Colorado National Monument

Colorado National Monument
IUCN Category III (Natural Monument)
Location	Mesa County, Colorado, USA
Nearest city	Grand Junction, CO
Coordinates	39°02′33″N 108°41′10″W / 39.0425°N 108.68611°W / 39.0425; -108.68611Coordinates: 39°02′33″N 108°41′10″W / 39.0425°N 108.68611°W / 39.0425; -108.68611
Area	20,534 acres (83.10 km2)
Established	May 24, 1911
Visitors	714,229 (in 2007)
Governing body	National Park Service

Monument Canyon

Colorado National Monument (locally referred to as The Monument) is a part of the National Park Service near the city of Grand Junction, Colorado. Spectacular canyons cut deep into sandstone and even granite–gneiss–schist rock formations, in some areas. This is an area of desert land high on the Colorado Plateau, with pinion and juniper forests on the plateau. The park hosts a wide range of wildlife, including red-tailed hawks and golden eagles, ravens, jays, desert bighorn sheep, and coyotes.^[1] Activities include hiking, horseback riding, road bicycling, and scenic drives; a visitor center on the west side contains a natural history museum and gift shop. There are magnificent views from trails and the Rim Rock Drive, which winds along the plateau. Nearby are the Book Cliffs, and the largest flat-topped mountain in the world, the Grand Mesa.

Its feature attraction is Monument Canyon, which runs the width of the park, and includes rock formations such as Independence Monument, the Kissing Couple, and Coke Ovens. The monument includes 20,500 acres (32 square miles), much of which has been recommended to Congress for designation as wilderness.

Park history

The area was first explored by John Otto, a free spirit who settled in Grand Junction in the early 20th century. Prior to Otto's arrival, many area residents believed the canyons to be inaccessible to humans. Otto began building trails on the plateau and into the canyons.^[2] As word spread about his work, the Chamber of Commerce of Grand Junction sent a delegation to investigate. The delegation returned praising both Otto's work and the scenic beauty of the wilderness area, and the local newspaper began lobbying to make it a National Park (which it never did become).

The area was established as Colorado National Monument on May 24, 1911. Otto was hired as the first park ranger, drawing a salary of $1 per month. For the next 16 years, he continued building and maintaining trails while living in a tent in the park.

The park became more well-known in the 1980s partly due to its inclusion as a stage of the major international bicycle race, the Coors Classic. The race through the park became known as "The Tour of the Moon", due to the spectacular landscapes the race passed through on Rim Rock Drive.

Climate

The Colorado National Monument sits on a large area of "High Desert" in Western Colorado. Summer temperatures are usually very hot, while winter temperatures can be generally cold at night. It does snow, but the snow usually melts very quickly in the dry and sunny climate of Colorado. Rainfall is scarce, and although the yearly precipitation averages are just above 10 inches, the exceedingly high evaporation rate classifies this area as desert land.

Climate data for Colorado National Monument
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F (°C)	37.4 (3.0)	43.6 (6.4)	52.9 (11.6)	63.8 (17.7)	74.1 (23.4)	85.8 (29.9)	91.9 (33.3)	88.6 (31.4)	79.8 (26.6)	66.2 (19.0)	49.2 (9.6)	38.7 (3.7)	64.3
Average low °F (°C)	19.0 (−7.2)	23.4 (−4.8)	30.0 (−1.1)	37.7 (3.2)	47.1 (8.4)	56.5 (13.6)	62.8 (17.1)	60.1 (15.6)	52.2 (11.2)	41.1 (5.1)	29.0 (−1.7)	20.6 (−6.3)	40.0
Precipitation inches (mm)	0.84 (21.3)	0.68 (17.3)	1.03 (26.2)	0.94 (23.9)	0.99 (25.1)	0.66 (16.8)	0.85 (21.6)	1.25 (31.8)	1.01 (25.7)	1.14 (29)	0.93 (23.6)	0.78 (19.8)	11.10 (281.9)
Snowfall inches (cm)	9.3 (23.6)	4.7 (11.9)	4.7 (11.9)	1.3 (3.3)	0.1 (0.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.1 (0.3)	0.7 (1.8)	3.6 (9.1)	7.3 (18.5)	31.8 (80.8)
Source: www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmco.html [3]

Trails

The Coke Ovens Overlook is one of the many picturesque views in the park

The Monument contains many hiking trails, with lengths and difficulties to suit all tastes. Summer storms can cause flash floods as well as dangerous trail conditions. Rattlesnakes are found on the Monument, and rough terrain exists everywhere, but most trails are well-maintained. Winter cross-country skiing is occasionally possible on trails such as the Liberty Cap Trail.

Serpents Trail, perhaps the most popular, follows the route of the original road to the top of the Monument. This trail is accessible by parking lots at both ends, both located off Rim Rock Drive. Serpents Trail is well-maintained and provides stunning views of both the Monument itself and the Grand Valley below. One of the shortest trails, also popular, is Devil's Kitchen. The trailhead is located near the eastern entrance of the park on Rim Rock Drive. This trail is about 1 mile long, and ends in a sandstone grotto. Devil's Kitchen trail is well suited for families with smaller children, as the hike is short and the "kitchen" itself provides plenty of opportunity for child-sized exploration.

Liberty Cap trail starts from the valley floor and climbs to the rim of the Monument. Liberty Cap itself is an ancient sand dune, and provides a beautiful view of the Grand Valley. Corkscrew Trail, closed for many years but re-opened in mid-2006, branches off the Liberty Cap and skirts a small canyon and cliffs that cannot be seen from the valley floor. This trail, the only loop trail on the Monument, is about 3 miles long and features a less rigorous climb than Liberty Cap.

Monument Canyon trail, also popular, follows Monument Canyon for about 5 miles. This trail is often hiked up-and-back, and provides close-up views of Independence Monument, the Colorado National Monument's most distinct feature. The lower trailhead is accessible from CO 340 (Broadway).

No Thoroughfare Trail starts at the bottom of No Thoroughfare Canyon, near the east entrance. As the name implies, there is no official trail to the top of this canyon. The dead-end trail goes a few miles into the canyon, and up-and-back hiking is required. Some hikers have found a way to get through the entire canyon, but after a certain point the trail becomes difficult and unmarked. No Thoroughfare Canyon does have small waterfalls during the spring run-off, but is dry for most of the year.

Historic preservation

Many of the early visitor facilities at Colorado National Monument were designed by the National Park Service and constructed by the Public Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Several of these areas have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of this and in consequence of their adherence to the National Park Service Rustic design standards of the time. The entire Rim Rock Drive is a National Historic District, as well as the Serpents Trail, the Devils Kitchen Picnic Shelter, and three places in the Saddlehorn area: the Saddlehorn Caretaker's House and Garage, Saddlehorn Comfort Station, and the Saddlehorn Utility Area Historic District. The Visitor Center complex is also included as an example of the Mission 66 program.

Geology

The park's geologic record preserves three different groups of rock and sediment. The oldest rocks are Early to Middle Proterozoic gneiss and schist, including the Ute Canyon Stock. Overlying these, and separated by an angular unconformity, are mostly horizontally bedded Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including the cliff-forming Wingate Sandstone. Overlying these are various types of Quaternary unconsolidated deposits such as alluvium, colluvium, and dunes. The sedimentary rocks are folded into monoclines by several faults, including the Redlands Thrust Fault.^[4]

References

1. ^ Colorado Division of Wildlife. http://wildlife.state.co.us/Education/TeacherResources/ColoradoWildlifeCompany/ColoradoNatlMonument.htm, accessed 8-03-09
2. ^ Museum of Western Colorado. Grand Valley History, History Timeline. http://www.museumofwesternco.com/learn/grand-valley-history/history-timeline/?decade=1910. Accessed 8-03-09
3. ^ http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?cocolo
4. ^ Scott, R.B., Harding, A.E., Hood, W.C., Cole, R.D., Livaccari, R.F., Johnson, J.B., Shroba, R.R. and Dickerson, R.P., 2001, Geologic map of the Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Series Map I-2740, scale 1:24000. [1]

External links

• Official National Parks Service site
• Colorado National Monument Association site
• Crescent Moon over Sentinel Spire (time-lapse video)