/site/DocServer/PN_BFA_2005_Article.pdf?docID=1921. Retrieved December 21, 2007. 
  61. ^ "Millennium Park News". Public Building Commission of Chicago. Winter 2001–02. http://www.pbcchicago.com/upload/454.pdf. Retrieved July 6, 2010. 
  62. ^ "Dawn of the Millennium". RedEye. July 16, 2004. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CREB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=106D2CDD4BC4B85F&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved September 19, 2008. 
  63. ^ "Head downtown to catch Christmas spirit". Northwest Herald. November 21, 2006. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:NWRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11591906F4834490&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved September 14, 2008. 
  64. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 165.
  65. ^ a b Sharoff, p. 61
  66. ^ Schulze, Franz. "Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park: the city's new greensward features Frank Gehny's latest, plus "interactive" sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor". Art in America. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070222105544/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_10_92/ai_n7576767. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  67. ^ a b Steele, Jeffrey. "Special Project – Chicago's Millennium Park Project". McGraw-Hill Construction. http://midwest.construction.com/features/archive/0410_feature7-2.asp. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  68. ^ Sharoff, p. 55.
  69. ^ Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (May 16, 2006). "Bean's gleam has creator beaming – Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of `Cloud Gate' at Monday's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-05-16/news/0605160259_1_bean-cloud-gate-millennium-park. Retrieved July 17, 2008. 
  70. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 202.
  71. ^ "Cloud Gate". Chicago Architecture Info. http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/636/Cloud_Gate.php. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  72. ^ a b Ryan, Karen (August 18, 2005). "Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday, August 28" (PDF). Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/newsandmedia/documents/CloudGateUntenting.pdf. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  73. ^ Nunn, Emily (August 24, 2005). "Making it shine". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/chi-0508240314aug24,0,1725342.story. Retrieved June 3, 2008. 
  74. ^ "A place to reflect in Chicago". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 2005. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/la-tr-shot2jan02,0,2354484.story. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  75. ^ Carlson, Prescott. "Chicago's Millennium Park". Chicago Travel. About.com. http://gochicago.about.com/od/attractionsandlandmarks/ss/millennium_park_6.htm. Retrieved January 26, 2010. 
  76. ^ "The Bean Unveiled". Chicago Tonight. May 15, 2006.
  77. ^ a b Lacayo, Richard (June 5, 2008). "Anish Kapoor: Past, Present, Future". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812056,00.html. Retrieved July 6, 2008. 
  78. ^ Kennedy, Randy (May 25, 2008). "The Week Ahead: May 25–31". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/arts/25weekahead.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  79. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter From Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved July 30, 2008. 
  80. ^ "What have artists wrought from 9/11?". USA Today. September 3, 2004. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/687931411.html?dids=687931411:687931411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+3%2C+2004&author=&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=D.08&desc=What+have+artists+wrought+from+9%2F11%3F. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  81. ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 18, 2004). "The Best Architecture". Time. http://www.time.com/time/bestandworst/2004/arch.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008. 
  82. ^ Daniel, Caroline and Jeremy Grant (September 10, 2005). "Classical city soars above Capone clichés" (registration required for entire article). The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/63ad44b2-2196-11da-a603-00000e2511c8.html. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  83. ^ Sharoff, p. 45
  84. ^ Jodidio, pp. 120–122
  85. ^ Baume, p. 18
  86. ^ Baume, p. 26
  87. ^ a b Nance, Kevin (July 12, 2004). "Walking on the water—Artist Jaume Plensa reinvents the fountain for the 21st century". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103F33C4C7E1B57A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 25, 2008. 
  88. ^ a b "Artropolis". Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071105232924/http://mmart.com/artropolis/citywide_events/public_art/index.html. Retrieved June 13, 2007. 
  89. ^ "Crown Fountain". Archi•Tech. Stamats Business Media. July/August 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928010624/http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detailarchitech.asp?articleid=2622. Retrieved June 13, 2007. 
  90. ^ "Chicago's stunning Crown Fountain uses LED lights and displays". LEDs Magazine. PennWell Corporation. May 2005. http://www.ledsmagazine.com/features/2/5/3. Retrieved March 18, 2008. 
  91. ^ a b c d "Frequently Asked Questions". City of Chicago. http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/portalCategoryTreeAction.do?deptMainCategoryOID=-536887892&categoryPath=%2fCity+Agencies%2fCity+Departments%2fCity+of+Chicago%2fSub+Agencies%2fMillennium+Park%2fFAQ+Categories&success=FAQ&entityName=Millennium+Park&topChannelName=SubAgency&contentType=COC_FAQ&com.broadvision.session.new=Yes. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  92. ^ "The Crown Fountain". Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/crown_fountain.html. Retrieved 2007-06-13. 
  93. ^ "Millennium Park: General Information". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/generalinformation/. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
  94. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Crown Fountain—***1/2*—Monroe Drive and Michigan Avenue—Jaume Plensa, Barcelona with Krueck & Sexton Architects, Chicago". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180377_1_glass-block-towers-millennium-park. Retrieved July 25, 2008. 
  95. ^ King, John (July 30, 2006). "Chicago's architectural razzmatazz: New or old, skyscrapers reflect city's brash and playful character". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications Inc.). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2006/07/30/TRGPUK5SDH1.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  96. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 288.
  97. ^ a b Gilfoyle, pp. 290–291.
  98. ^ a b Janega, James (December 20, 2006). "Artworks stand alone as cameras lose perch". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-12-20/news/0612200316_1_cameras-millennium-park-homeland-security. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  99. ^ a b c d Sander, Libby (December 28, 2006). "A Tempest When Art Became Surveillance". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/us/28cameras.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008. 
  100. ^ a b c d Janega, James (December 19, 2006). "Now the Giant Faces Really are Watching". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-12-19/news/0612190277_1_cameras-millennium-park-public-art. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  101. ^ Nance, Kevin (June 24, 2007). "Have you seen this face?; Many have yet to see their own images". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=119F8FEDC3E36068&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  102. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (July 18, 2006). "Nation Sweats as Heat Hits Triple Digits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/us/18sizzle.html. Retrieved July 28, 2008. 
  103. ^ a b "Art & Architecture: Lurie Garden". City of Chicago. http://millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/lurie_garden.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  104. ^ "Art & Architecture: The Plant Life of the Lurie Garden". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080604153120/http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/luriegarden/plantlife/. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  105. ^ Herrmann, Andrew (July 15, 2004). "Sun-Times Insight". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103F314E0D3567B3&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  106. ^ Raver, Anne (July 15, 2004). "Nature; Softening a City With Grit and Grass". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EED7163AF936A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  107. ^ Botts, Beth (2004-07-15). "Glimpsing a garden: From the ground up: Lurie will take time to reach potential". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-15/news/0407150418_1_piet-oudolf-plants-great-garden. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  108. ^ Satler, p. 170
  109. ^ "Art & Architecture: McCormick Tribune Plaza and Ice Rink". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/mccormick_tribune.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  110. ^ a b "Come Out and Skate". Chicago Park District. http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/parks.ice_skating.cfm. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  111. ^ Davey, Monica (January 18, 2008). "Winter Day Out in Chicago". The New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/01/18/travel/escapes/18urban-chicago.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  112. ^ Davey, Monica (January 18, 2008). "5 Big Cities, 1 Winter Day (Slideshow)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/01/18/travel/escapes/20080118_URBAN_SLIDESHOW_index.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  113. ^ "The McCormick Tribune Ice Rink in Millennium Park Opens for the 2007–08 Season on Wednesday, November 14" (PDF). Chicago Department of Public Affairs. October 12, 2007. http://www.millenniumpark.org/documents/McCormickTribuneIceRink2007.pdf. Retrieved February 27, 2010. 
  114. ^ "Contact Us". Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/contact_us.html. Retrieved February 24, 2010. 
  115. ^ a b "Your Outdoor Table". parkgrillchicago.com. http://www.parkgrillchicago.com/terrace/index.asp. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  116. ^ "Park Grill Events & Activities". parkgrillchicago.com. http://www.parkgrillchicago.com/events/index.asp. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  117. ^ "Metro". Chicago Tribune. June 19, 2002. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F4418972DE89EA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 14, 2008. 
  118. ^ Quigley, Kelly (2003-11-21), "Millennium Park eatery to debut", Crain's Chicago Business, http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=10762, retrieved 2003-03-13 
  119. ^ Vettel, Phil (June 14, 2005). "Metromix Chicago: Chicago's best burgers". chicago.metromix.com. http://chicago.metromix.com/restaurants/article/chicagos-best-burgers/182620/content. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
  120. ^ "Chicagoist: The Way They Make You Feel: Trib Ranks Best Burgers". Chicagoist. June 14, 2005. http://chicagoist.com/2005/06/14/the_way_they_make_you_feel_trib_ranks_best_burgers.php. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
  121. ^ "Student Guide: Best Burgers". Time Out Chicago. September 12, 2007. http://chicago.timeout.com/articles/student-guide/22325/classic. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
  122. ^ Graham Meyer & Jennifer Tanaka, eds (August 2008). "Best of Chicago". Chicago Magazine. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/August-2008/Best-of-Chicago/Page-2/. Retrieved March 16, 2009. 
  123. ^ "Best Chicago Hamburgers 2008". Citysearch. http://chicago.citysearch.com/bestof/winners/2008/hamburger. Retrieved March 17, 2010. 
  124. ^ "Zagat Buzz: Chicago Edition. "Do It Outdoors."". zagat.com. April 24, 2009. http://www.zagat.com/Blog/Detail.aspx?SNP=NC&SCID=35&BLGID=20276. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
  125. ^ editorial staff (March 1, 2005). "Resto 100: Chicago's Essential Restaurants". New City Chicago. http://www.newcitychicago.com/chicago/4171.html. Retrieved March 16, 2010. 
  126. ^ Simmons, Daniel, ed (2006). 2006/07 Chicago Restaurants. Zagat Survey. ISBN 1-57006-801-1. 
  127. ^ Lynn, Allison, ed (2008). 08/09 Chicago Restaurants. Zagat Survey. ISBN 1-57006-981-6. 
  128. ^ Joravsky, Ben (July 16, 2009). "Still No Property Tax Bill for the Park Grill: The restaurant under the Bean wins another round in its fight to avoid paying up like everybody else.". Chicago Reader. http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/still-no-property-tax-bill-for-the-park-grill/Content?oid=1153186. Retrieved Mar 15, 2010. 
  129. ^ Rhodes, Steve (July 28, 2009). "Clout Cafe Wins Again". NBC Chicago. http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local-beat/Clout-Cafe-Wins-Again.html. Retrieved March 15, 2010. 
  130. ^ Schroedter, Andrew (June 29, 2009). "Park Grill not required to pay property taxes: ruling". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagorealestatedaily.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=34582. Retrieved March 17, 2010. 
  131. ^ "BP Pedestrian Bridge". Glass, Steel and Stone. Artefaqs Corporation. http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/641.php. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  132. ^ Cohen, Laurie (July 2, 2001). "Band shell cost heads skyward – Millennium Park's new concert venue may top $40 million". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0ED5C2B4DC1C36DF&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  133. ^ "Category: Intensive Industrial/Commercial". Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. 2005. http://www.greenroofs.org/washington/index.php?page=millenium. Retrieved May 30, 2008. 
  134. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "BP Bridge- **** – Crossing Columbus Drive – Frank Gehry, Los Angeles". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103E954260CCFD7C&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  135. ^ Janega, James (May 22, 2004). "Curvy bridge bends all the rules – With its whimsical, wavy design, the new Millennium Park bridge has Chicagoans likening it to a skateboard, a snake—even a spaceship". Chicago Tribune (Newsbank). http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=102BCA56A3A39038&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved May 30, 2008. 
  136. ^ Gilfoyle, pp. 196–201.
  137. ^ Kamin, Blair (June 23, 2000). "Gehry's Design: A Bridge Too Far Out?". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-06-23/features/0006230110_1_pedestrian-bridge-gehry-s-design-bandshell. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  138. ^ "Art & Architecture: BP Bridge". City of Chicago. http://millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/bp_bridge.html. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  139. ^ "Form And Function Come Together To Create A Pedestrian Bridge For Chicago: Millennium Park BP Pedestrian Bridge, Chicago, Ill.". Architectural Metal Expertise. SMILMCF. http://www.asm-expertise.com/whatspossible/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_article&article_id=2473. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  140. ^ "Millennium Park – BP Pedestrian Bridge". Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. http://www.som.com/content.cfm/millennium_park_bp_pedestrian_bridge. Retrieved May 28, 2009. 
  141. ^ Deyer, Joshua (July 2005). "Chicago's New Class Act" (PDF). PN. Paralyzed Veterans of America. http://pva.convio.net/site/DocServer/PN_BFA_2005_Article.pdf?docID=1921. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  142. ^ "Art & Architecture: Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/harris_theater.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008. 
  143. ^ "History of the Harris Theater". Harris Theater for Music and Dance at Millennium Park. 2006. http://www.harristheaterchicago.org/about/history. Retrieved June 4, 2008. 
  144. ^ "I. B. Harris, 94, Philanthropist and Executive, Dies". The New York Times. September 28, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/obituaries/28harris.html. Retrieved June 4, 2008. 
  145. ^ Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning. Frommer's Chicago 2010. Frommer's. pp. 251–252. ISBN 0-470-50468-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=7K3TWOqxMQwC&pg=PA251. Retrieved April 11, 2010. 
  146. ^ "Abouth Harris Theater: Mission". Harris Theater for Music and Dance at Millennium Park. http://www.harristheaterchicago.org/about/mission. Retrieved June 4, 2008. 
  147. ^ "Harris Theater by the numbers". Chicago Tribune. September 14, 2008. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-14/news/0809120463_1_harris-theater-dance-seating. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  148. ^ von Rhein, John. "Harris Unveils Biggest Subscription Series Yet" (PDF). Chicago Tribune. http://www.harristheaterchicago.org/files/Tribune%20season%20annct%203.26.pdf. Retrieved June 4, 2008. 
  149. ^ "Harris Theater For Music And Dance Announces A World-Class 5th Anniversary Season Featuring The First-Ever Harris Theater Presents Series Of Chicago Premieres, Artistic Collaborations And A Line-up Of Some Of The World's Notable Artists Working Today" (PDF). harristheaterchicago.org. April 2, 2008. http://www.harristheaterchicago.org/files/Fall%2008-09%20season%20release%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved June 4, 2008. 
  150. ^ Robinson, Regina (April 27, 2006). "Charter One Pavilion ups cool factor with VIP offer". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-04-27/entertainment/0604260246_1_hot-tickets-box-seats-zappa-plays-zappa. Retrieved April 15, 2010. 
  151. ^ "San Francisco Ballet—America’s Oldest Professional Ballet Company—Embarks on a Four-city American Tour as Part of Its Year-long 75th Anniversary Celebration". San Francisco Ballet. June 10, 2008. http://www.sfballet.org/about/pressroom/pressreleases/view.asp?id=10193100. Retrieved April 13, 2010. 
  152. ^ von Rhein, John (May 6, 2009). "A starry Harris Theater lineup on tap for '09–'10". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-05-06/entertainment/0905050388_1_lang-lang-composer-and-lyricist-harris-theater. Retrieved April 13, 2010. 
  153. ^ Jones, Chris (November 9, 2008). "Chicago theater groups need own homes—and identities: Economy woes limit new building options for many arts entities". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-11-09/news/0811070234_1_arts-organizations-harris-theater-artistic-director. Retrieved April 15, 2010. 
  154. ^ Delacoma, Wynne (January 26, 2005). "Glover finds right balance for Mozart". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 50. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10821951F4DC7332&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=C23BE832E46446E3AEC1CCAEBDEAF5AE. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 
  155. ^ a b Reich, Howard (September 14, 2008). "Expansive site, costs make for an imperfect fit". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-14/news/0809120451_1_arts-groups-jazz-showcase-chicago-jazz-ensemble. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 
  156. ^ Jones, Chris (September 14, 2008). "The rise of the Harris Theater: At age 5, the Millennium Park venue has become a pivotal part of Chicago's cultural landscape with a slate of programming to rival any single-venue arts center in the nation". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-14/news/0809120528_1_wry-resignation-millennium-park-harris-theater. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  157. ^ Storch, Charles (September 14, 2008). "The Finances: With a good bottom line, a look toward the future: Harris Theater At 5". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-14/news/0809120454_1_harris-theater-joan-harris-troupes. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  158. ^ a b c "Chicago's Harris Theater to Welcome Baryshnikov, Battle and Lang Lang in 2009–2010". Playbill. August 19, 2009. http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/8083.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 
  159. ^ a b "Art & Architecture: Wrigley Square and Millennium Monument (Peristyle)". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/wrigley_square.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008. 
  160. ^ "Millennium Park Inc. – Millennium Monument (Peristyle) and Wrigley Square Series". Chicago Public Library. http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/archivalcoll/mpi_mill_wrigleysquare.php. Retrieved 2008-06-03. 
  161. ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (2004-07-18). "ART/ARCHITECTURE; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E2D61F3BF93BA25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
  162. ^ "Daley Opens New Millennium Park Bicycle Station". City of Chicago. July 19, 2004. http://www.pbcchicago.com/content/about/press_detail.asp?pID=153. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 
  163. ^ Livingston, Heather (March 2005). "Millennium Park Bike Station Offers Viable Commuting Option". AIArchitect. The American Institute of Architects. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080121093344/http://www.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek05/tw0325/0325pw_bike.htm. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  164. ^ a b "Art & Architecture: McDonald's Cycle Center". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/bicycle_parking.html. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  165. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Bicycle Station – *** – Near Randolph and Columbus Drives – Muller & Muller, Chicago". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180376_1_bike-station-bicycle-station-star. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  166. ^ a b c d Brettman, Allan (June 23, 2005). "Official Recruits Portland To Build Bike Center". The Oregonian. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10AF036993EB48E3&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved July 28, 2009. 
  167. ^ a b Deardorff, Julie (June 18, 2006). "If McDonald's is serious, menu needs a makeover". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-06-18/features/0606180349_1_ronald-mcdonald-trans-fats-school-day. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  168. ^ George, Doug (April 29, 2005). "Get in gear! – It's bike season, and we take you on a monthlong tour of the best cycling activities". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-04-29/entertainment/0504290295_1_bike-racks-bike-lanes-bicycles. Retrieved July 27, 2009. 
  169. ^ "Bike 2015 Plan". City of Chicago. http://www.bike2015plan.org. Retrieved July 27, 2009. 
  170. ^ a b Washburn, Gary (June 13, 2003). "Bike depot plan may turn commute into easy ride". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-06-13/news/0306130192_1_bike-station-bicycle-friendly-city-juice-bar. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  171. ^ "Local Digest". Daily Southtown. October 24, 2005. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:DSOB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10DCE567E5CFF650&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  172. ^ "McDonald's to sponsor bicycle center". Chicago Sun-Times. June 10, 2006. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1122A7E0F197D945&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 8, 2008. 
  173. ^ a b c Kalinowski, Tess (June 1, 2007). "Bike station in Windy City should show T.O. the way – Chicago's Cycle Center offers parking, showers; similar plan envisioned for Toronto's downtown". Toronto Star. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:TRSB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11980169C7681A58&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved July 28, 2009. 
  174. ^ Barrett, Peter (May 25, 2007). "Would it work (here?)". The Age. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ASA2&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11956CB6C158E4F8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved July 28, 2009. 
  175. ^ Krcmar, Steven (September 19, 2004). "Bicyclists Feel Left Out In The Cold – Bikers Put Out After T Moves Racks Outdoors". The Boston Globe. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:BGBK&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=105441D4055B625E&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved July 28, 2009. 
  176. ^ a b "Art & Architecture: Exelon Pavilions: Millennium Park Welcome Center and Garage Entrances". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/exelon_pavilions.html. Retrieved June 7, 2008. 
  177. ^ "Art & Architecture: Exelon Pavilions Facts and Figures". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/exelon_pavilions_factsheet.html. Retrieved June 7, 2008. 
  178. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Exelon Pavilions". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180379_1_solar-panels-star-millennium-park. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 
  179. ^ Herrmann, Andrew (July 15, 2004). "Sun-Times Insight". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 16. 
  180. ^ a b "Boeing to Fund Open-air Gallery Spaces in Chicago's Millennium Park". Boeing. March 16, 2005. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2005/q1/nr_050316a.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008. 
  181. ^ "Art & Architecture: PROJECT: Boeing Galleries". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/bowing_galleries_factsheet.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
  182. ^ a b "Art & Architecture: Chase Promenade". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/chase_promenade.html. Retrieved June 11, 2008. 
  183. ^ "Private Rentals: Photo Galleries: Chase Promenade". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/privaterentals/chase/. Retrieved June 11, 2008. 
  184. ^ a b Cohen, Patricia (June 24, 2008). "Footnotes". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/arts/24arts-FOOTNOTES_BRF.html. Retrieved July 2, 2008. 
  185. ^ Weiss, Hedy (May 10, 2009). "Growing in style – Art Institute's Modern Wing When the $300 million expansion opens this week, visitors will find the museum easier to navigate and see 20th century masterpieces in a whole new light – from the sun". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTWE&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1281FF016AF2B488&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  186. ^ Lourgos, Angie Leventis (May 8, 2009). "Bridge to the art world – Art Institute's new overhead walkway brings Modern Wing to the rest of the city". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-05-08/news/0905060581_1_art-institute-modern-wing-modern-art. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  187. ^ "New Art Institute bridge to shoot over Monroe Street". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 2008. http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2008/05/new-art-institu.html. Retrieved June 5, 2008. 
  188. ^ "The Nichols Bridgeway: Fact Sheet" (PDF). The Art Institute of Chicago. http://www.artic.edu/aic/modern_wing/press_room/nbfs.pdf. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  189. ^ a b Ford, Liam (July 11, 2004). "City to finally open its new front yard – Millennium Park's price tag tripled". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-11/news/0407110234_1_millennium-park-petrillo-music-shell-band-shell. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  190. ^ Nance, Kevin (May 23, 2005). "Snakelike walkway by Gehry dedicated at Millennium Park". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=102DDD1FEC47B09D&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  191. ^ Martin, Andrew and Laurie Cohen (August 5, 2001). "Millennium Park flounders as deadlines, budget blown – Poor plans, constant changes slow progress, drive up price – and city taxpayers may have to help make up difference". Chicago Tribune (NewsBank). http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EDB47DD36D61F4A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
  192. ^ Weisberg, Lois and James Law (July 12, 2004). "Singing the praises of Millennium Park". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-12/news/0407120185_1_millennium-park-great-lawn-parking-lots. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  193. ^ Goodman Williams Group and URS Corporation (April 21, 2005). "Millennium Park Economic Impact Study" (PDF). City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. http://www.chicagoloopalliance.com/db_images/includes/227Millennium%20Park%20Economic%20Impact%20Study%2020050503.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2010. 
  194. ^ a b Macaluso, p. 168
  195. ^ a b "Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Millennium Park". Metormix Chicago. metromix.com. http://chicago.metromix.com/theater/theater/jay-pritzker-pavilion-millennium-grant-park-museums/144955/content. Retrieved September 20, 2007. 
  196. ^ "Harris Theater: Current Season: Grant Park Music Festival". Harris Theater. http://www.harristheaterchicago.org/current/companies/1379. Retrieved April 13, 2010. 
  197. ^ von Rhein, John (March 18, 2009). "Grant Park Music Festival promises big 'Plans'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-18/entertainment/0903170335_1_petrillo-music-shell-grant-park-music-festival-chorus. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 
  198. ^ "Grant Park Music Festival". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822141110/http://www.millenniumpark.org/parkevents/gpmf.aspx. Retrieved September 20, 2007. 
  199. ^ Tiebert, Laura, Frommer's Chicago with Kids (3rd edition), 2007, Wiley Publishing, Inc., ISBN 978-0-470-12481-9, p.263.
  200. ^ a b Knox, p. 15
  201. ^ Delacoma, Wynne. "The Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion Sounds as Good as it Looks". http://www.lares-lexicon.com/millenium/millenium.html. Retrieved September 20, 2007. 
  202. ^ Macaluso, p. 204
  203. ^ Newbart, Dave (June 19, 2009). "New Angles on Burnham – 2 futuristic pavilions launch tribute to Plan of Chicago designer". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=128EE661D18759B8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 21, 2009. 
  204. ^ Kamin, Blair (June 22, 2008). "2 architects to design Burnham pavilions". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-22/news/0806200286_1_pavilions-navy-pier-architects. Retrieved July 25, 2008. 
  205. ^ a b Howard, Hilary (July 19, 2009). "Comings & Goings; Chicago Celebrates An Urban Dream". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE4D9103EF93AA25754C0A96F9C8B63. Retrieved July 29, 2009. 
  206. ^ Kamin, Blair (June 14, 2009). "Pavilion opener awaits another day in park". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=128DE7595B9CD518&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 21, 2009. 
  207. ^ Kamin, Blair (June 18, 2009). "Populist gem joins 'Cloud Gate' at Millennium Park- Van Berkel's temporary pavilion an interactive salute to Burnham". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-06-18/entertainment/0906170962_1_zaha-hadid-ludwig-mies-van-der-pavilion. Retrieved June 21, 2009. 
  208. ^ Kamin, Blair (August 4, 2009). "The Z-pod has landed: Delayed but worth the wait, Hadid's Burnham pavilion is a small structure that celebrates big plans". Chicago Tribune. http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/08/the-zpod-has-landed-delayed-but-worth-the-wait-hadids-burnham-pavilion-is-a-small-structure-with-big.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009. 
  209. ^ Crow, Kelly (July 24, 2009). "A New Monument—For a Few Months: As star architect designs for a Chicago park, costs and delays build". The Wall Street Journal: p. W12. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203517304574306463246352106.html. Retrieved July 29, 2009. 
  210. ^ Kamin, Blair (August 9, 2009). "Fragile art takes a hit in an interactive world". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-08-09/news/0908080232_1_public-art-fragile-art-pavilion. Retrieved August 14, 2009. 
  211. ^ "The Burnham Pavilions in Millennium Park". The Burnham Plan Centennial, The University of Chicago. http://burnhamplan100.uchicago.edu/history_future/burnham_pavilions. Retrieved 2009-07-29. 
  212. ^ Goldstein, Meredith (September 30, 2007). "Jeff Garlin writes, directs and stars in romantic comedy". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications Inc.). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/09/30/PKC1S6CQH.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  213. ^ Elder, Robert K. (April 23, 2006). "Reel Chicago – Corncob Towers, Brawny Streetscapes and the Endless Lakefront Keep Us on the Movie Map". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-04-23/features/0604230457_1_chicago-river-millennium-park-movie-map. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  214. ^ Zwecker, Bill (March 30, 2006). "Vaughn, Aniston frolic under Cloud cover". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=110AF1D246501AA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  215. ^ "On Screen Illinois". Illinois Mile After Mile. Universal Studios. http://www.enjoyillinois.com/movies/movies.aspx. Retrieved August 11, 2008. 
  216. ^ Barker, Rosalea (July 31, 2006). "Stateside Movie Review: The Lake House". Scoop. http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0607/S00470.htm. Retrieved August 8, 2008. 
  217. ^ Beiks, Ilona (April 6, 2006). "Infinity rolls Wheel with Brosnan". Playback. http://www.playbackmag.com/articles/magazine/20060403/infinity.html. Retrieved August 8, 2008. 
  218. ^ "Film "Leverage" filmed". EveryBlock. December 17, 2007. http://chicago.everyblock.com/filmings/by-date/2007/10/15/477643/. Retrieved August 8, 2008. 
  219. ^ Lyons, Margaret (August 24, 2005). "Big house on the prairie: TOC goes behind bars for a preview of Prison Break, an arresting TV drama serving time on location around Chicago". Time Out Chicago. http://www.timeout.com/chicago/articles/features/12287/big-house-on-the-prairie. Retrieved August 15, 2008. 
  220. ^ Richards, Dean (2011-04-01). "Gyllenhaal says the 'Bean' could be metaphor for 'Source Code'". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/ct-ae-0403-dean-richards-20110401,0,7344561.column. Retrieved 2011-05-20. 
  221. ^ a b Macaluso, pp. 12–13
  222. ^ Gilfoyle, pp. 3–4
  223. ^ Sinkevitch, p. 37
  224. ^ Spielman, Fran (June 12, 2008). "Mayor gets what he wants – Council OKs move 33-16 despite opposition". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=121435C3FB5CE640&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 29, 2008. 
  225. ^ "The taking of Grant Park". Chicago Tribune. June 8, 2008. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1212F083B836ABB8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 29, 2008. 
  226. ^ Spielman, Fran and Art Golab (May 16, 2008). "13–2 vote for museum – Decision on Grant Park sets up Council battle". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=120B5E8D060726E0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 29, 2008. 
  227. ^ Grinnell, Max (2005). "Grant Park". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/538.html. Retrieved July 28, 2008. 
  228. ^ Macaluso, pp. 23–25
  229. ^ City of Chicago v. A Montgomery Ward, 169 Ill. 392 (1897)
  230. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 16
  231. ^ E. R. Bliss v. A. Montgomery Ward, 198 Ill. 104; A. Montgomery Ward v. Field Museum of Natural History, 241 Ill. 496 (1909); and South Park Commissioners v. Ward & Co., 248 Ill. 299
  232. ^ a b c Gilfoyle, p. 181
  233. ^ Novak, Tim; Warmbir, Steve; Herguth, Robert; Brown, Mark (February 11, 2005). "City puts heat on clout-heavy cafe; Changes ordered at Park Grill, with Daley cronies among backers". Chicago Sun Times: p. 6, News section. 
  234. ^ Spielman, Fran (May 9, 2007). "Millennium Park oversight plan advances". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 66, Financial section. 
  235. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 345.
  236. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter from Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved August 4, 2008. 
  237. ^ Spielman, Fran (September 2, 2004). "Corporate logos in parks? Daley thinks it's 'fantastic' // Says companies deserve it if they foot the bill". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=105792A0411CD579&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved August 4, 2008. 
  238. ^ von Rhein, John (September 14, 2008). "Expanding audiences and ambitions". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-14/news/0809120449_1_eighth-blackbird-chicago-symphony-harris-theater. Retrieved April 15, 2010. 
  239. ^ Smith, Sid (September 4, 2009). "Harris Theater ushers in lunchtime dance performances". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-09-04/entertainment/0909030160_1_troupe-hubbard-street-dance-chicago-dance-lovers. Retrieved April 13, 2010. 
  240. ^ "City Charges To Publicly View Its Private Parts". Chicagoist. Gothamist LLC. September 1, 2005. http://chicagoist.com/2005/09/01/city_charges_to_publicly_view_its_private_parts.php. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  241. ^ Downing, Andy (August 26, 2005). "Can Tori Amos pass the Millennium Park test?". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-26/entertainment/0508260161_1_tori-amos-millennium-park-concert. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  242. ^ Kim, Gina (July 19, 2004). "Cops seize college photographer's film". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-19/news/0407200264_1_police-officers-madrid-train-bombings-metra. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  243. ^ Kleiman, Kelly (March 30, 2005). "Who owns public art?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0330/p15s01-usju.html. Retrieved May 2, 2007. 
  244. ^ Storch, Charles (May 27, 2005). "Millennium Park loosens its photo rules". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-05-27/features/0505260318_1_millennium-park-great-park-professional-photographers. Retrieved July 27, 2008. 
  245. ^ a b Herrmann, Andrew (May 4, 2006). "Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day". Chicago Sun-Times. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11167CB33A2C26A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 26, 2008. 
  246. ^ a b c Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (September 9, 2005). "No Walk In The Park – Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park 's red-carpet treatment; everyone else told to just keep on going". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-09-09/news/0509090139_1_millennium-park-xavier-dominicis-toyota-motor-sales-usa. Retrieved July 26, 2008. 
  247. ^ a b c Dardick, Hal (May 6, 2005). "This Sept. 8, No Bean For You – Unless you're a Toyota dealer. In that case, feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-05-06/news/0505060356_1_millennium-park-toyota-motor-sales-usa-toyota-spokesman-xavier-dominicis. Retrieved July 26, 2008. 
  248. ^ "A day in the park with Toyota". Chicago Tribune. May 10, 2005. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-05-10/news/0505100099_1_millennium-park-cloud-gate-entire-park. Retrieved July 26, 2008. 
  249. ^ "General Information". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/generalinformation/. Retrieved August 7, 2008. 
  250. ^ Stambor, Zak (July 23, 2009). "Chicago's dog beaches vary in breed". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-090723-dog-beaches-pictures,0,4852267.photogallery. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  251. ^ Roston, Eric (October 11, 2004). "Windy City Redux". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,995369,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  252. ^ "Best Free Things to Do". Frommer's. Wiley Publishing, Inc.. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020765.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  253. ^ "In & Around the Loop". Frommer's. Wiley Publishing, Inc.. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006021128.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  254. ^ "Millennium Park". Lonely Planet Publications. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/usa/chicago/sights/1000317530?list=true. Retrieved July 7, 2008. 
  255. ^ Cooper, Jeanne (July 18, 2004). "Travelers' Checks". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications Inc.). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/07/18/TRGCH7KPME1.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  256. ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 18, 2004). "Best & Worst 2004: The Best Architecture". Time. http://www.time.com/time/bestandworst/2004/arch.html. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  257. ^ Schultz, Patricia. 1,000 Places to See in the U.S.A. & Canada Before You Die. Workman Publishing. pp. 490–491. ISBN 0-7611-3691-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=SCq3kk_aHoUC&pg=PA490&dq=McCormick+Tribune+Plaza&ei=--JfS_G0Kp7UNMHBucgH&cd=10#v=onepage&q=McCormick%20Tribune%20Plaza&f=false. 
  258. ^ Deyer, Joshua (July 2005). "Chicago's New Class Act" (PDF). PN. Paralyzed Veterans of America. http://pva.convio.net/site/DocServer/PN_BFA_2005_Article.pdf?docID=1921. Retrieved December 21, 2007. 
  259. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Creature comforts". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-18/news/0407180367_1_creature-comforts-park-planners-millennium-park. Retrieved June 23, 2010. 
  260. ^ "Awards". Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. 2005. http://www.greenroofs.org/washington/index.php?page=awards. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 
  261. ^ "Contemporary Urban Waterscapes: designing public spaces in concert with nature". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/fmr/www/11.308/project_cases_lurie.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  262. ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (July 18, 2004). "Art/Architecture; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E2D61F3BF93BA25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  263. ^ Ryan, Karen. "Chicago's New Millennium Park Wins Travel & Leisure Design Award For "Best Public Space", And The American Public Works Association "Porject Of The Year" Award". Millennium Park, Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. http://www.millenniumpark.org/newsandmedia/pdfs/4.1%20millennium%20park%20awards.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2010. 
  264. ^ "China's image in the heartland". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. May 12, 2005. http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_PJSQSRR. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  265. ^ King, John (December 9, 2005). "San Francisco: Mayor widens vision to urban architecture. He doesn't want a 'dumbing down of quality' in design". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications Inc.). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/12/09/BAGR9G55831.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 
  266. ^ King, John (August 12, 2006). "Mayor of S.F. Looks Eastward For Urban Inspiration: Winds of change blow from Chicago". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications Inc.). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/08/12/MNGBUKHEOQ1.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008. 

References

  • Baume, Nicholas (2008). Anish Kapoor: Past Present Future. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02659-8. 
  • Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2006). Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-29349-3. 
  • Jodidio, Philip (2005). Architecture: Art. Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-3279-1. 
  • Knox, Janice A. and Heather Olivia Belcher (2002). Then & Now: Chicago's Loop. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-1968-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=wjBh6CmPU9YC&pg=PA14&dq=petrillo+bandshell+designed&lr=&ei=YOEpS7-_GJiSyAS888G2Cg&cd=3#v=onepage&q=petrillo%20bandshell%20designed&f=false. 
  • Macaluso, Tony, Julia S. Bachrach, and Neal Samors (2009). Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival. Chicago's Book Press. ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7. 
  • Satler, Gail. Two tales of a city: rebuilding Chicago's architectural and social landscape. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-87580-357-1. 
  • Sharoff, Robert (2004). Better than Perfect: The Making of Chicago's Millennium Park. Walsh Construction Company. 
  • Sinkevitch, Alice, ed. "Central City". AIA Guide To Chicago (2nd ed.). Harcourt Books. ISBN 0-15-602908-1. 

External links

v · d · eCity of Chicago
Chicago metropolitan area · State of Illinois · United States of America
Flag of Chicago
Category Category · Portal Portal
v · d · eGrant Park
Features and attractions
Art Institute of Chicago • BP Pedestrian Bridge • Buckingham Fountain • Burnham Pavilions • Chicago Lakefront Trail • Grant Park Symphony Orchestra • Lake Michigan • Millennium Park • Monroe Harbor • Museum Campus • Nichols Bridgeway • Petrillo Music Shell
 Buckingham Fountain Chicago.jpg
Public art
Events
Area streets
Balbo Drive • Columbus Drive • Congress Parkway • Historic Michigan Boulevard District • Jackson Boulevard • Lake Shore Drive • Michigan Avenue • Monroe Street • Randolph Street • Roosevelt Road
Other
v · d · eMillennium Park
Features and attractions Millennium Park map
Surrounding streets
Influences
Other
Grant Park • Nichols Bridgeway • Grant Park Music Festival • Burnham Pavilions • Petrillo Music Shell • Millennium Station


Chicago Loop Illinois Center Lakeshore East
Chicago Loop/Historic Michigan Boulevard District Grant Park
   Millennium Park    
Chicago Loop/Historic Michigan Boulevard District Art Institute of Chicago Grant Park

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Millennium Park — Vue générale du Millennium Park Situation …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Millennium-Park — Der Millennium Park ist ein Park in der Innenstadt von Chicago zwischen Michigan Avenue, Columbus Drive, Randolph Street und Monroe Street. Inhaltsverzeichnis …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park — Der Millennium Park ist ein Park in der Innenstadt von Chicago zwischen Michigan Avenue, Columbus Drive, Randolph Street und Monroe Street. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 2 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park (Grand Rapids) — Millennium Park The beach at Millennium Park Type Public park Location Grand Rapids, Michigan Area …   Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park (Abuja) — Millennium Park Inauguration Ceremony Type Public Park Location Abuja, Nigeria …   Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park, Grand Rapids, Michigan — Millennium Park is the largest urban park in West Michigan, located on the southwest side of Grand Rapids. Millennium Park connects four of the major cities in the area together, including Grand Rapids, Wyoming, Grandville, and Walker. It is… …   Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park (disambiguation) — Millennium Park is a park in Chicago, Illinois. Millennium Park may also refer to: Millennium Park (Calgary), Canada Millennium Park (Kolkata), India Millennium Park (Abuja), Nigeria Millennium Park (Grand Rapids), a park in Grand Rapids,… …   Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park Hotel — (Алания,Турция) Категория отеля: 3 звездочный отель Адрес: Sanat Okulu Cd.No:2 …   Каталог отелей

  • Millennium Park (Calgary) — The Fullpipe at Shaw Millennium Park Millennium Park is a skatepark in Calgary, Alberta. It was built on the western end of downtown Calgary, on the site of the former Mewata Stadium adjacent to Mewata Armouries and the Telus World of Science …   Wikipedia

  • Millennium Park (Kolkata) — Afternoon view of Howrah from the Millennium Park, Kolkata …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”