Lund

Infobox City
official_name = Lund
native_name =
motto = Idéernas stad (Eng: The city of ideas)
image_shield = Lunds stadsvapen.png

map_caption =
pushpin_

subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = Sweden
subdivision_type1 = Municipality
subdivision_name1 = Lund Municipality
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Skåne County
subdivision_type3 = Province
subdivision_name3 = Scania
area_footnotes = cite web |title=Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2000 och 2005 |publisher=Statistics Sweden |url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/MI/MI0810/2005A01B/T%E4torternami0810tab1.xls |format=xls |language=Swedish |accessdate=2008-05-15]
area_total_km2 = 24.99
population_as_of = 2007-12-31
population_footnotes =
population_total = 76,188
population_density_km2 = 3049
timezone = CET
utc_offset = +1
timezone_DST = CEST
utc_offset_DST = +2
latd=55 |latm=42 |lats= |latNS=N
longd=13 |longm=12 |longs= |longEW=E
website = [http://www.lund.se/ www.lund.se]

Audio|Sv-Lund.ogg|Lund (pronounced|lɵnd) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76,188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105,000. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Skåne County. The city is believed to have been founded around 990, when the Scanian lands belonged to Denmark. It soon became the Christian center of Northern Europe with an archbishop and with the towering Lund Cathedral, built in 1103.

Lund University, established 1666, is today one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research. [http://www.solander.lu.se/LU.html Lund University] , "The Solander Program" Website] [http://www.oeacademy.org/content/blogcategory/4/11/lang,en/ Universities in the Øresund Region] , "Øresund Entrepreneurship Academy" Website] [http://www.lu.se/o.o.i.s/452 Welcome to Lund University] ]

History

Along with the Uppsala, Lund is thought to be one of the oldest cities in Sweden. Lund's origins are unclear. Until recently, the town was thought to have been founded by King Canute the Great of Denmark around 1020. The area was then part of the kingdom of Denmark. However, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first settlement was founded around 990, at the present site of the village of Uppåkra. It was later moved to its present location, by King Sweyn I Forkbeard. The distance moved was only some five kilometres, but the new location of Lund, on a hill and on the other side of a ford, gave the new site considerable defensive advantages in comparison with Uppåkra, which is situated on the highest point of a rather large plain.

The city was made a see in 1048 and united with Dalby in 1060, [CathEncy|wstitle=Lund ] and in 1103 became the seat of the archbishop for Scandinavia. The diocese of nearby Dalby was absorbed in 1066. Lund Cathedral was similarly founded in or shortly after 1103. In 1152, the Norwegian archdiocese of Nidaros was founded as a separate province of the church, independent of Lund. In 1164 Sweden also acquired an archbishop of its own, although he was nominally subordinate to the archbishop of Lund. It is still, as the diocese of Lund, a diocese in the Church of Sweden.

Lund Cathedral School "(Katedralskolan)" was founded in 1085 by the Danish king Canute the Saint. This is the oldest school in Scandinavia and one of the oldest in Northern Europe. Many well-known people have attended it, among them actor Max von Sydow and several high-ranking politicians.

In 1658, the Scanian lands were ceded by Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. On December 4 1676 Lund was defended in the Battle of Lund, one of the bloodiest battles fought in Scandinavia.

Lund University, established in 1666, is Sweden's largest with 41,000 full or part-time students, though not all actually live in Lund. The figure includes Lund Institute of Technology, which is to some extent independent of the old University. As late as the 1940s, Lund was a relatively small city with few large-scale industries, covering only about a fourth of the current urban area and was dominated by the Cathedral and the University. Since then, the student population has increased about twelvefold, many industrial companies in the chemical, medical or electronics branches and, more recently, within information management, have set up establishments in the city, and the town's population, architecture and pulse has been transformed.

Compared with many other Swedish cities, the urban heart of Lund is well preserved. A local law requires any downtown property that is due to be demolished and rebuilt to be archaeologically excavated.

Geography

Lund is located in Sweden's largest agricultural district, in the southwest of Scania, less than ten kilometres from the sandy shore of the Öresund Straits and about 16 kilometres as big as altafs. From the top of the hill "Sankt Hans Backar" it is possible to see Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. It is therefore some distance from other Swedish cities, about 250 kilometers to Gothenburg, 600 to Stockholm and about 1200 to Umeå. The city of Malmö, on the other hand, is only about 15 kilometers away.

Climate

Lund has a climate very similar to that of nearby Copenhagen and Malmö. The city averages 1591 hours of sunshine per year (average 1961-1990) and has about 170 rainy days per year.

Below are listed the average monthly highs and lows from 2000 until July 2008. Note average monthly highs are not equivalent to average daily highs within that same month.

Average precipitation data is based on an average value taken 1961-1990. All data in this section is from the Swedish National Weather Service (www.smhi.se).

Infobox Weather
metric_first=
single_line=Yes
location = Lund, Sweden
Jan_Hi_°C =8.1
Feb_Hi_°C =8.4
Mar_Hi_°C =14.0
Apr_Hi_°C =20.5
May_Hi_°C =25.2
Jun_Hi_°C =28.3
Jul_Hi_°C =29.2
Aug_Hi_°C =28.5
Sep_Hi_°C =23.6
Oct_Hi_°C =18.3
Nov_Hi_°C =12.2
Dec_Hi_°C =9.3
Year_Hi_°C = 30.6
Jan_Lo_°C =-11.8
Feb_Lo_°C =-8.0
Mar_Lo_°C =-7.9
Apr_Lo_°C =-2.2
May_Lo_°C =2.8
Jun_Lo_°C =6.5
Jul_Lo_°C =9.7
Aug_Lo_°C =8.4
Sep_Lo_°C =4.6
Oct_Lo_°C =-0.2
Nov_Lo_°C =-3.9
Dec_Lo_°C =-8.2
Year_Lo_°C =-15.6
Jan_Precip_mm =54
Feb_Precip_mm =33
Mar_Precip_mm =45
Apr_Precip_mm =40
May_Precip_mm =45
Jun_Precip_mm =56
Jul_Precip_mm =70
Aug_Precip_mm =65
Sep_Precip_mm =64
Oct_Precip_mm =60
Nov_Precip_mm =69
Dec_Precip_mm =65
Year_Precip_mm =666
source = SMHI [http://www.smhi.se/ Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute] ]
accessdate = Aug 2008

Architecture

During the 12th and 13th centuries, when the town was the seat of the archbishop, many churches and monasteries were built. At its peak, Lund had 27 churches, but most of them were demolished as result of the Reformation in 1536. Several medieval buildings remain, including Lund Cathedral, Liberiet, the restaurant Stäket and parts of the Cathedral School. Timber framing is characteristic of the houses built up to the end of the 19th century, for example the "Wickmanska gården."

Most of the central buildings in Lund date from the late 19th century, when small houses were replaced by multi-storey ones. Notable buildings built during this period include the University Library (1902), Grand Hotel (1899) and the University Main Building (1882).

Transportation

Major roads

Lund has been connected to the motorway network since 1953 when the E22, the first motorway in Sweden, was built round the edge of the town. There are also other connections to most major roads in the area, for example the E6 via Riksväg 16, and the Länsväg 108 which connects to the E65.

Railways and public transport

Lund has been on the main railway line between Malmö and Stockholm since 1857. Today there are direct connections to Copenhagen and Helsingør via the Öresund Bridge. This connection is mainly served by the Öresundståg, maintained by DSB, the Danske Statsbaner in Denmark and Skånetrafiken in Scania, as well as by SJ in the rest of Sweden. Local traffic is managed by the two-coach electric multiple units Pågatåg, which provide connections to many destinations in Scania. Because of Lund's central position, it is possible to travel to the three largest cities in Sweden without having to change trains.

Public transport within Lund is all operated by SkånetrafikenFact|date=June 2007 and consists of buses which connect around 400 bus stops together with 11 bus lines served by a fleet of 40 Mercedes CitaroFact|date=June 2007 running on compressed natural gas and a few smaller buses using diesel.

Airports

Lund is located very close to Malmö-Sturup Airport which is mainly used for domestic flights. Kastrup the airport for Copenhagen is often used for longer international flights, and is about 45 minutes from Lund. There is also a very small airstrip, Hasslanda Flygfält, to the south of Lund, mainly used for private and charter flights.

Culture

The culture in Lund is characterized by the large student population and the student traditions. A lot of the nightlife is located to student nations. The city is currently applying for getting European Capital of Culture in 2014.

Lund also has a city theatre and a few other places for concerts and theatres.

Lund hosts the largest museum in the area of Scania, Kulturen. Kulturen is the second oldest open-air museum in the world and consists of more than 30 buildings. The museum was founded in 1892 by Georg Karlin. Today the museum often hosts different exhibitions and its visitors can experience how Swedish people lived and worked throughout the centuries. [ [http://www.kulturen.com/ettan.asp Välkommen till Kulturen i Lund - startsida ] ]

Literature and art

Classical writers who have lived in Lund at some time include August Strindberg, Esaias Tegnér, Ola Hansson, Axel Lundegård, Anders Östling, Bengt Lidforss, and Vilhelm Ekelund.

Lundakarnevalen (The Lund carnival)

The Lund carnival is held every fourth year since 1849, arranged by the students at Lund university. Some students dress up in costumes, often relating to and poking fun at current issues, and parade in wagons. Others perform humorous skits in the evenings.

Sports

Lund is not a notable center for sports except for handball, where it has two teams in the top league: H 43 and LUGI. It has also a chess team, Lunds ASK, that for decades has been among the top teams in Sweden. Lund is also the birth place of the online football manager game Hattrick.

Industry

Lund is a centre of high tech companies such as Sony Ericsson and Ericsson Mobile Platforms, and other telecommunication companies. The Lund Institute of Technology has historical connections with the industrial life. There is even a business park within Lund, "Ideon", for high tech companies that have ties to the university.

Other important industries include medical technology (Gambro), pharmaceuticals (Astra Zeneca), biotechnology (Active Biotech, among others), (Alfa Laval) and publishing and library services. The hospital and the university in Lund are two other big employers, with extensive research facilities.

Lund is also home to the Tetra Pak company that manufactures and markets paper packaging and equipment for milk, orange juice etc. all over the world.

ister cities

Lund has a sister city in each of the Nordic countries, as well as in other countries. [http://www.lund.se/templates/Page____2731.aspx Lund Municipality homepage, twin cities] ]

*flagicon|Denmark Viborg, Denmark
*flagicon|Norway Hamar, Norway
*flagicon|Finland Porvoo, Finland
*flagicon|Iceland Dalvík, Iceland
*flagicon|France Nevers, France
*flagicon|Nicaragua León, Nicaragua
*flagicon|Germany Greifswald, Germany
*flagicon|Poland Zabrze, Poland

Education

*Lund University
*Lund Institute of Technology
*Lund School of Economics and Management
*Royal Swedish Physiographic Society

Notable natives

*Rolf-Göran Bengtsson, Olympic equestrian
*Martin Dahlin, footballer
*Timbuktu (Jason Diakité), hip-hop and reggae artist
*Mikael Håfström, film writer and director
*Joachim Johansson, tennis player
*Amanda Jenssen, singer and "Idol" competitor
*Roger Ljung, footballer
*Linus Thörnblad, Olympic high jumper
*Max von Sydow, actor
*Elin Wägner, feminist writer
*Måns Zelmerlöw, pop singer

See also

* Lund Principle, an important principle in ecumenical relations between Christian churches.

References

External links

* [http://www.lund.se/ Lunds Kommun] - Official site (Swedish)
* [http://www.lund.se/default____1799.aspx Lund Municipality] - Official site (English)
* [http://www.visitlund.se/ Visitlund.se] Tourist information