Black Redstart

__NOTOC__Taxobox
name = Black Redstart
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1

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image_width = 250px
image_caption = Male European Black Redstart "(Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis)" at nest
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Muscicapidae
genus = "Phoenicurus"
species = "P. ochruros"
binomial = "Phoenicurus ochruros"
binomial_authority = (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
subdivision = 6-7, see text

The Black Redstart ("Phoenicurus ochruros") is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the Thrush family (Turdidae), but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher (Muscicapidae).

It is a widespread breeder in south and central Europe, but very localised in Great Britain. It is resident in the milder parts of its range, but northern birds winter in southern Europe or north Africa. It nests in crevices or holes in buildings.

It is more common in Britain as a bird of passage and winter visitor. On passage it is fairly common on the east and south coasts. Migrant Black Redstarts arrive in Britain in October or November and pass on or remain to winter, returning eastward in March or AprilVerify source|date=July 2007.

Reports of Common Redstarts ("Phoenicurus phoenicurus") returning early from their winter quarters sometimes refer to this speciesVerify source|date=July 2007.

The Black Redstart is 13-14.5cm in length. The male has no chestnut on the flanks nor white on the forehead. The female is greyer than the Common Redstart, and at any age the grey axillaries and under wing-coverts are distinctive. In the Common Redstart these are buff or chestnut.

The "fire" of the tail labels the bird as a Redstart, but it may be distinguished from the Common Redstart, which is the same size, at 14 cm length, by its sootier appearance, even when the distinctive white wing patch is not apparent, as in immature males.

They typically frequent cliffs and stony ground, but in Britain often breed and winter in industrial complexes that have the bare areas and cliff-like buildings it favours. It will catch passing insects in flight, and migrants may or hunt in the tide-wrack for flies or tiny crustaceans. Its quick ducks of head and body are robin-like, and its tail is often flicked. The male has a rattling song and a "tick" call.

ystematics

This species belongs to a Eurasian clade which also includes the Daurian Redstart, Hodgson's Redstart, the White-winged Redstart, and maybe the Ala Shan Redstart. The present species' ancestors diverged from about 3 mya (Late Pliocene) onwards and spread throughout much of Eurasia from 1.5 mya (Early Miocene) on (Ertan 2006). It is not very closely related to the Common Redstart. As these are separated by different behavior and ecological requirements and have not evolved fertilization barriers, the two European species can nonetheless produce apparently fertile and viable hybrids (Grosch 2004).

There are a number of subspecies which differ mainly in upperpart coloration of the adult males. They can be separated into 3 major groups, according to morphology, biogeography, and mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence data (Snow "et al." 1988, Ertan 2006):

"phoenicuroides" group: basal Central and Eastern Asian forms which diverged from the ancestral stock as the species slowly spread west (c.3-1.5 mya). Females and juveniles light.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides": Tian Shan Black Redstart:Small; adult males have lower breast, belly and flanks deep rufous, wing-patch absent, sometimes white forehead. Overall quite similar to a much darker Common Redstart with black chest. Females and juveniles are similar to Common Redstart but have an overall sandier, paler color and often a distinct buff eye-ring.:Tian Shan eastwards to Mongolia.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris": Pamir Black Redstart:Usually large; adult males like "phoenicuroides", but darker overall, with black back and rufous-chestnut underside. Females with rufous tinge to underside. Exact limits with "phoenicuroides" unresolved.:Turkmenistan eastwards through Pamir and Alay mountains to Himalaya.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros xerophilus": Chinese Black Redstart:Large; color pattern like "phoenicuroides" but paler. Doubtfully distinct from "phoenicuroides".:China east and between ranges of preceding two.

"ochruros" group: Eastern European/Western Asian forms, whose lineage separated from the "gibraltariensis" group c.1.5-0.5 mya. Females and juveniles intermediate.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros ochruros": Caucasus Black Redstart:Small, somewhat intermediate between "phoenicuroides" and "gibraltariensis". Generally like latter, but rufous underside, white wing patch usually lacking.:Caucasus and surrounding regions.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros semirufus": Levantine Black Redstart:Small; adult males somewhat similar to "rufiventris" except in size. Black areas extensive.:Levant.

"gibraltariensis" group: Western European population, which formed distinct subspecies during the last ice age. Females and juveniles dark.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis": European Black Redstart:Neck, upper back and shoulders dark slate gray in adult males, lighter than face and neck. Some intergradation with "aterrimus".:Western Europe to Crimean Peninsula (probably) western Turkey.
* "Phoenicurus ochruros aterrimus": Iberian Black Redstart:Neck, upper back and shoulders black in adult males. Some intergradation with "gibraltariensis".:Iberia and adjacent North Africa.

ee also

*Redstart

References

* Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* Ertan, Kemal Topaç (2006): The evolutionary history of Eurasian redstarts, "Phoenicurus". "Acta Zoologica Sinica" 52(Supplement): 310–313. [http://www.actazool.org/downloadpdf.asp?id=5067 PDF fulltext]

* Grosch, Kai (2004): Hybridization between redstart "Phoenicurus phoenicurus" and black redstart "P. ochruros", and the effect on habitat exploitation. "J. Avian Biol." 35(3): 217-223 DOI|10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03128.x (HTML abstract)

* Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M.; Doherty, Paul & Cramp, Stanley (1998): "The complete birds of the western Palaearctic on CD-ROM". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192685791

External links

* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=6608 Black Redstart videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/331_BlackRedstartPochruros.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta]

Gallery