Campus radio

Campus radio
This article is about the term of the college radio station. For an Internet radio station, see Campus Radio Online.

Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. Programming may be exclusively by students, or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters.

Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and so have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness — or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement — to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as punk and New Wave, alternative rock, indie rock and hip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.

Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform, with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.

Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds — either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station — which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed traditional campus radio.

Contents

Campus radio around the world

Bangladesh

1.[9] ULAB Radio CampBuZz! is the first Live Campus Radio Station in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The station is managed and broadcasted by the students of University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh. Media Studies & Journalism Department Faculty Imtiaz A. Chowdhury is Adviser of this radio station. The Managerial Team: Sadia Doha, General Manager; Md. Arefin Islam, Assistant General Manager; Ariful Islam Arman Assistant, General Manager and Head of News; Tusher Nabi Khan, Operation Manager; Ontohin Niharika Ishita, Program Manager and Mehdiur Rahman, Research and Development Manager. [1]

Belgium

Brunei Darussalam

UBD FM,[3] is the first and only University-based radio station in Brunei Darussalam. The student-run organisation operates under the Educational and Technology Center of the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and was established in 2008. UBD FM has been proactive especially in promoting local artists and bands and providing exposure to untapped talents, which are most favourably students of the University itself.

Canada

See also: List of campus radio stations in Canada

In Canada, radio stations are regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution".[4] The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: instructional (for training of professional broadcasters) and community-based campus (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, including CFFF-FM in Peterborough and CJMQ-FM in Sherbrooke, have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio to community radio.[5] [6]

Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only by closed circuit, cable FM or Internet streaming. Also see United States section for more general information.

The first licensed community-based campus radio station was CKCU-FM, based at Carleton University in Ottawa, which first broadcast on November 14, 1975.[7] Prior to this date, some developmental university radio projects had previously produced and aired programs on commercial radio stations, and CJRT-FM, a campus radio station of the instructional type, had been on air since 1949. CFRC at Queen's University in Kingston has been on the air since 1923; however, until the 1940s it was a commercial radio station and even a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate. Unlike most campus radio stations, however, CFRC was owned for much of its history by the university itself, rather than by the student government.

The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use of conditions of license that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the Canadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%.[8] Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on a particular program's content category [9]. Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content.[10] In early 2005, Humber College's radio station CKHC-FM became the first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming.

Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association.

Denmark

There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to the largest universities in Denmark. Only the town of Roskilde has a University and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on the Roskilde festival. The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization called DDS and could be considered a temporary radio station.

The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with the city they relate to in Denmark.

  • Universitetsrdioen in Copenhagen
  • XFM lyngby in Lyngby
  • Odense studenterradio in Odense
  • Arhus studenterradio in Arhus
  • Aalborg studenterradio In Aalborg

All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses.

The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg studentradio. As many of the American studentradio Aalborg has speaker directly on the university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU.

France

Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping twenty-two college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in France, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just a collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from the likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed.

The Radio Campus France radio stations include:

Guatemala

  • Radio Universidad[11]

Hungary

  • Pécsi Egyetemi Rádió (University Radio Pécs)

India

Community groups in India, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set up community radio (CR) radio stations since the late nineties. But the government, particularly under the earlier Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), allowed the setting up of campus radio stations by educational institutions.

News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centres, registered societies and autonomous boards and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations. Broadcast Engineering Consultants of India is a government owned corporation that helps setup of Community FM radio stations in India.

Ravi Shankar Prasad, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the BJP-lead National Democratic Alliance government, told India's upper house of parliament the Rajya Sabha on December 22, 2003, that four organizations including Jammu University and Kashmir University were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. The minister also ruled out any review of the policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-powered FM radio scheme which former information and broadcasting minister Sushma Swaraj had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country.

Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing the project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications."

On February 2, 2004, Anna University in Chennai unveiled the country's first campus radio station, Anna FM. Radio Ujjas in Kutch (in the western state of Gujarat) is one such CR and gets its funding from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Central Government. Similarly a community based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People’s Voice) was recently broadcast on All India Radio (AIR), Darbhanga, Bihar. The campus radio station Gyanvaani has also been licensed.

Pune University is the first university in the state of Maharashtra to have an FM radio station. The University of Pune’s FM Radio inaugurated on May 1, 2005, has been named as Vidyavani. It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius.

Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. This project run under the aegis of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enable rural women members of self help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal.

The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low frequency levels emerged in mid December 2002, as a result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly worded Supreme Court judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves.

A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIR Daltonganj in the Palamu district of Jharkhand, eastern India. This radio programme is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, of Alternative for India Development (AID), a non-governmental organization.

According to the terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false and suggestive innuendos and half truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable the misuse of drugs, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco.

Indonesia

Radio Syiar FM, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Is a campus (student) community base radio broadcasting system, originally it has a function as an engineering laboratory to train students in broadcast engineering skills, which are currently being sought to turn into a radio commercial for the students also can improve their skills in terms of broadcast management and broadcast business

Israel

Campus radio also exists in Israel, where several colleges, universities and high schools have successful programs. One of the most famous is Kol HaCampus (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out of Tel Aviv on 106 MHz. More information can be found with the Israeli Broadcasting Authority. Another college radio station is the HebrewItaly University's[12] in Jerusalem, broadcasting mostly indie and alternative music.

Italy

Radio Bocconi [10] Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi di Milano
FuoriAulaNetwork [11] Università degli Studi di Verona

Malaysia

Norway

Pakistan

  • Radio IBA (Institute of Business Administration Karachi)

University of Gujrat Campus Radio UOG Community radio 106.6

24/7 An Educational Radio Network By SZABIST Karachi, larkana ZAB FM 106.6 "Education On Air" available also on internet 24/7. http://live.zabfm.org

Poland

Portugal

In Portugal, there are several college and university radio stations continuously broadcasting programs. Rádio Universidade de Coimbra and Rádio Universidade Marão, founded in 1986, are the oldest university student radio stations in the country still in operation. There are also many online-only radio sites belonging to higher education institutions.

Portugal's major college and university radio stations include:

Philippines

There are two college-operated AM radio stations in the country, both affiliated with the University of the Philippines.

Sweden

Switzerland

Fréquence Banane is the student radio in Lausanne on EPFL and UNIL campus. It exists since 1993 and is broadcasting on the Internet and CATV network on FM 94.55 MHz in Lausanne and region. In the past Frequence Banane has broadcast with former Radio Acidule from 1992 to 1996 and then had its independent FM transmitter operating on 92.4 MHz from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, Swiss frequency regulation authority (BAKOM) decided to end the low power FM licence.[23]

Radio Radius is an uprising campus radio in Zurich on ETHZ and UNIZH campus. It's broadcasting on the Internet only. Radius is trying to get a permanent licence to broadcast on FM but it is very hard in Zurich. Right now Radius is negotiating with BAKOM.[24]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, campus radio is generally referred to as 'student radio'. University of Hertfordshire's Crush Radio (formerly Campus Radio Hatfield) was the first student radio founded in 1960,[25] though it was a pirate radio radio station, followed by the first legal student radio station, University Radio York (formerly Radio Heslington), founded in 1967, followed closely by Swansea University's radio station Action Radio (today called Xtreme Radio) in 1968 and Air3 Radio from Stirling University in 1970 (formerly University Radio Airthrey) and University of Essex's University Radio Essex in 1971.

Some student radio stations operate on the FM waveband for short periods at a time under the Restricted Service Licence scheme, while others choose to broadcast full-time on the AM waveband using an LPAM licence. There are only five UK student radio stations permitted to broadcast all year on LPFM. These are Xpression FM (Exeter), Radio Roseland (Truro, Cornwall), Storm FM (Bangor), Bailrigg FM (Lancaster) and 1386 HCR (Halesowen College)[citation needed]. None of these licences provides for a reception area greater than four kilometres from the point of transmission. To counteract these licence restrictions and, in the case of AM broadcasts, poor quality audio, many radio stations simulcast on the Internet.

The UK Student Radio Association works on behalf of more than fifty UK-based member radio stations to further their development, encourage and facilitate communication between member radio stations and links to the commercial radio industry, and lobby for the membership's interests on both a regional and national level. The association organises and hosts the annual Student Radio Awards in conjunction with BBC Radio 1.

See also List of radio stations in the United Kingdom

United States

College radio (as it is generally known in the United States) became commonplace in the 1960s when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began issuing class D licenses for ten-watt radio stations to further the development of the then new FM band. Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on the AM band, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century.

One of the first college radio stations in the country is WRUC from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Its first experimental broadcasts under the call sign 2ADD were in 1920.[26][27] WHUS, (the UConn HUSkies), the radio station of the University of Connecticut went on the air as WABL, a 100-watt AM radio station, in 1922 with two 103-foot (31 m) steel towers serving as the radio station's antennae. In 1925 power increased to 500-watts and the call letters changed to WCAC (Connecticut Agricultural College, at that time the name of the university). Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida started WDBO (Way Down By Orlando) in 1924. WDBO was given away by Rollins College in 1926. College radio returned to Rollins College when the FM radio station, WPRK began broadcasting on December 10, 1952.

Most of the FM radio stations received higher-class licenses than ten watts, typically a few hundred watts. A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands, sometimes reaching up to maximum-power 100-kilowatt outlets. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some radio stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent radio stations, such as KWUR 90.3 FM interfering with KWMU 90.7 FM in St. Louis, Missouri. KTUH 90.3 FM in Honolulu, Hawaii has had many increases in its wattage since they started broadcasting at 10 watts as a Non-commercial educational FM radio station in 1969. In 1984 KTUH received permission from the Board of Regents to increase to 100 watts of power. More recently, in 2001, KTUH began transmitting at 3000 watts of power.KTUH is heard on 3 frequencies in Honolulu 90.3 FM, 91.3 FM and 89.9 FM as well as online at KTUH.ORG and on digital cable channel 866.

The earliest college radio stations carried news, intercollegiate sports, and music along with educational shows and sometimes distance learning courses. In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U.S. radio stations played what came to be known as "college rock" (later known as alternative rock), a type of rock music that had not yet hit the mainstream. Most radio stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-like music rotation during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. A few radio stations still employ a Freeform programming.

College radio stations are typically considered to be public radio radio stations in the way that they are funded by donation and grants, but as a radio format the term "Public radio" generally refers to classical music, jazz, and news. A more accurate term is community radio, as most staff are volunteers, although many radio stations limit staff to current or recent students instead of anyone from the local community.

By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new radio stations was intensifying. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the newly founded National Public Radio (NPR) convinced the FCC that local low-power radio stations were somehow detrimental to broadcasting, and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979, except for broadcast translators to repeat NAB and NPR members' radio stations. Making matters worse, the radio stations were demoted to a second-class status, meaning that they would be forced off the air if any full-power radio station wanted their space.

Many radio stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense to the students.[citation needed] Many other radio stations were eventually (and still continue to be) forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked in by other expanding radio stations.

There have also been situations where some college radio stations have been forced off the air by a school administration. In one instance, the student media director of WUSC-FM in Columbia, South Carolina implied that the radio station's broadcast license had been "flagged" by the FCC due to an out-of-control staff and inappropriate songs being played on public airwaves. This serious charge proved to be false, but it led directly to WUSC, which had been named as 1992 Spin College radio station of the Year, being shut down in 1995. The entire executive board of the radio station (students elected by their peers) was fired for supposedly promoting a culture of irresponsibility. This caused most student DJs to quit in protest. After silence for 45 days, WUSC came back - but it had abandoned its popular alternative music radio format, playing songs it never allowed before. As a result, College Music Journal and the now-defunct Gavin Report dropped WUSC as a reporter of new music they played on air.

Many college radio stations in the U.S. also carry syndicated programming, such as that of National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks. Some radio stations have had their student programming forced off the air and taken for other uses, such as WWGC and KTXT. The original WGST was the subject of an involuntary takeover which saw the state's board of regents sell the radio station out from under Georgia Tech as "surplus" property.

A very few radio stations have been added to the airwaves in very isolated cities with the return of the LPFM license to the U.S. The restrictions that the U.S. Congress placed on LPFM radio stations as a result of the NAB's misleading lobbying have seriously limited the effectiveness of this, however.[citation needed] HD Radio also creates RF interference which LPFM radio stations cannot object to, and which they cannot convert to themselves because it is cost-prohibitive even for many commercial radio radio stations. One example of a well organized[citation needed] LPFM radio station is WIUX-LP of Indiana University, which is able to cover the entire city with its LPFM signal and is competitive in listenership numbers to nearby higher-powered commercial radio stations.

A number of college radio stations have been shut out of traditional broadcasting methods and are available only as streaming audio over the Internet. One such example is DePaul University. Some radio stations use a variety of methods, such as Lewis University's WLRA (The Start) who uses terrestrial FM, streaming, and mobile media apps. Michigan State University's WDBM ("The Impact"), Northern Kentucky University's WNKU, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison's WSUM. All three radio stations broadcast traditionally and via online streaming internet radio.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1] ULAB Radio CampBuZz!
  2. ^ Radio Campus Bruxelles, http://radiocampus.ulb.ac.be, Retrieved October 28, 2011
  3. ^ UBD FM, "http://www.ubdfm.blogspot.com/", Retrieved October 28, 2011
  4. ^ CRTC Campus Radio Policy
  5. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007-381, October 17, 2007, "http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-381.htm", Retrieved October 26, 2011
  6. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007-173, June 13, 2007, "http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-173.htm", Retrieved October 26, 2011
  7. ^ CKCU FM, About, "http://www.ckcufm.com/about", Retrieved October 26, 2011
  8. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2010-499, July 22, 2010, "http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-499.htm", Retrieved, October 26, 2011
  9. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Broadcasting Regulatory Policy 2010-819, November 5, 2010, "http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-819.HTM", Retrieved October 26, 2011
  10. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Broadcasting Regulatory Policy 2010-819, November 5, 2010, "http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-819.HTM", Retrieved October 26, 2011
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ Mt. Scopus Radio
  13. ^ http://www.zak.lodz.pl/
  14. ^ http://www.radioluz.pwr.wroc.pl/
  15. ^ http://www.akadera.bialystok.pl/
  16. ^ http://www.radio.uzetka.pl/
  17. ^ [3]
  18. ^ [4]
  19. ^ [5]
  20. ^ [6]
  21. ^ [7]
  22. ^ [8]
  23. ^ Frequence Banane website
  24. ^ Radio Radius website
  25. ^ www.crushradio.co.uk
  26. ^ Wakefield, Rowan (February 1959). "RADIO BROADCASTING AT UNION COLLEGE". Schenectady, NY: W2UC, Union College. http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm. Retrieved 9 June 2011. 
  27. ^ Union College Radio Club (December, 1920). "Radio Communications By The Amateurs: Radiophone Concerts". QST. p. 64. http://earlyradiohistory.us/19202ADD.htm. Retrieved 9 June 2011.  Reproduction of letter from UCRC to QST Magazine

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