Green roof

Traditional sod roofs can be seen in many places in the Faroe Islands.

Green roof of City Hall in Chicago, Illinois.

A green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. (The use of “green” refers to the growing trend of environmentalism and does not refer to roofs which are merely colored green, as with green roof tiles or roof shingles.)

Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is an area of debate. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater.

Also known as “living roofs”, green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and combat the heat island effect. There are two types of green roofs: intensive roofs, which are thicker and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are covered in a light layer of vegetation and are lighter than an intensive green roof.

The term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels. Green roofs are also referred to as eco-roofs, oikosteges, vegetated roofs, living roofs, greenroofs and VCW_H^[1] (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Walls).

Environmental benefits

A modern green roof (California Academy of Sciences). Constructed for low maintenance by intentionally avoiding many native plant species, with only the hardiest surviving varieties selected for installation on the roof.^[2]

Green roofs are used to:

• Reduce heating (by adding mass and thermal resistance value)

A 2005 study by Brad Bass of the University of Toronto showed that green roofs can also reduce heat loss and energy consumption in winter conditions.^[3]

• Reduce cooling (by evaporative cooling) loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent^[4]
• especially if it is glassed in so as to act as a terrarium and passive solar heat reservoir — a concentration of green roofs in an urban area can even reduce the city's average temperatures during the summer
• Reduce stormwater run off^[5] — see water-wise gardening
• Natural Habitat Creation^[6] — see urban wilderness
• Filter pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air which helps lower disease rates such as asthma^[7]— see living wall
• Filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater
• Help to insulate a building for sound; the soil helps to block lower frequencies and the plants block higher frequencies^[8]
• If installed correctly many living roofs can contribute to LEED points
• Increase agricultural space

Financial benefits

• Increase roof life span dramatically
• Increase real estate value

A green roof is often a key component of an autonomous building.

Several studies have been carried out in Germany since the 1970s. Berlin is one of the most important centers of green roof research in Germany. Particularly in the last 10 years, much more research has begun. About ten green roof research centers exist in the US and activities exist in about 40 countries. In a recent study on the impacts of green infrastructure, in particular green roofs in the Greater Manchester area, researchers found that adding green roofs can help keep temperatures down, particularly in urban areas: “adding green roofs to all buildings can have a dramatic effect on maximum surface temperatures, keeping temperatures below the 1961-1990 current form case for all time periods and emissions scenarios. Roof greening makes the biggest difference…where the building proportion is high and the evaporative fraction is low. Thus, the largest difference was made in the town centers.”^[9]

Types

An intensive roof garden in Manhattan

Green roofs can be categorized as intensive, semi-intensive, or extensive, depending on the depth of planting medium and the amount of maintenance they need. Traditional roof gardens, which require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants or conventional lawns, are considered intensive because they are labour-intensive, requiring irrigation, feeding, and other maintenance. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.^[10] Extensive green roofs, by contrast, are designed to be virtually self-sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance, perhaps a once-yearly weeding or an application of slow-release fertiliser to boost growth. Extensive roofs are usually only accessed for maintenance.^[10] They can be established on a very thin layer of soil (most use specially formulated composts): even a thin layer of rockwool laid directly onto a watertight roof can support a planting of Sedum species and mosses.

Another important distinction is between pitched green roofs and flat green roofs. Pitched sod roofs, a traditional feature of many Scandinavian buildings, tend to be of a simpler design than flat green roofs. This is because the pitch of the roof reduces the risk of water penetrating through the roof structure, allowing the use of fewer waterproofing and drainage layers.

History

Re-creation of Viking houses in Newfoundland

Sod roofs on 18th century farm buildings in Heidal, Norway.

On the green roof of the Mountain Equipment Co-op store in Toronto, Canada.

Green Roofs have a centuries-long history.

Modern green roofs, which are made of a system of manufactured layers deliberately placed over roofs to support growing medium and vegetation, are a relatively new phenomenon. However, green roofs or sod roofs in Northern Scandinavia have been around for centuries. The modern trend started when green roofs were developed in Germany in the 1960s, and has since spread to many countries. Today, it is estimated that about 10% of all German roofs have been “greened”.^[11] Green roofs are also becoming increasingly popular in the United States, although they are not as common as in Europe.

A number of European Countries have very active associations promoting green roofs, including Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, the UK, and Greece.^[12] The City of Linz in Austria has been paying developers to install green roofs since 1983, and in Switzerland it has been a federal law since the late 1990s. In the UK, their uptake has been slow, but a number of cities have developed policies to encourage their use, notably London and Sheffield.

Many green roofs are installed to comply with local regulations and government fees, often regarding stormwater runoff management.^[13] In areas with combined sewer-stormwater systems, heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood, dumping raw sewage into the local waterways. Green roofs decrease the total amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via condensation and transpiration, while retaining pollutants in their soil.^[14] Elevation 314, a new development in Washington, D.C. uses green roofs to filter and store some of its storm water on site, avoiding the need for expensive underground sand filters to meet D.C. Department of Health storm-water regulations.

Combating the urban heat island effect^[15] is another reason for creating a green roof. Traditional building materials soak up the sun's radiation and re-emit it as heat, making cities at least 4 degrees Celsius (7 °F) hotter than surrounding areas. On Chicago's City Hall, by contrast, which features a green roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1.4–4.4 degrees Celsius (2.5–8.0 °F) cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby.^[16]

Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, where their use is encouraged by regulations to combat the urban heat-island effect. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. The Chicago City Hall green roof is one of the earliest and most well-known examples of green roofs in the United States; it was planted as an experiment to determine the effects a green roof would have on the microclimate of the roof. Following this and other studies, it has now been estimated that if all the roofs in a major city were greened, urban temperatures could be reduced by as much as 7 degrees Celsius.^[17]

Green roofs have also been found to dramatically improve a roof’s insulation value. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.^[18] In addition, greening a roof is expected to lengthen a roof’s lifespan by two or three times, according to Penn State University’s Green Roof Research Center.^[11]

Rooftop water purification is also being implemented in green roofs. These forms of green roofs are actually treatment ponds built into the rooftops. They are built either from a simple substrate (as being done in Dongtan^[19]) or with plant-based ponds (as being done by WaterWorks UK Grow System^[20] and Waterzuiveren.be^[21] Plants used include calamus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Mentha aquatica, etc.^[22])

Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has been found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds, bees and butterflies. Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds and other wildlife facing shortages of natural habitat.

Brown roofs

Industrial brownfield sites can be valuable ecosystems, supporting rare species of plants, animals and invertebrates. Increasingly in demand for redevelopment, these habitats are under threat. "Brown roofs", also known as "biodiverse roofs",^[23] can partly mitigate this loss of habitat by covering the flat roofs of new developments with a layer of locally sourced material. Construction techniques for brown roofs are typically similar to those used to create flat green roofs, the main difference being the choice of growing medium (usually locally sourced rubble, gravel, spoil, etc...) to meet a specific biodiversity objective.^[24] In Switzerland, it is common to use alluvial gravels from the foundations; in London, a mix of brick rubble and some concrete has been used. Although the original idea was to allow the roofs to self-colonise with plants, they are sometimes seeded to increase their biodiversity potential in the short term, although such practices are derided by purists.^[25] The roofs are colonised by spiders and insects (many of which are becoming extremely rare in the UK as such sites are developed) and provide a feeding site for insectivorous birds. Laban, a centre for contemporary dance in London, has a brown roof specifically designed to encourage the nationally rare black redstart.^[26] (In 2003, Laban won the RIBA Stirling Prize.) A green roof, 160m above ground level, and claimed to be the highest in the UK and Europe "and probably in the world" to act as nature reserve, is on the Barclays Bank HQ in Canary Wharf.^[27] Designed combining the principles of green and brown roofs, it is already home to a range of rare invertebrates.

Examples by country

Australia

Green roofs have been increasing in popularity in Australia over the past 10 years. Some of the early examples include the Freshwater Place residential tower in Melbourne (2002) with its Level 10 rooftop Half Acre Garden, CH2 building housing the Melbourne City Council (2006) - Australia’s first 6-star Green Star Design commercial office building as certified by the Green Building Council of Australia, and Condor Tower (2005) with a 75-square-metre lawn on the 4th floor.

In 2010, the largest Australian green roof project was announced. The Victorian Desalination Project [1] will have a “living tapestry” of 98,000 Australian indigenous plants over a roof area spanning more than 26,000 square metres. The roof will form part of the desalination plant’s sophisticated roof system, designed to blend the building into the landscape, and provide acoustic protection, corrosion resistance, thermal control, and reduced maintenance. The green roof will be installed by Fytogreen Australia [2]

Since 2008, City Councils and influential business groups in Australia have become active promoting the benefits of green roofs. “The Blueprint to Green Roof Melbourne” is one program being run by the Committee for Melbourne.[3]

Canada

The city of Toronto approved a by-law in May 2009,^[28] mandating green roofs on residential and industrial buildings. There is criticism from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities that the new laws are not stringent enough, since they will only apply to residential building that are a minimum of six storeys high. By 31 January 2011, industrial buildings will be required to render 10% or 2,000m² of their roofs green.^[29] In 2008, the Vancouver Convention Centre installed a six-acre living roof of indigenous plants and grasses on its West building, making it the largest green roof in Canada.^[30]

Egypt

In Egypt, soil-less agriculture is used to grow plants on the roofs of buildings. No soil is placed directly on the roof itself, thus eliminating the need for an insulating layer; instead, plants are grown on wooden tables. Vegetables and fruit are the most popular candidates, providing a fresh, healthy source of food that is free from pesticides.^[31]

A more advanced method, (aquaponics), being used experimentally in Egypt, is farming fish next to plants in a closed cycle. This allows the plants to benefit from the ammonia excreted by the fish, helping the plants to grow better and at the same time eliminating the need for changing the water for the fish, because the plants help to keep it clean by absorbing the ammonia. The fish also get some nutrients from the roots of the plants.

France

Green roof planted with native species at L'Historial de la Vendée, a new museum in western France

In France, an 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) extensive, cable-supported green roof has been created on the International School in Lyon.^[32] Another huge green roof of roughly 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) has been incorporated into the new museum L'Historial de la Vendée which opened in June 2006 at Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne.

Germany

Long-held green roof traditions since the early industrialization more 100 years ago exist in Germany. In the 70s, green roof technology was elevated to the next level. Serious storm-water issues made cities to think about innovative solutions, preferable with living plants. Modern green roof technology with high performance and lightweight materials were utilized to grow hardy vegetation even on roofs that hardly support additional load. In the 80s modern Green Roof Technology was common knowledge in Germany where it was practically unknown in any other country in the world. Stuttgart - with one of the most innovative Department of Parks and Recreation and with the worlds oldest horticultural Universities - modern green roof technology was perfected and implemented on large scale.

With the first boom in the German green roof industry and since it was never done in this scale there were quality issues recorded. The FLL formed a committee that is only focused on modern green roof technology. FLL stands for Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (FLL)or in English: The German Landscape Research, Development and Construction Society. The FLL is an independent non-profit organization. It was founded in 1975 by eight professional organizations for “the improvement of environmental conditions through the advancement and dissemination of plant research and its planned applications”. The FLL green roof working group is only one of 40 committees which have published a long list of guidelines and labor instructions. Some of these guidelines also available in English including THE GERMAN FLL-GUIDELINE FOR THE PLANNING, EXECUTION AND UPKEEP OF GREEN-ROOF SITES. The results of the research and synthesis done by FLL members are constantly updated and promulgated utilizing the same principles which govern the compilation of DIN standards and are published as either guiding principles or labor instructions.

The current Green Roof Guideline was published in 2008. There is also an introduction to FLL to download at a FLL member and promoter. [4]. Today most elements of the German FLL are part of standards and guidelines around the world (FM Global, ASTM, NRCA, SPRI etc..

Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung (FBB) was founded in 1990 as the first green roof association in the world. FBB was founded as an open forum for manufacturers and planners, merchants and operators in 1990. The organization was born from the then-visionary idea of understanding the relationship between nature and constructions not as oppositional, but as an opportunity. Both the green roofing and conventional roofing industries are equally represented. The FBB has developed to become an innovative lobbying group with a strong market presence, internationally known through its cooperation with other European associations. Today, approximately 100 member companies use the multifaceted services offered by FBB, which offers a greater degree of market expertise and competitiveness. "Kompetenz im Markt".

Today, about 10,000,000m² (or 100.000.000 square feet) of new green roofs are being constructed each year. According latest studies about 3/4 of these are extensive; the last 1/4 are roof gardens. The two cities with the most green roofs in Germany are Berlin and Stuttgart. Surveys about the status of regulation are done by the FBB (Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung = German organization for green building technologies). Nearly one third of all cities have regulations to support green-roof and rain-water technology. Green-roof research institutions in Germany are located in several cities as including Hannover, Berlin, Geisenheim and Neubrandenburg.

Germany is the country with the most green roofs in the world and it is the country with the most advanced knowledge in modern green roof technology. Green Roofs in Germany are part of the 2 -3 years apprentice educations system of landscaping professionals. Since green roof are common knowledge and common sense it is interesting to take a look at the German Wikipedia page for green roofs - there is no need to describe projects, case studies or related research. The green roof technology was implemented before the internet age.

Greece

The oikostegi, a green roof on the Treasury building in Athens

The Greek Ministry of Finance has now installed a green roof on the Treasury in Constitution Square in Athens.^[33] The so called "oikostegi" (Greek - oiko, pronounced eeko, meaning building-ecological, and stegi, pronounced staygee, meaning roof-abode-shelter) was inaugurated in September, 2008. Studies of the thermodynamics of the roof in September 2008 concluded that the thermal performance of the building was significantly affected by the installation.^[34] In further studies, in August 2009, energy savings of 50% were observed for air conditioning in the floor directly below the installation. The ten-floor building has a total floor space of 1.4 hectares. The oikostegi covers 650m², equalling 52% of the roof space and 8% of the total floor space. Despite this, energy savings totalling €5,630 per annum were recorded, which translates to a 9% saving in air conditioning and a 4% saving in heating bills for the whole building.^[35] An additional observation and conclusion of the study was that the thermodynamic performance of the oikostegi had improved as biomass was added over the 12 months between the first and second study. This suggests that further improvements will be observed as the biomass increases still further. The study also stated that while measurements were being made by thermal cameras, a plethora of beneficial insects were observed on the roof, such as butterflies, honey bees and ladybirds. Obviously this was not the case before installation. Finally, the study suggested that both the micro-climate and biodiversity of Constitution Square, in Athens, Greece had been improved by the oikostegi.

Iceland

Sod roof Church at Hof, Iceland

Sod roofs are frequently found on traditional farmhouses and farm buildings in Iceland.

Switzerland

Switzerland has one of Europe's oldest green roofs, created in 1914 at the Moos lake water-treatment plant, Wollishofen, Zürich. Its filter tanks have 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) of flat concrete roofs. To keep the interior cool and prevent bacterial growth in the filtration beds, a drainage layer of gravel and a 15-cm (6-in) layer of soil was spread over the roofs, which had been waterproofed with asphalt. A meadow developed from seeds already present in the soil; it is now a haven for many plant species, some of which are now otherwise extinct in the district, most notably 6,000 Orchis morio (green-winged orchid). More recent Swiss examples can be found at Klinikum 1 and Klinikum 2, the Cantonal Hospitals of Basel, and the Sihlpost platform at Zürich's main railway station.

Sweden

What is claimed^[36] to be the world's first green roof botanical garden was set up in Augustenborg, a suburb of Malmö, in May 1999. The International Green Roof Institute (IGRI) opened to the public in April 2001 as a research station and educational facility. (It has since been renamed the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute (SGRI), in view of the increasing number of similar organisations around the world.) Green roofs are well-established in Malmö: the Augustenborg housing development near the SGRI botanical garden incorporates green roofs and extensive landscaping of streams, ponds, and soak-ways between the buildings to deal with storm water run-off.

The new Bo01 urban residential development (in the Västra Hamnen (Western Harbour) close to the foot of the Turning Torso office and apartment block, designed by Santiago Calatrava) is built on the site of old shipyards and industrial areas, and incorporates many green roofs.

United Kingdom

In 2003 English Nature concluded that 'in the UK policy makers have largely ignored green roofs'.^[37] However, British examples can be found with increasing frequency. A notable early roof garden was built above the Derry & Toms Department Store in Kensington, London in 1938.^[38] More recent examples can be found at the University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, and in London at Sainsbury's Millennium Store in Greenwich, the Horniman Museum and at Canary Wharf. The Ethelred Estate, close to the River Thames in central London, is the British capital's largest roof-greening project to date. Toxteth in Liverpool is also a candidate for a major roof-greening project.

In the United Kingdom, intensive green roofs are sometimes used in built-up city areas where residents and workers often do not have access to gardens or local parks. Extensive green roofs are sometimes used to blend buildings into rural surroundings, for example by Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, who has one of the biggest green roofs in Europe (covering more than 32,000m² on their factory at Goodwood, West Sussex.^[39]

The University of Sheffield has created a Green Roof Centre of Excellence and conducted research, particularly in a UK context, into green roofs.^[40] Dr Nigel Dunnett of Sheffield University published a UK-centric book about green roofing in 2004 (updated 2008).^[41]

United States of America

The undulating green roof of the California Academy of Sciences, under construction in San Francisco.

One of the largest expanses of extensive green roof is to be found in the US, at Ford Motor Company's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, where 42,000 square metres (450,000 sq ft) of assembly plant roofs are covered with sedum and other plants, designed by William McDonough. Built over Millennium Park Garage, Chicago's 24.5-acre (99,000 m²) Millennium Park is considered one of the largest intensive green roofs.[5] Other well-known American examples include Chicago’s City Hall and the Gap headquarters in San Bruno, CA. Recently, the American Society of Landscape Architects retrofitted their existing headquarters building in Washington, D.C. with a green roof designed by landscape architect Michael Van Valkenburgh.^[42]

Another example of a green roof in the United States is the Ballard Library in Seattle. The landscape architect was Swift & Co., and the building architect was Bohlin Cywinski Jackson. This green roof has over 18,000 plants to help with insulation and reduce runoff. The plants used on the roof include Achillea tomentosa (woolly yarrow), Armeria maritima (sea pink, sea thrift), Carex inops pensylvanica (long-stoloned sedge), Eriophyllum lanatum (Oregon sunshine), Festuca rubra (red creeping fescue), Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue), Phlox subulata (creeping phlox), Saxifraga caespitosa (tufted saxifrage), Sedum oreganum (Oregon stonecrop), Sedum album (white stonecrop), Sedum spurium (two-row stonecrop), Sisyrinchium idahoense (blue-eyed grass), Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme), Triteleia hyacinthina (fool's onion).

The new California Academy of Sciences building in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park has a green roof that provides 2.5 acres (10,000 m²) of native vegetation designed as a habitat for indigenous species, including the threatened Bay checkerspot butterfly. According to the Academy's fact sheet on the building,^[43] the building consumes 30-35% less energy than required by code.

An early green-roofed building (completed in 1971) is the 358,000 sq ft (33,300 m²) Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters building in Federal Way, Washington. Its 5-story office roof system comprises a series of stepped terraces covered in greenery. From the air, the building blends into the landscape.

The first green roof in New York City was installed in midtown Manhattan atop the United States Postal Service's Morgan Processing and Distribution Center. Construction on the 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m²) project began in September 2008, and was finished and dedicated in July 2009. Covered in native vegetation and having an expected lifetime of fifty years, this green roof will not only save the USPS approximately $30,000 a year in heating and cooling costs, but will also significantly reduce the amount of storm water contaminants entering the municipal water system.^[44][45]

Costs

A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a total cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.^[46] In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter^{[citation needed]}, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used.

Some cost can also be attributed to maintenance. Extensive green roofs have low maintenance requirements but they are generally not maintenance free. German research has quantified the need to remove unwanted seedlings to approximately 0,1 min/m²/year.^[47] Maintenance of green roofs often includes fertilization to increase flowering and succulent plant cover. If aesthetics are not an issue, fertilization and maintenance are generally not needed. Extensive green roofs should only be fertilized with controlled-release fertilizers in order to avoid pollution of the storm water. Conventional fertilizers should never be used on extensive vegetated roofs.^[48][49] German studies have approximated the nutrient requirement of vegetated roofs to 5gN/m². It is also important to use a substrate that does not contain too many available nutrients. The FLL guidelines specify maximum-allowable nutrient content of substrates.^[50]

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of green roofs is the higher initial cost. Some types of green roofs do have more demanding structural standards especially in seismic regions of the world. Some existing buildings cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading. Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher, but some types of green roof have little or no ongoing cost. Some kinds of green roofs also place higher demands on the waterproofing system of the structure both because water is retained on the roof and due to the possibility of roots penetrating the waterproof membrane. "However, a sedum covering doesn't need water to be retained on the roof as these plants can tolerate long periods without rainfall, so a drainage layer will combat this particular problem" (Chris Sorrell). Moreover, properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers can increase the initial cost of the roof; however, due to the fact that a green roof protects the waterproofing membrane from the elements, particularly UV light, the life expectancy of the membranes is doubled or even tripled, leading to recovered initial cost differentials.

See also

Sustainable development portal

• Arcology
• Blue roof
• Eco-village
• Energy-efficient landscaping
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Ralph Hancock, Designer, The Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens
• Roof garden
• Sod roof, Traditional roof in Scandinavia
• Sustainable city

References

1. ^ Vegetated Complex Wall research presentation on Aurélien P. JEAN research website
2. ^ California (magazine of the University of California Alumni Association), Sept/Oct 2008, cover and pp. 52-53
3. ^ "University of Toronto - News@UofT - Green roofs in winter: Hot design for a cold climate". 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080411230309/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/051117-1822.asp. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
4. ^ Living Roofs designer http://www.roofgreening.ca/living_roofs.php
5. ^ http://www.roofgreening.ca/content/Improved_Final.pdf
6. ^ http://www.roofgreening.ca/content/Habitat_Final.pdf
7. ^ http://www.roofgreening.ca/content/AirQuality_Final.pdf
8. ^ Green Roofs for Healthy Cities: About Green Roofs. www.greenroofs.org
9. ^ Gill, S.E., J.F. Handley, A.R. Ennos and S. Pauleit. “Adapting Cities for climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure.” Built Environment Vol 33 No. 1, page 122-123.
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12. ^ http://www.efb-greenroof.eu
13. ^ Earth Pledge (2005). Green Roofs : Ecological Design and Construction. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub.. 
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15. ^ "Here Comes Urban Heat". http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/essd16mar_1m.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
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17. ^ "Is that a Garden on Your Roof? - Enterprise The Future of Energy - MSNBC.com". Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523102407/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6002705/site/newsweek/. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
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23. ^ {{cite web [[url=http://livingroofs.org/%7Curl=http://www.brownroofs.co.uk/brown-roof-biodiversity.php |title=Brown Roofs and Biodiversity}}
24. ^ {{cite web These ideas were brought to the UK by people who have now set up one of the UK's leading green roof advisory bodies. |url=http://www.safeguardeurope.com/applications/biodiverse-roofs.php |title=Biodiverse Roofs}}
25. ^ {{cite web url=http://www.livingroofs.org.php |title=Creating Brown Roof Habitats}}
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31. ^ http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/en2.htm
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34. ^ http://www.mech.ntua.gr/gr/staff/DEP/rogdakis_gr
35. ^ http://oikosteges.gr/index.php/greenroofs/research
36. ^ Green Roof – Augustenborg's Botanical Roof Garden – History
37. ^ Grant, G., Engleback, L., and Nicholson, B., Green Roofs: their existing status and potential for conserving biodiversity in urban areas [Report No. 498], Publisher: English Nature Reports (2003)
38. ^ http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=KAC055
39. ^ http://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/lo-band/rollsroyce_environment.htm
40. ^ http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/about_us
41. ^ Dunnett, N., Kingsbury, N., Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls, Publisher: Timber Press (2004)
42. ^ "ASLA Green Roof Demonstration Project". http://www.asla.org/greenroof. 
43. ^ "California Academy of Sciences - Newsroom". http://www.calacademy.org/geninfo/newsroom/releases/2005/Green_building_facts.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
44. ^ "USPS News Release: U.S. Postal Service Opens First Green Roof". July 22, 2009. http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2009/pr09_063.htm. Retrieved February 11, 2011. 
45. ^ "Green Roof: Morgan Processing and Distribution Center (P&DC)" (PDF). http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/greennews/pdf/greenkit_5.pdf. Retrieved February 11, 2011. 
46. ^ http://greenroofs.org/ Green Roofs for Healthy Cities
47. ^ Kolb, W. and T. Schwarz (2002). "Gepflegtes grün auf dem dach". Deutscher Gartenbau (7): 32–34. 
48. ^ Emilsson, T., Czemiel Berndtsson, J., Mattsson, J-E and Rolf, K., 2007 Effect of using conventional and controlled release fertilizer on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems, Ecological Engineering, Volume 29, Issue 3, Pages 260-271, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.01.001
49. ^ Czemiel Berndtsson, J., Emilsson, T. and Bengtsson, L., 2006 The influence of extensive vegetated roofs on runoff water quality, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 355, Issues 1-3, Pages 48-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.035
50. ^ Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V., http://www.fll.de

Further reading

• Dunnett, N. and Kingsbury, N., Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls Publisher: Timber Press (updated 2008).
• Miller-Klein, Jan. Gardening for Butterflies, Bees and other beneficial insects ISBN 978-0-9555288-0-4 has large section on green and brown roofs and brownfields, including how to make your own, with contributions from several UK practitioners.
• Scholz-Barth, Katrin. "Harvesting $ from Green Roofs: Green Roofs Present a Unique Business Opportunity with Tangible Benefits for Developers." Urban land 64.6 (2005): 83-7.
• Roland Appl, Reimer Meier, Wolfgang Ansel: Green Roofs - Bringing Nature Back to Town. Publisher: International Green Roof Association IGRA, ISBN 978-3-9812978-1-2, http://www.greenroofworld.com/bestellform/bestellformular.php?lang=EN
• Jorg Breuning / Peter Philippi. PDF-File "Introduction of the German FLL-Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green Roof Sites"
• Fire and Wind on Extensive Green Roofs. Link to PDF Fire and Wind Link to Web Fire and Wind
• Diversity of Fauna on Green Roofs , Diversity of fauna

External links

• Green roof at the Open Directory Project