Comanche National Grassland

Comanche National Grassland
IUCN Category VI (Managed Resource Protected Area)
Location	Baca, Otero, and Las Animas counties, Colorado, USA
Nearest city	Pueblo, CO
Coordinates	37°20′12″N 103°4′07″W / 37.33667°N 103.06861°W / 37.33667; -103.06861Coordinates: 37°20′12″N 103°4′07″W / 37.33667°N 103.06861°W / 37.33667; -103.06861
Area	443,081 acres (1,793.09 km2)
Established	June 23, 1960
Governing body	U.S. Forest Service

Rourke Ranch Historic District, located on the Comanche National Grassland near La Junta

Comanche National Grassland is a National Grassland located in southeastern Colorado, United States. It is the sister grassland of Cimarron National Grassland and contains both prairie grasslands and canyons. It is separated into two sections, each operated by a local ranger district, one of which is in Springfield and the other of which is in La Junta. The grassland is administered by the Forest Service together with the Pike and San Isabel National Forests, and the Cimarron National Grassland, from common headquarters located in Pueblo, Colorado.

Geography

Picture Canyon is typical of the canyons near the border with Oklahoma and New Mexico in the Comanche National Grassland.

Comanche National Grassland consists of 463,373 acres (1,891 km²) in two units: (1) Timpas, south of La Junta, and (2) Carrizo, south of Springfield.^[1] Both units have privately owned tracts of ranchland mixed in with the government-owned land.

Elevations on the Grassland range from 3,900 feet (1189 mts) in the southeastern corner of the Carrizo Unit on the Oklahoma border to 6,200 feet (1890 mts) on Fallas Mesa in the northwestern art of the same unit.^[2] Average annual precipitation on the grassland ranges from 12 inches at La Junta to 17 inches at Springfield (305 to 432 mm). Summer temperatures are hot with the average high above 90 (32C); winters are cold with average low temperatures in January below 20 degrees (minus 7 C).^[3] Vegetation is mostly Steppe and Shortgrass prairie, although pinyon and juniper trees are found in rocky canyons and cottonwoods and willows grow near streams. A few Ponderosa pines are found on cool, moist hillsides. Wildlife on the grassland includes Pronghorn, Prairie dogs, Lesser Prairie Chickens, Mule deer, Elk, Wild Turkey, Golden Eagle, and Swift Fox.^[4] Three hundred and twenty-eight species of birds, including many Eastern birds at the limit of their range, have been recorded in Baca County where most of the Carrizo unit is located.^[5]

Most of the Carrizo Unit is in the watershed of Carrizo Creek, a tributary of the Cimarron River. The Timpas Unit is in the watershed of the Purgatoire River, also called the Purgatory and Picketwire River.

History

The marks of ancient American Indians are found in the Grassland in petroglyphs on many of the rocks and cliff faces in the canyons. Some of the rock art may be as old as 8,000 years and some is so new that it depicts horses which arrived in the Southwest with the Spanish in the 16th century.^[6] The early Indians lived in rock shelters, some of which have been found in the Grassland, and practiced a hunting and gathering culture. Later, about 1000 A.D., a people called the Apishipa began farming here although like later famers their efforts ultimately failed. Apache inhabited this area when the Spaniards arrived. They were pushed southward by the Comanche in the 18th century. Tipi rings – stones holding down the edges of circular tipis – are common.^[7]

A branch of the Santa Fe Trail ran through the Timpas unit and from the 1820s onward wagon trains from Missouri and Kansas loaded with goods for New Mexico followed the trail. Among the first non-Indian settlers on the Grassland was a group of eleven New Mexican families who settled along the Purgatory River in 1871. In the same year, Eugene and Mary Rourke established a ranch nearby.^[8] Homesteaders soon followed the ranchers and much of the grassland was devoted to growing Broomcorn. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s defeated the farmers and the Federal government bought the land comprising the present National Grassland from its bankrupt owners. Comanche National Grassland was established in 1960.^[9] Grazing permits for cattle are issued by the Forest Service to ranchers for most lands belonging to the National Grassland.^[10]

An important addition occurred in 1991 when the U.S. Army transferred 16,000 acres of land in the Purgatoire River Canyon to the National Grassland. The Army lands were part of the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS), a 238,000 acre facility devoted to military exercises. However, In 2007, the Army announced a plan to expand the PCMS by purchasing additional land and seeking to transfer the lands of the Comanche National Grassland to Army ownership.^[11] The expansion plan, to be implemented in several phases, would increase the size of the PCMS to several millon access, making it the largest military base in the United States. If implemented, the plan would virtually eliminate private land ownership and ranching in Southeastern Colorado as well as abolish the National Grassland and displace 17,000 people. Local citizens and politicians protested the expansion plan of PCMS.^[12] The U.S. Congress banned funds for the expansion each year from 2007 to 2010.^[13]

Recreation, Timpas Unit

Fossilized brontosaur tracks in Picketwire Canyon.

Picketwire Canyon is about 400 feet deep and contains the Purgatoire River track site, one of the largest dinosaur track-ways in the world, in the Morrison Formation. More than 1,300 tracks of Brontosaurs and Allosaurs 150 million years old are preserved in the rocks. The canyon and the dinosaur tracks are accessible by a hiking, biking, and horseback trail that leads 8.7 miles one-way through the canyon to the Dolores Mission, the ruins of a small 19th century Catholic church, the dinosaur tracks, and the adobe-buildings of the Rourke ranch, which operated between 1871 and 1971 and is preserved as a National Historic Site. The trail is normally closed to motorized vehicles, but, on weekends, rangers lead guided tours into the canyon in all-wheel drive vehicles. Visitor must supply their own vehicles.^[14]

A map of Picketwire Canyon and its trails.

Vogel Canyon. This is a side canyon of the Purgatory River. There is a picnic area and eight miles of easy trails follow the mesa top or lead into the small, scenic canyon which has springs, old ruins, and rock art.^[15]

Santa Fe Trail Historic Sites. The Sierra Vista Overlook, Timpas Picnic Area, and Iron Springs preserve a section of the Santa Fe Trail. The overlook has a view of the Rocky Mountains, 75 miles (120 km) away. Stone posts indicate the Santa Fe Trail and can be followed on foot for three miles between Sierra Vista and Timpas Picnic area. A one-half mile nature trail leads to Timpas Creek, on the few watering holes along this section of the Santa Fe Trail.^[16]

Recreation, Carrizo Unit

Picture Canyon. Located just north of the Oklahoma border Picture Canyon was named for its prehistoric rock art. It is a small canyon with easy slopes, large springs, picnic tables, and a loop hiking trail 2.6 miles (4 km) long. A six mile round-trip hike can be taken by going west from the parking area into the Nort (or Holt)Canyon. On the western side of Picture Canyon is Crack Cave with walls full of rock art. One group of petroglyphs in the cave is illuminated by sunlight for only ten to twelve minutes at sunrise during the Spring and Autumn equinox. The cave is locked except during the equinoxes when tours are allowed to visit and view the illuminated petroglyphs.^[17]

Carrizo Canyon. A well-watered canyon with rock art, picnic tables, a hiking trail, and fishing for Channel Catfish in Carrizo Creek.^[18]

Cottonwood Canyon One of the best birding areas in Colorado. A campground on private property is at the entrance to the 5-mile long canyon which is bisected by a road and bordered mostly by private property.^[19]

Campo Lek. The only publicly accessible Lesser Prairie Chicken lek (display ground) in Colorado. The lek is often closed due to the decline of the prairie chicken population.^[19]

Primitive camping is allowed on all lands of the Comanche National Grassland except for Picketwire Canyon. Hunting is permitted for Mule deer, Elk, Pronghorn, Wild Turkey, and small game. Colorado state regulations apply.^[10]

References

1. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011
2. ^ DeLorme, Topo, 6.0
3. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011
4. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011
5. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011
6. ^ Jones, Stephen R. and Cushman, Ruth Carol. A Field Guide to the North American Prairie. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004, p. 89; http://www.visitlajunta.org/comanche.html, accessed Jan 21, 2011
7. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011; Jones and Cushman, p. 90^{[dead link]}
8. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011
9. ^ Jones and Cushman, p. 85; http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cootero2/baca.htm, accessed Jan 21, 2011^{[dead link]}
10. ^ ^{a b} accessed Jan 21, 201l
11. ^ Fort Carson ITAM Coordinator. "Analysis of Alternatives Study Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, Colorado." May 6, 2004, pp. 14-18
12. ^ Reason.com, March 2009, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_10_40/ai_n31396354/, accessed Jan 21, 2011.
13. ^ '"Air Force the New Pinon Canyon Foe." The Pueblo Chieftain, Nov 15, 2010, http://www.chieftain.com/nes/local/article_fec2f4d0-f074-11df-98d3-001cc4c03286.html
14. ^ http://www.visitlajunta.org/comanche.html; http://www.vipgrafx.com/misc/cng1.htm, accessed Jan 18, 2011
15. ^ Comanche National Grasslands - VOGEL CANYON PICNIC AREA
16. ^ accessed Jan 18, 2011
17. ^ accessed Jan 20, 2011; Boddie, Caryn and Peter, The Hiker's Guide to Colorado. Helena, MT: Falcon Press, 1991, p. 77-79^{[dead link]}
18. ^ accessed Jan 18, 2011
19. ^ ^{a b} accessed Jan 18, 2011^{[dead link]}

External links

• Comanche National Grassland federal website
• Wikitravel